Deck 5: The Motive Perspective

Question 1

The need for sex is an example of a:

A) primary need.
B) advanced need.
C) latent need.
D) secondary need.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Murray used the term __________for the process of projecting one's fantasy imagery onto some objective stimulus.

A) apperception
B) introjection
C) proprioception
D) reflection

Answer 2

apperception

Question 3

According to Murray, the need for achievement and the need for power are best characterized as:

A) specific.
B) latent.
C) primary.
D) secondary.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

An external stimulus condition that elicits a desire to obtain or avoid something is a:

A) construct.
B) press.
C) bind.
D) prompt.

Question 5

Women who scored high in need for achievement in college were:

A) more likely to become businesswomen.
B) more likely to become teachers.
C) more likely to challenge the female stereotype.
D) less likely to be restricted by their social environment.

Question 6

People higher in need for achievement prefer tasks that are:

A) very easy.
B) very hard.
C) somewhere in the middle.
D) either very easy or very hard.

Question 7

Murray believed that:

A) not all people have the same basic needs.
B) within cultures people have the same basic needs, but not across cultures.
C) all people have the same basic needs, but different levels of them.
D) none of the above

Question 8

If you were taking the Thematic Apperception Test , you would be:

A) writing about your early experiences with your mother.
B) rating the extent to which a variety of words apply to you.
C) writing stories about pictures you are shown.
D) completing word-association tasks.

Question 9

Early research using the TAT to assess achievement motivation revealed what about subjects exposed to success or failure feedback?

A) If people succeed at a task they show a decrease in achievement imagery, but if they fail they show an increase in achievement imagery.
B) If people fail at a task they show a decrease in achievement imagery, but if they succeed they show an increase in achievement imagery.
C) Whether people fail or succeed at a task, they show a decrease in achievement motivation.
D) Whether people fail or succeed at a task, they show an increase in achievement motivation.

Question 10

A task that provides an accurate assessment of ability is considered:

A) low in difficulty.
B) distinguishable.
C) high in diagnosticity.
D) high in apperception.

Question 11

Apperception refers to the:

A) study of nonverbal behavior.
B) process of projecting imagery onto an outside stimulus.
C) tendency to see different events as satisfying the same needs.
D) none of the above

Question 12

According to Murray, hunger would be a ___________, whereas the smell of a fresh pizza would be a__________ .

A) motive, need
B) need, motive
C) press, need
D) motive, press

Question 13

People high in need for achievement prefer tasks of intermediate difficulty because:

A) such tasks make them look good to others.
B) such tasks provide the greatest information about the person's ability.
C) they fear failing at a task that is too easy.
D) they know they will be unable to perform a difficult task.

Question 14

Among family-oriented women, high achievement needs are associated with:

A) early career success.
B) energy invested in activities leading to marriage and family.
C) roughly equal energy invested into career and family activities.
D) none of the above

Question 15

Primary needs:

A) include the needs for power and intimacy.
B) are limited to nutritional and sexual needs.
C) are based in our biological nature.
D) all of the above

Question 16

According to the motive approach to personality, human behavior is best understood as:

A) a manifestation of unconscious wishes.
B) a series of reinforced responses.
C) a reflection of the strength of a person's needs.
D) the myriad roles a person plays.

Question 17

The distinction between needs and motives involves:

A) that motives are more closely related to behavior.
B) whether the construct is quantifiable.
C) whether the desired object is tangible or intangible.
D) that motives are unrelated to behavior.

Question 18

Which of the following are true about motives?

A) They influence behavior.
B) They vary across time and situation.
C) They vary dispositionally.
D) all of the above

Question 19

In laboratory settings, people lower in need for achievement prefer tasks that are:

A) very easy.
B) very hard.
C) somewhere in the middle.
D) either very easy or very hard.

Question 20

Need for achievement plays a role in:

A) persistence in the face of failure.
B) preference for diagnostic test items.
C) economic rise and decline of cultures.
D) all of the above

Question 21

In terms of self-disclosure, people high in the need for intimacy report disclosing:

A) less and listening less to others' disclosures.
B) more and listening less to other's disclosures.
C) less and listening more to others' disclosures.
D) more and listening more to others' disclosures.

Question 22

In a sample of low-responsible men, need for power was related to:

A) drinking.
B) passivity.
C) physical health.
D) all of the above

Question 23

The motive reflected in PSE responses involving strong, vigorous action or concern about reputation or position is the need for:

A) aggression.
B) control.
C) power.
D) recognition.

