Deck 11: Conflict Between the Sexes

Question 1

Buss found that _________ percent of college men indicated that they have exaggerated the depth of their feelings for a woman to have sex with her, and that _______ percent of college women reported being deceived by a man's exaggeration of his feelings for her.

A) 71; 15
B) 37; 15
C) 37; 97
D) 71; 97

Answer 1

71; 97

Question 2

Men who are motivated to seek casual sex (compared to men who are not) __________ attempt to deceive women about their commitment.

A) do not
B) rarely
C) more frequently
D) less frequently

Answer 2

more frequently

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a hypothesized specialized adaptation in men for committing rape?

A) increased sperm counts in rape ejaculates as compared to consensual sex ejaculates
B) sexual arousal to signs of female resistance to consensual sex
C) marital rape in the context of sperm competition
D) sexual dimorphism

Answer 3

sexual dimorphism

Question 4

Men interpret _______________ by women as indicating more sexual interest than do women.

A) the wearing of revealing clothing
B) smiling and friendliness
C) overt sexual signals
D) flirtation

Question 5

When asked how they would feel if a coworker of the opposite sex asked them to have sex, men and women _______________________.

A) indicated that they would be equally insulted
B) indicated that they would be equally flattered
C) differed; more women indicated that they would be insulted
D) differed; more men indicated that they would be insulted

Question 6

Sexual conflict is defined as __________.

A) the asymmetry in the proportion of offspring of each sex within a generation
B) the process by which males retain sexually dimorphic traits
C) a conflict between the evolutionary interests of individuals of the two sexes
D) rape

Question 7

Rapists (as compared to nonrapists) tend to __________.

A) show equal levels of physiological sexual arousal to rape scenes
B) have less varied sexual experiences
C) have an earlier onset of sexual activity
D) engage in less criminal activity

Question 8

The commitment skepticism bias is designed to __________.

A) maximize the benefits of being sexually deceived by men who feign commitment
B) minimize the costs of being sexually deceived by men who feign commitment
C) reduce men's attempts at deception
D) increase the psychological arms race between commitment skepticism in women and commitment signaling in men

Question 9

According to strategic interference theory, negative emotions __________.

A) are effective only when pursuing a long-term sexual strategy
B) should primarily be found in women
C) serve to highlight problematic events
D) function to deter others from engaging in a similar strategy

Question 10

Error management theory suggests that there are ________ potential errors when inferring a psychological state of another person.

A) never
B) two
C) ten
D) fifty

Question 11

Buss found that _____________ was listed by women as the most upsetting action that men do to them.

A) sexual aggression
B) verbal aggression
C) physical aggression
D) denigration of her fidelity

Question 12

What are the two paths to sexual aggression, as identified by Malamuth?

A) psychopathy and hostile masculinity
B) childhood sexual abuse and impersonal sex
C) psychopathy and childhood sexual abuse
D) impersonal sex and hostile masculinity

Question 13

Victims of sexual harassment are disproportionately __________ and ___________.

A) young; married
B) young; physically attractive
C) older; physically attractive
D) older; single

Question 14

Women more often than men reported using ______________ as a means of eliciting special treatment from members of the opposite sex.

A) smiling and flirtation
B) work ethic
C) pushiness
D) sexual harassment

Question 15

The sexual overperception bias is designed to __________.

A) minimize the costs of missed sexual opportunities
B) maximize the benefits of missed sexual opportunities
C) deter women from seeking sexual intercourse from a rival male
D) encourage women to seek sexual intercourse with a male

Question 16

Women's experience of distress after sexual advances depends on __________.

A) her marital status
B) his marital status
C) the social status of the harasser
D) the likelihood of successful cuckoldry of her long-term partner

Question 17

The byproduct theory of rape proposes that rape is a byproduct of __________.

A) male preference for sexual variety
B) desire for sex without commitment
C) general capacity to use physical aggression to achieve goals
D) all of the above

Question 18

Sexual withholding is hypothesized to __________.

