Deck 8: Development of Emotions in Childhood

Question 1

The negativity bias is:

A) a tendency to be more sensitive to unpleasant stimuli compared to pleasant stimuli.
B) common in adolescence and all but absent in early childhood and adulthood.
C) unlikely to occur unless children are exposed to negative affect and witness negative social interactions early in life.
D) all of the above.

Answer 1

a tendency to be more sensitive to unpleasant stimuli compared to pleasant stimuli.

Question 2

Evidence suggests that newborn babies experience the following emotional states:

A) distress, general pleasure, disgust.
B) fear, anger, happiness.
C) irritability, happiness, fear.
D) pain, pleasure, curiosity.

Answer 2

distress, general pleasure, disgust.

Question 3

Bennett and colleagues (2005) used an arm restraint condition to elicit emotional expressions from 4 and 12 month old infants. Four and 12 month olds were similar in that the most common emotion that they expressed was _______. As for angry expressions, 4 month olds differed from 12 month olds because the 4 month olds expressed anger _______________.

A) fear; mostly through yelling whereas the 12 month olds tended to struggle when angry.
B) joy; mostly through yelling whereas the 12 month olds tended to struggle when angry.
C) fear; less often than the 12 month olds.
D) joy; less often than the 12 month olds.

Answer 3

joy; less often than the 12 month olds.

Question 4

The approximate temporal onset of regulatory processes described in Chapter 8 describes ________ as occurring prior to _________.

A) attentional control; response inhibition.
B) self-directed calming; theory-of-mind.
C) soliciting of assistance from others; self-distraction and re-appraisal.
D) all of the above.

Question 5

A recent study by Nelson and Russell (2011) tested 3-to-5-year-olds' ability to recognize happiness, sadness, anger, and fearfulness in three conditions (face-only, voice-only, body posture-only). Results showed that children were most successful at recognizing emotions in the _________ condition and least successful in the _________ condition.

A) face-only; body posture-only
B) face-only; voice-only
C) voice-only; face-only
D) body posture-only; face-only

Question 6

There are developmental changes in the kinds of events that elicit specific emotions. Four and five year olds tend to fear ___________________ whereas adolescents tend to fear __________________.

A) sudden movements and unfamiliar toys; bodily injury and physical danger.
B) the possibility of abandonment; the possibility of academic failure.
C) imaginary things like monsters; socially compromising situations.
D) loud noises and new foods; new people and places.

Question 7

According to the _________________, emotional development takes place as children establish new goal states and new ways of evaluating emotional events, and as their relationships with others change over time.

A) natural kinds theory
B) differential emotions theory
C) differentiation theory
D) functionalist view

Question 8

The largest growth of fear expressions occurs between ______________ of age. This rate is moderated by mothers' level of sensitivity, such that having a more sensitive mother is associated with a _____ rate of increase in fear over time.

A) birth and 2 months; slower.
B) 4 and 12 months; slower.
C) birth and 2 months; faster.
D) 4 and 12 months; faster.

Question 9

Pride and guilt are examples of _________ emotions. These emotions begin to emerge in children who are ______ years of age.

A) self-conscious; 2 to 3
B) self-conscious; 1 to 2
C) self-conscious evaluative; 2 to 3
D) self-conscious evaluative; 1 to 2

Question 10

Social referencing is:

A) when one makes an upwards comparison by contrasting themselves with a high-performing peer.
B) when one makes a downwards comparison by contrasting themselves with a low-performing peer.
C) the ability to cooperate and work in a group.
D) the ability to use the emotional displays of others to guide one's own behavior.

Question 11

One method of regulating emotions is cognitive change, which is when:

A) an undesired emotional reaction is punished and a desired emotional reaction is rewarded.
B) social modelling is used to teach children how to act given different emotional states.
C) an emotionally charged situation is reappraised.
D) one disengages from an emotionally upsetting event and effortfully shifts one's cognitive attention elsewhere.

Question 12

The development of ________________________ allows for experiences of empathy and embarrassment.

A) means-end knowledge
B) memory capacity
C) consciousness and mentalizing abilities
D) patience and observational skills

Question 13

The idea that infants start out with two basic emotion states and that more emotions emerge later during development, perhaps as a result of changes in hedonic tone and general arousal is consistent with which one of the following theories?

A) natural kinds theory
B) differential emotions theory
C) differentiation theory
D) the functionalist view

Question 14

Based on the mirror-rouge paradigm, a child who detects a mark of rouge on their face would be predicted to:

A) show embarrassment and empathy.
B) show embarrassment but not empathy.
C) show empathy but not embarrassment.
D) show neither embarrassment nor empathy.

Question 15

There is a key developmental milestone that seems to enable the experience and expression of anger in children. To feel and express anger children must:

A) be able to imitate other people's actions.
B) have means-end knowledge.
C) have the cognitive capacity to compare a potentially threatening event with similar events in memory.
D) have developed a theory-of-mind.

Question 16

The idea that we have basic emotions that are based on hardwired systems that mature during development on a kind of developmental timetable is fundamental to which one of the following theories?

A) natural kinds theory
B) differential emotions theory
C) differentiation theory
D) the functionalist view