Deck 14: Consciousness, Regulation and Psychotherapy

Question 1

The aim of person-centered therapy is for the client to experience what type of relationship with their therapist?

A) a professional relationship where the therapist is emotionally neutral and objective.
B) a genuine and non-judgmental relationship where the therapist is emotionally warm and listens to the client empathetically.
C) a hierarchical relationship where the therapist's role is to challenge the client to make healthier interpretations about themselves and to adopt a more adaptive style of living.
D) a scripted relationship where the therapist asks a pre-determined set of questions and encourages the client to engage in a particular sequence of self-exploratory exercises.

Answer 1

a genuine and non-judgmental relationship where the therapist is emotionally warm and listens to the client empathetically.

Question 2

A paradigm known as affective forecasting was employed by Kawakami et al. (2009) who asked self-identified white and Asian people to predict how they would act upon witnessing a racist act. Kawakami et al. reported that _______________________ the degree to which they would reject a person who behaved in a racist manner.

A) Asian participants, but not white participants, underestimated
B) both white and Asian participants underestimated
C) both white and Asian participants overestimated
D) White participants, but not Asian participants, overestimated

Answer 2

both white and Asian participants overestimated

Question 3

The observation that we become conscious when the unexpected happens and habit fails suggests that:

A) emotion may have been the original form of consciousness.
B) consciousness may have been the original form of emotion.
C) emotions are more recently evolved than thoughts.
D) consciousness is exclusively a human phenomenon.

Answer 3

emotion may have been the original form of consciousness.

Question 4

Evidence suggests that __________________ therapy is _______________ therapy.

A) client-centered; less effective than cognitive-behavioral
B) emotion-focused; equally as effective as cognitive-behavioral
C) emotion-focused; more effective than client-centered
D) all of the above.

Question 5

Beck (1976, 1979) found that patterns of appraisal that cause anxiety and depression tend to involve evaluations that are:

A) absolute
B) ambiguous
C) local
D) external

Question 6

Galdi, Arcuri, and Gawronski (2008) assessed residents of Vincenza, a community in which a proposal had been made to enlarge an American Forces base. Residents were evaluated at two points in time, Time 2 being one week after Time 1. The following results were found for residents, who at Time 1, had not decided whether they were for or against the proposal:

A) At Time 1: conscious thoughts and automatic associations in an implicit association test were negatively correlated.
B) At Time 2: conscious thoughts and automatic associations in an implicit association test were positively correlated.
C) Automatic associations at Time 1 predicted the choice a resident would make at Time 2, as well as automatic associations at Time 2.
D) All of the above.

Question 7

Galdi, Arcuri, and Gawronski (2008) assessed residents of Vincenza, a community in which a proposal had been made to enlarge an American Forces base. Residents were evaluated at two points in time, Time 2 being one week after Time 1. The following results were found for residents, who at Time 1, had decided whether they were for or against the proposal:

A) At Time 1: conscious thoughts and automatic associations in an implicit association test were positively correlated.
B) At Time 2: conscious thoughts and automatic associations in an implicit association test were positively correlated.
C) Conscious thoughts at Time 1 predicted the choice a resident would make at Time 2, as well as automatic associations at Time 2.
D) All of the above.

Question 8

Part of the task of emotion-focused therapy consists of encouraging a fuller experience of:

A) emotions that we have not allowed ourselves to experience fully enough.
B) negative emotions.
C) positive emotions.
D) emotions that prioritize others over the self.

Question 9

Dialectical-behavioral therapy:

A) is a combination of mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
B) helps people learn to disconnect emotions from urges to act.
C) has been particularly useful with patients who are suicidal and/or self-injuring.
D) all of the above.

Question 10

Turner (1974) has proposed stages through which an emotionally significant event can pass to create a ritual. Which one of the following is the first stage of this process?

A) a breach of ordinary social relations occurs
B) a crisis is experienced and may escalate
C) redressive social action varying from personal advice to action within a formal legal system occurs
D) a ritual emerges that accomplishes reintegration of the disturbed person/people back into the community or the recognition of irreparable schism.

Question 11

Transference is:

A) a set of emotional attitudes toward significant others from the past.
B) a set of attitudes and emotions projected onto people in the present.
C) the manifestation of habitual emotion schemas.
D) all of the above.

Question 12

One could almost say that a ritual is an emotion turned into a public form. The oldest such ritual for which we have evidence is:

A) the wedding
B) the funeral
C) the feast
D) the dance

Question 13

According to emotion-focused therapy, there are some emotions that we have learned will help us get what we want. These emotions are known as:

A) primary emotions
B) secondary emotions
C) instrumental emotions
D) social commerce emotions

Question 14

Distraction is a regulatory intervention that belongs to which stage, as proposed by Gross, Sheppes, and Urry (2011)?

A) situational modification.
B) attentional deployment.
C) cognitive change.
D) response modulation.

Question 15

Kallestad et al. (2010) conducted a randomized controlled trial in which cognitive therapy was compared with psychodynamic therapy in 49 patients with personality disorders of the anxious or fearful type. Among those in psychodynamic therapy __________________; whereas among patients assigned to cognitive therapy ________________.

A) insight was found to increase and to predict improvement of symptoms and of interpersonal functioning during a two-year follow-up period; measures of insight did not improve substantially during therapy and insight did not predict improvement.
B) measures of insight did not improve substantially during therapy and insight did not predict improvement; insight was found to increase and to predict improvement of symptoms and of interpersonal functioning during a two-year follow-up period.
C) insight was found to decrease and to predict a worsening of symptoms and of interpersonal functioning during a two-year follow-up period; insight was found to increase and to predict improvement of symptoms and of interpersonal functioning during a two-year follow-up period.
D) insight was found to increase and to predict only a short-term improvement in symptoms; insight was found to increase and to predict an improvement in symptoms in the short-term and long-term.

Question 16

Gross, Sheppes, and Urry (2011) propose that emotion regulation occurs at which one of the following stages?

A) cognitive preference
B) attentional modification
C) response blocking
D) situational selection

Question 17

When we talk to a friend about an emotion, we narrate a story. Bruner (1986) has contrasted the narrative mode of thinking with what he calls the _______________ mode, which is used in explanations, for instance, in science.

A) logical
B) rational
C) paradigmatic
D) deductive

Question 18

An innovative form of psychodynamic therapy that has been pioneered by Fonagy and Luyten (2009) and that is particularly useful for people with borderline personality disorders is called __________. This type of therapy is based on attachment, and helps to promote empathy and theory-of-mind.

A) mindfulness meditation
B) mentalizing therapy
C) insight-oriented therapy
D) nondirective therapy

Question 19

Affective forecasting is best illustrated by which of the following statements?

A) John predicts how Sally is feeling based on her facial expression and tone of voice.
B) John predicts how Sally is going to behave based on her facial expression and tone of voice.
C) John predicts how he is likely to feel if he were to encounter a negative event in the future.
D) John predicts how Sally is likely to react if she observes John encountering a negative event in the future.