Deck 13: Mental Well-Being and Disorder in Adulthood

Question 1

Depression at the case level would be predicted in which of the following situations?

A) A severe adverse event is encountered.
B) A severe adverse event is encountered and an alternative role is not available.
C) A severe adverse event is encountered and an alternative role is not available. A new role fails to be constructed.
D) All of the above.

Answer 1

A severe adverse event is encountered and an alternative role is not available.

Question 2

Gruber and Keltner (2007) have shown that we can think of disorders as excesses of emotions. According to this perspective, an excess of disgust yields which of the following disorders?

A) depression.
B) self-medication of anxiety by alcohol and drugs.
C) anorexia.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Answer 2

anorexia.

Question 3

Lyubomirsky et al. (2005) have suggested three factors that determine well-being. These factors are ___, ___, and ___, and they account for ___, ___, and ___, respectively, of the variability of happiness.

A) Intentional activity, circumstances, genetic set point; 40%, 10%, 50%.
B) Intentional activity, circumstances, gender; 40%, 40%, 20%.
C) Intentional activity, circumstances, genetic set point; 30%, 30%, 40%.
D) Intentional activity, circumstances, gender; 10%, 50%, 40%.

Answer 3

Intentional activity, circumstances, genetic set point; 40%, 10%, 50%.

Question 4

Csikszentmihalyi suggests that the state of flow, or optimal experience, can be cultivated by:

A) being patient and trusting that good things will happen if one behaves in a moral fashion.
B) living creatively.
C) taking one day at a time rather than attempting to achieve long-term goals.
D) building meaningful social relationships above all else.

Question 5

Disner et al. (2011) proposed a neurobiological theory of depression based on a presumed role that the amygdala plays in relation to memory. Specifically, they have argued that the amygdala:

A) is larger in people who are depressed therefore threat-cues are more likely to be incorporated into stored memories.
B) becomes hyperactivated in depression, thereby causing connected areas like the hippocampus to become more activated and thus more likely to recall negative events.
C) is smaller in people who are depressed therefore reward-cues are less likely to be incorporated into stored memories.
D) becomes inhibited in depression, thereby causing connected areas like the hippocampus to become less activated and thus less likely to recall memories of any sort.

Question 6

According to Kendler and colleagues (2003), which one of the following kinds of adversity is likely to cause a depressive or anxiety breakdown?

A) change.
B) entrapment.
C) loneliness.
D) all of the above.

Question 7

The kindling mechanism is the mechanism by which people:

A) become progressively more vulnerable to depression with each episode.
B) over-emphasize negative features of their environment.
C) come to behave narcissistically.
D) construct relationships in adulthood that are founded on primary childhood attachment relationships.

Question 8

According to a study by Kessler in 2005, previously married/divorced individuals are _____________ to suffer from a(n) ______________ compared to married/cohabiting individuals.

A) equally likely; impulse or drug disorder
B) nearly two times more likely; depressive or anxiety-control disorder
C) nearly three times more likely; alcohol disorder
D) all of the above.

Question 9

American women are more likely than American men to be afflicted by a(n) ________________.

A) emotional disorder of any type.
B) depressive disorder
C) alcohol or drug disorder
D) all of the above.

Question 10

Chronic psychiatric and/or physical symptoms would be predicted in which of the following situations?

A) A severe adverse event is encountered and an alternative role is not available.
B) A severe adverse event is encountered and an alternative role is not available. A new role is constructed gradually over time.
C) A severe adverse event is encountered and an alternative role is not available. A new role fails to be constructed.
D) All of the above.

Question 11

_____________ was/were recognized in 2004 by the World Health Organization as making the largest contribution to the burden of disease in middle- and high-income countries and it is/they are the leading cause of years lost due to a disability worldwide.

A) Depression
B) Anxiety-related disorders
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Impulse-control disorders

Question 12

According to Kahneman and colleagues' (2006) study, if one were to compare individuals earning $50,000-$89,999 with those in the $90,000+ income bracket, what trend would be observed and how might one account for this trend?

A) Well-being would be higher in the $90,000+ group because these individuals have more leisure time.
B) Well-being would be higher in the $50,000-$89,999 group because these individuals have a healthier work-life balance than their wealthier counterparts.
C) Well-being would be equal in the two groups because judgments of relative wealth as well as increased tension moderate the effects of increased income in the $90,000 group.
D) Well-being would be equal in the two groups because social isolation limits the potential benefits to well-being of an income greater than $90,000.

Question 13

Relationships affect whether people develop major depression in response to adversities. The general term for relationships that can protect people from disorder is social support. Typical measures of social support include all but which one of the following?

A) number of friends and acquaintances
B) lack of interpersonal friction
C) accessibility of practical assistance
D) intimacy

Question 14

Brewin, Dalgleish and Joseph (1996) have concluded that the chaotic nature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be explained in terms of two memory systems. Specifically Brewin and colleagues suggest that PTSD results when:

A) long-term memory overrides working memory.
B) there is a conflict between verbal memory and a second memory system that is automatically and involuntarily triggered by aspects of situations.
C) there is a conflict between episodic and declarative memories.
D) visual and auditory memories are in conflict.

Question 15

Dermott, Dobson, and Jones (2010) found, in a longitudinal study, that within a year of an episode of depression coming to an end, women were more likely to relapse into another episode of depression if they had:

A) an emotion-oriented coping style
B) moderate social support from friends.
C) an avoidant coping style
D) all of the above.

Question 16

The main treatment for depression is drugs, of which the principal kinds are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The drugs function by ____________________________. Irving Kirsch's (2009) meta-analysis of SSRI drug trials suggests that, compared with placebos, SSRIs have ________________ effect on depression.

A) boosting the amount of serotonin that is released by neurons; a moderate to large
B) boosting the amount of serotonin that is released by neurons; either no effect or a tiny
C) reducing the reabsorption of serotonin so that it remains in synapses for longer; a moderate to large
D) reducing the reabsorption of serotonin so that it remains in synapses for longer; either no effect or a tiny

Question 17

Early experience affects people's susceptibility to emotional disorders in childhood. Brown and Harris (1978) reported that a person who loses a mother in childhood is more likely than a person who has not lost his or her mother to develop depression. The most likely interpretation of this finding according to the textbook is that the _______________ leaves individuals vulnerable to developing depression.

A) loss of one's primary attachment relationship
B) lack of parental care following the loss of one's mother
C) familial upheaval and stress that ensues following the loss
D) loss creates a fear of abandonment, an emotional complex that

Question 18

The category of anxiety disorders includes all but which one of the following?

A) obsessions and compulsions
B) post-traumatic stress disorder
C) panic attacks
D) acute episodic stress