Question 24

Among men who scored low in responsibility, need for power was:

A) related to less drinking and fighting.
B) related to less sexual possessiveness.
C) related to more sexual possessiveness.
D) unrelated to drinking, fighting or sexual possessiveness.

Question 25

High need for power is associated with a:

A) lesser tendency to make concessions in negotiation, leading to better outcomes.
B) lesser tendency to make concessions in negotiation, leading to worse outcomes.
C) greater tendency to make concessions in negotiation, leading to better outcomes.
D) greater tendency to make concessions in negotiation, leading to worse outcomes.

Question 26

McAdams and Constantian report a correlation between need for affiliation and need for intimacy of:

A) almost 0.0
B) about 0.3
C) about 0.6
D) almost 1.0

Question 27

People high in the need for power tend to:

A) form friendships with people who are equivalent in need for power.
B) be more sexually active.
C) choose spouses with similar career paths.
D) all of the above

Question 28

People high in both the need for__________ and __________are often poorly adjusted.

A) power, intimacy
B) achievement, intimacy
C) power, achievement
D) intimacy, affiliation

Question 29

People high in the need for intimacy:

A) have more one-on-one exchanges with others.
B) have more large-group interactions.
C) report lower levels of self-disclosure.
D) try to dominate social interactions.

Question 30

Well-adjusted husbands and wives were found to have levels of need for affiliation that:

A) significantly correlated with each other.
B) were unrelated to each other.
C) were inversely related to each other.
D) fluctuated significantly over time.

Question 31

The pattern of high power motivation and low intimacy motivation is conducive to:

A) a happy marriage.
B) an unhappy marriage.
C) starting wars.
D) none of the above

Question 32

People who score low in the affiliation motive:

A) make more telephone calls.
B) are less likely to be letter writing when interrupted randomly by a paging device.
C) are nervous when they believe others are judging their attractiveness.
D) are more likely to want to be interacting with others when they are alone.

Question 33

Women high in the need for power tend to have:

A) more job-related satisfactions, and fewer job-related dissatisfactions.
B) fewer job-related satisfactions, and more job-related dissatisfactions.
C) fewer job-related satisfactions and fewer job-related dissatisfactions.
D) more job-related satisfactions and more job-related dissatisfactions.

Question 34

The motive to have impact on other people is known as:

A) dominance motive.
B) status motive.
C) aggression motive.
D) need for power.

Question 35

People high in need for affiliation tend to feel__________ when they think others are judging their interpersonal skills.

A) validated
B) angry
C) nervous
D) reassured

Question 36

Need strength relates to __________whereas incentive value relates to __________.

A) choices of relevant actions, frequency of relevant actions
B) frequency of relevant actions, choices of relevant actions
C) biological processes, psychological processes
D) psychological processes, biological processes

Question 37

Incentive value:

A) is the degree to which a given action is able to satisfy a need.
B) has little to do with how a motive is expressed.
C) is poor at predicting choices within a domain of action.
D) none of the above

Question 38

After participating in five-week discussion groups, people high in the need for affiliation were:

A) more likely to remain quiet in the group.
B) less likely to attend group sessions.
C) more likely to be nominated as group leaders by their peers.
D) none of the above

Question 39

In a 16-year study, successful managers were found to be:

A) low in need for power.
B) high in inhibited power motivation.
C) high in need for affiliation.
D) none of the above

Question 40

McClelland has suggested that self-reports measure__________ . In contrast he has suggested that the TAT measures__________ .

A) self-attributed motive, implicit motive
B) cultural norms, motives
C) implicit motive, self-attributed
D) motives, needs

Question 41

McClelland believed that __________are better at predicting broad behavior patterns over time whereas __________are better at predicting behavior in specific situations.

A) self-attributed motives, implicit motives
B) implicit motives, self-attributed motives
C) latent motives, active motives
D) active motives, latent motives

Question 42

People with high fear of failure feel __________when they imagine success.

A) happy
B) confident
C) upset
D) none of the above

Question 43

McClelland has argued that the TAT and self-report measures tap two different kinds of motives:

A) implicit and self-attributed.
B) primary and secondary.
C) hunger and sexual.
D) appetitive and nonappetitive.