A) increase the scarcity of the resource
B) force men to think of a woman as a permanent rather than temporary mate
C) manipulate the woman's perceived mate value
D) all of the above

Question 19

Conflict between the sexes is most often __________.

A) an undesirable byproduct of the fact that the sexual strategies of men and women differ profoundly
B) the result of men's adaptations to engage in any conflict they can potentially win
C) the result of women's adaptations to engage in conflict with men to avoid being submissive
D) a beneficial adaptation selected for through evolution because it decreases the fitness of both parties

Question 20

Because of ________________, there must have been tremendous selection pressures for ___________________.

A) the benefits of strategic interference; psychological mechanisms designed to detect cues of deceitfulness
B) the costs of being deceived; psychological mechanisms designed to detect cues of deceitfulness
C) the benefits of cuckoldry by females; deterring males from engaging in extra-pair relationships
D) the costs associated with sexual conflicts; avoidance of sexual conflicts

Question 21

Contrary to predictions made, men who scored _____________ on self-perceived mating success tended to score _____________ on measures of sexual aggression.

A) high; moderately
B) low; high
C) high; high
D) moderately; low

Question 22

Findings from studies based on life history theory indicate that __________.

A) a subset of men pursue a fast life history strategy that includes sexual aggression in addition to other antisocial tendencies
B) nearly all men have some tendency to rape
C) men who pursue a slow life history strategy engage in more long-term sexual aggression
D) rapists show similarly low levels of sexual arousal to rape depictions, but self-report higher subjective arousal

Question 23

Men are more upset than women by a partner's ________________ infidelity; women are more upset by a partner's _______________ infidelity.

A) sexual; emotional
B) secret; public
C) public; secret
D) emotional; sexual

Question 24

Women ______________have evolved anti-rape defenses if rape had been entirely a byproduct of non-rape mechanisms in men.

A) could not
B) could
C) would definitely
D) none of the above

Question 25

What percent of men indicated that they would force sex on a woman against her will if there was no chance of ever being found out?

A) 0 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 20 percent
D) 35 percent

Question 26

Which of the following men would be most likely to use violence as a mate-retention tactic?

A) a man who is higher in mate value than his partner
B) a man who recently lost his job
C) a man whose wife is postmenopausal
D) a man whose wife is happy in their relationship

Question 27

Women's preferences and men's strategies of intrasexual competitions have ____________.

A) increased women's reproductive success at the expense of men's
B) increased men's reproductive success at the expense of women's
C) resulted in resource equality
D) coevolved

Question 28

____________ women experience more fear of rape than do ____________ women.

A) Physically unattractive; physically attractive
B) Married; single
C) Younger; older
D) Highly intelligent; less intelligent

Question 29

Why would men who are oriented more toward short-term mating show a greater sexual overperception bias?

A) Because false alarms are more costly for short-term oriented men than long-term oriented men.
B) Because men oriented more toward long-term mating are relatively less sexually interested in women.
C) Because the sexual overperception bias minimizes the costs associated with misses.
D) Because the sexual overperception bias minimizes the costs associated with false alarms.

Question 30

Which trait has been hypothesized to allow certain men with rape proclivities to avoid feeling empathy for their victim?

A) low intelligence
B) hostile masculinity
C) unrestricted sociosexuality
D) low conscientiousness

Question 31

Women's sexual withholding from a prospective mate serves all of the following functions EXCEPT __________.

A) encouraging men to evaluate them as long-term mates, rather than as short-term mates
B) preserving the ability to choose men who are willing to commit to them
C) manipulating men's perception of her mate value
D) deterring men from pursuing a relationship with another woman

Question 32

How do power and status interact to predict women's level of upset about an incident of sexual harassment?

A) Women are more upset if the harassment comes from a low-status man in a position of power.
B) Women are more upset if the harassment comes from a high-status man in a position of power.
C) Women are more upset if the harassment comes from a low-status man over whom the victim has power.
D) Women are more upset if the harassment comes from a high-status man over whom the victim has power.

