Deck 10: Emotions and Cognition

Question 1

Rejections of unfair offers in the Ultimatum Game are more usually prompted by emotions:

A) of withdrawal such as disgust, than by emotions of approach such as anger.
B) of approach such as anger, than by emotions of withdrawal such as disgust.
C) of high intensity , than by emotions of low intensity.
D) that are social in nature, such as embarrassment or shame, than by non-social emotions.

Answer 1

of withdrawal such as disgust, than by emotions of approach such as anger.

Question 2

How accurate are our memories? Wagenaar (1986) recorded an event from his own life every day for four years. He later attempted to recall in detail the events he had recorded. The results of Wagenaar's autobiographical memory study suggest that events are best remembered if they are:

A) career-related.
B) thought-provoking instances that we experience in isolation from others.
C) salient, emotionally involving, and pleasant.
D) social and unpleasant.

Answer 2

salient, emotionally involving, and pleasant.

Question 3

When making predictions about their future lives, people who are feeling sad expect to encounter ______________ more often than _______________ .

A) situations where they have to compete with others; situations in which others cooperate with them.
B) situations in which others cooperate with them; situations where they have to compete with others.
C) negative life events that have been caused by situational factors; unfair events that have been caused by other people.
D) unfair events that have been caused by other people; negative life events that have been caused by situational factors.

Answer 3

negative life events that have been caused by situational factors; unfair events that have been caused by other people.

Question 4

It is _______________ signaling that interrupts action when we encounter something that we fear.

A) informational
B) organizational
C) phenomenological
D) subliminal

Question 5

Damasio (1994) described how he suggested to a patient with frontal-lobe damage two possible dates for his next visit, and that "for the better part of half an hour the patient enumerated reasons for and against each of the two dates" . This example in the textbook is used to illustrate which of the following points?

A) Sometimes System 2 overrides System 1.
B) Sometimes System 2 isn't able to solve problems.
C) Heuristic processing is usually inferior to deliberative thinking.
D) All of the above.

Question 6

A person who is feeling sad and anxious is likely to process events in the world in which one of the following ways?

A) They will rely on heuristic thinking.
B) They will rely on deliberative thinking.
C) They will be more apt to apply stereotypes than if they were in a happy mood.
D) They will attend to the big picture and pay less attention to little details.

Question 7

Goel and Vartanian (2011) found an effect of mood infusion in their study of syllogistic reasoning. Specifically, Goel and Vartanian reported that __________ by their prior beliefs when judging syllogisms.

A) negative emotions helped reasoners to avoid being biased
B) positive emotions helped reasoners to avoid being biased.
C) negative emotions made it more likely that reasoners would be biased
D) positive emotions made it more likely that reasoners would be biased

Question 8

The styles of processing perspective assumes that:

A) distinct emotional modes correspond with the Big Five personality types.
B) different emotions lead to different forms of reasoning.
C) culture determines one's emotional style.
D) women tend to be more intuitive than men due to evolutionarily distinct roles of women and men.

Question 9

The claim that emotions are heuristics assumes that emotions are:

A) physiological states that intervene between situations and actions.
B) cognitive states that help us to learn and retain information.
C) guesses that work better than chance much of the time.
D) error-prone modes of reasoning about the world.

Question 10

"What do cows drink?" If System 1 is engaged, the likely answer to this question is__________. According to Kahnemann and Tversky, humans naturally prefer to use __________ to make decisions about the world.

A) milk; System 1
B) milk; System 2
C) water; System 1
D) water; System 2

Question 11

When making predictions about their future lives, people who are feeling angry expect to encounter ______________ more often than _______________ .

A) negative life events that have been caused by situational factors; unfair events that have been caused by other people.
B) unfair events that have been caused by other people; negative life events that have been caused by situational factors.
C) situations where they have to compete with others; situations in which others cooperate with them.
D) situations in which others cooperate with them; situations where they have to compete with others.

Question 12

According to the Affect Infusion Model of Joseph Forgas, emotions infuse into a cognitive task, and are more likely to influence memory and judgment if the task is:

A) simple
B) complex
C) familiar
D) novel

Question 13

Schwarz and Clore (1983) studied the effects of bright sunny days and gloomy overcast days on people's emotional lives. The key finding that emerged from this study was that:

A) people tend to be happier if they live in a warm climate.
B) the weather can unconsciously impact people's sense of well-being.
C) Seasonal Affective Disorder is more common in cold climates.
D) actively thinking about the weather diminishes perceived life satisfaction when it is gloomy and overcast outside but does not enhance perceived life satisfaction when it is bright and sunny outside.

Question 14

Jonathan Haidt (2007) discussed emotions and morality. He distinguished between the following categories of moral intuition:

A) sympathy and empathy.
B) emotions related to harm and emotions related to the condemnation of others.
C) basic and social emotions.
D) self-oriented and other-oriented emotions.

Question 15

Moods and emotions are based on associative brain networks. In memory, pathways are devoted to each emotion; when you experience an emotion, all the associations (e.g., concepts, images), of that emotion become more accessible. This description is the foundation for which of the following perspectives about emotion and cognition?

A) styles of processing
B) evolutionary
C) feelings as information
D) emotion congruence

Question 16

A person may be persuaded to change their attitude about an issue (e.g., raising taxes) by reading a newspaper article. If the person is feeling sad when they are reading the article, what might we hypothesize about this person's experience based on the research studies described in Chapter 10's section about persuasion?

A) If the message in the article is sadness-framed it is more likely to promote attitude change than if the message is anger-framed.
B) If the message is happiness-framed it is more likely to promote attitude change than if the message is sadness-framed.
C) Being in a sad mood makes it unlikely that the person will be persuaded, regardless of what they read about in the newspaper.
D) Being in a sad mood makes it highly likely that the person will be persuaded, regardless of the quality or approach taken by the article.

Question 17

In the Ultimatum Game there are two players: a proposer who offers to share some proportion of a sum of money, and a responder who decides to accept or reject the offer. Which of the following has been documented during studies using this paradigm?

A) When proposers offer to share the money equally, such offers are typically seen as fair and accepted.
B) When proposers offer to give a meager sum (e.g., a quarter of the money), such offers usually upset responders who reject the offer and consequently end up with no money at all.
C) When responders feel that an offer is unfair this judgment is normally accompanied by activity in the amygdala.
D) All of the above.