Question 44

McClelland believed that:

A) implicit and self-attributed motives are both important and should be viewed together.
B) implicit and self-attributed motives are both important and should be viewed separately.
C) implicit motives are important whereas self-attributed motives are not.
D) self-attributed motives are important whereas implicit motives are not.

Question 45

Motivational theorists place more emphasis on __________than trait theorists do.

A) intrapersonal functioning
B) individual differences
C) human uniqueness
D) none of the above

Question 46

Primary needs are based in biological nature.

Question 47

Motives are free of emotional or affective overtones

Question 48

Which of the following statements concerning McClelland's program for achievement motivation is incorrect?

A) The program's basic purpose is to have people think constantly in need for achievement terms.
B) Achievement-related cognition is enough to ensure that need for achievement will be manifest in behavior.
C) The client must see achievement orientation as being congruent with her/his self-image.
D) The program links achievement thoughts to concrete action patterns.

Question 49

The idea of separate approach and avoidance motives applies to:

A) all motives.
B) achievement and power, but not affiliation.
C) achievement and power, but not intimacy.
D) achievement and power, but not status.

Question 50

According to Murray, primary needs are psychological in nature while secondary needs are biological.

Question 51

Needs direct behavior by specifying whether to move toward an object or goal or away from it.

Question 52

According to McAdams, a person's identity lies in:

A) keeping a coherent self-narrative across time.
B) focusing on positive qualities and only examining negative qualities when necessary.
C) ignoring negative qualities completely.
D) being surrounded by others who support the sense of identity.

Question 53

The strength of a need has no influence over the intensity of the behavior to which it relates.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of the motive approach?

A) Decisions about what qualities to study have been arbitrary.
B) The approach fails to specify types of intrapersonal functioning.
C) Murray's list of motives was not complete.
D) Most research within this approach has failed to look at multiple motives simultaneously.
True and False

Question 55

A need is an internal state that may or may not be satisfying

Question 56

The technique most distinctly associated with assessment of needs is:

A) self-report.
B) interview.
C) the PSE/TAT.
D) none of the above

Question 57

According to McClelland:

A) needs influence behavior at a conscious level.
B) incentive values exert their influence at a nonconscious level.
C) measures of incentive values are good at predicting choices within a domain of action.
D) measures of motive strength are good at predicting choices within a domain of action.

Question 58

Needs direct people in a nonspecific way; they do not direct people toward particular things.

Question 59

The need for power appears to be involved in the development of:

A) diabetes.
B) alcoholism.
C) cancer.
D) depression.

Question 60

In terms of studying motives, Murray:

A) preferred a nomothetic approach.
B) preferred an idiographic approach.
C) was unconcerned with individual subjects' personal lives.
D) conducted research almost single-handedly.

Question 61

Men high in the need for power say that their ideal wife is a strong, independent woman.

Question 62

If they think others are judging their social skills, people high in the need for affiliation become nervous.

Question 63

The TAT consists of creating a story about each of a set of pictures.

Question 64

People who are high in need for affiliation are more likely to be nominated as group leaders.

Question 65

In the earliest motive research, Morgan and Murray began by asking people to report on their motives.

Question 66

It is harder to distinguish motives from presses for psychological needs than for physical needs.

Question 67

McAdams suggested that the need for affiliation has more of a "doing" orientation and the need for intimacy has more of "being" orientation.

Question 68

It is common for psychologists to use the terms needs and motives interchangeably

Question 69

People low in need for achievement prefer tasks that are either very easy or very hard

Question 70

TAT responses that mention performing well and positive feelings about success are thought to reflect need for esteem.

Question 71

Subjects induced to fail at a task subsequently show greater achievement imagery in responses to TAT pictures.

Question 72

People high in the need for power tend to be somewhat narcissistic

Question 73

People high in the need for power tend to not particularly have images of actions that evoke strong emotional responses in others.

Question 74

Research by Jenkins indicated that women high in need for achievement were more likely to go into business than become teachers.

Question 75

The level of economic growth that a country shows can be predicted from the level of achievement imagery that is present in its characteristic children's stories.

Question 76

In laboratory settings, people low in need for achievement prefer tasks that are moderately difficult.

Question 77

People high in the need for power do not experience an increase in cortisol after a failure.

Question 78

Someone with low affiliation needs is better off with someone high in affiliation need

Question 79

Participants deprived of food included more food-related imagery in a subsequent TAT.

Question 80

A press is an internal state that creates a desire to obtain or avoid something.