Question 33

Greater fear of rape is ___________ correlated with behavioral precautions.

A) positively
B) negatively
C) not
D) none of the above

Question 34

The mate deprivation hypothesis states that __________.

A) men who have experienced sexual deprivation will be more likely to use sexually aggressive tactics
B) men who have not experienced sexual deprivation will be more likely to use sexually aggressive tactics
C) mates deprived of sexual intercourse will be more likely to pursue sexual relationships with other individuals
D) none of the above

Question 35

Men, particularly those _________________, tend to increase their mate-guarding behaviors when their mate is ovulating.

A) low on good genes indicators
B) high on good genes indicators
C) with high incomes
D) with low incomes

Question 36

Men are more likely to use ____________ as a mate retention tactic and women are more likely to use _____________ as a mate retention tactic.

A) appearance enhancement; resource display
B) resource display; appearance enhancement
C) vigilance; violence
D) jealousy induction; emotional manipulation

Question 37

Men with younger wives report more __________.

A) partner concealment
B) possessive ornamentation
C) emotional manipulation
D) all of the above

Question 38

Some feminist writers have claimed that all men are united in attempting to keep women submissive to them. Evolutionary thinking refutes this proposition because __________.

A) men and women compete primarily with members of their own sex
B) men and women compete primarily with individual members of the opposite sex
C) there are no resources for which men and women compete against one another
D) selection cannot shape sex-specific psychological mechanisms

Question 39

Which of the following defenses would NOT have evolved in women to combat the likelihood of rape in ancestral environments?

A) alliances with other males
B) cultivation of female-female coalitions
C) avoidance of risky activities during ovulation
D) acquiescence mechanisms

Question 40

From an evolutionary perspective, a major cost to women of rape is __________.

A) risk of being abandoned by a regular mate
B) unwanted pregnancy
C) interference with women's mate choice mechanisms
D) all of the above

Question 41

Men who are _______ in mate value than their partner exhibit __________ correlation between infidelity cues and likelihood of partner rape.

A) lower; a positive
B) lower; a negative
C) higher; a positive
D) higher; a negative

Question 42

Some evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that men would be most likely to rape their own mates __________.

A) in polygamous societies
B) when there are cues to sperm competition
C) in matrilineal societies
D) none of the above

Question 43

Studies of partner violence have indicated that __________.

A) men who devote less time and energy to mate retention are more likely to use physical violence against their partners than men who engage in more mate retention
B) a man's perception of his partner's interest in other men is more predictive of violence than his partner's actual interest in other men
C) men who use emotional manipulation as a mate retention strategy are less likely to be violent toward their partners
D) men who are more oriented toward long-term mating are more likely to use violence as a mate retention strategy than men more oriented toward short-term mating

Question 44

Men who are higher in mate value tend to perform _____________ mate retention tactics.

A) ostracizing
B) intimidating
C) benefit-bestowing
D) all of the above

Question 45

Men's jealousy is especially attuned to ________________ rivals and women's jealousy is especially attuned to ________________ rivals.

A) sexually aggressive; high-status
B) low-status; physically dominant
C) physically dominant; young
D) high-status; physically attractive

Question 46

Which of the following traits predicts cost-inflicting mate retention tactics?

A) low mate value of the man
B) high fertility of the woman
C) narcissism of the man
D) all of the above

Question 47

How does height affect jealousy within sex?

A) For men and women, height is negatively correlated with jealousy.
B) For men and women, height is positively correlated with jealousy.
C) Among men, height and jealousy are negatively correlated; among women, height and jealousy are positively correlated.
D) Tall men are less jealous; women of average height are the least jealous.

Question 48

Researchers have documented four main categories of defenses women report using to prevent sexual victimization. Which strategy do mated women use more than single women?

A) avoiding being alone
B) avoiding appearing sexually receptive
C) avoiding strange or dangerous men
D) being prepared and aware of surroundings