Deck 29: The Scientific Revolution and Its Enlightened Aftermath

Question 1

Elaborate on the impact of the Enlightenment in various nations.

Answer 1

Answers would include a discussion of free markets,emphasis on constitutions,ideas of liberties of the people the amount of activity in France,and significant documents to world history,such as the US Declaration of Independence.

Question 2

Interpreting the results of experiments based on observation would describe

A) the Socratic method.
B) the Descartes plan.
C) deductive reasoning.
D) the empirical method.
E) inductive reasoning.

Answer 2

the empirical method.

Question 3

Perhaps the most important factor in Europe's gaining of new knowledge about the world in the 16?? century was

A) Europeans' insatiable curiosity.
B) an improved understanding of astronomy.
C) an enormous leap in mathematical capabilities.
D) the reports of explorers in the New World.
E) new geographic information.

Answer 3

an enormous leap in mathematical capabilities.

Question 4

The two most basic characteristics of the Enlightenment were

A) science and religion.
B) democracy and freedom.
C) optimism and rationality.
D) faith and prayer.
E) science and optimism.

Question 5

How does the European view of science change from the Medieval Period into the Scientific Revolution?

Question 6

How did the church respond to the Scientific Revolution and what factors explain their response?

Question 7

John Locke believed

A) that humans can learn from their environment and improve their lives.
B) in the concept of original sin.
C) that checks and balances were important in government.
D) that his destiny was to steer England through the rough waters of the Glorious Revolution.
E) that governmental reform was more important than scientific discovery.

Question 8

Which of the scientists was the most significant? Explain your answer.

Question 9

Whose work contributed most to removing Aristotle from his revered position as the master physicist?

A) Copernicus
B) Galileo
C) Newton
D) Descartes
E) Brahe

Question 10

Which of the following was true of the scientists and the new science?

A) The scientists were all Catholic.
B) None of the scientists were Christian or belonged to any church.
C) The truth of science had no political agenda.
D) The various churches largely ignored the scientists and their science.
E) Since science is secular, it did not threaten the church in any way.

Question 11

Heliocentrism was first advanced by

A) Copernicus.
B) Brahe.
C) Galileo.
D) Kepler.
E) Newton.

Question 12

Newton's major contributions occurred in the field of

A) astronomy.
B) education.
C) Bible studies.
D) physics.
E) geometry.

Question 13

After the Thirty Years' War,people's thoughts and studies began to turn again to

A) religion.
B) government.
C) science.
D) economic gain.
E) exploration.

Question 14

The scientist who spent his last years under house arrest over his discoveries was

A) Copernicus.
B) Newton.
C) Brahe.
D) Galileo.
E) Descartes.

Question 15

Inductive reasoning,first developed by Frances Bacon,required that one

A) gather data and then make generalizations.
B) consistently and carefully observe phenomena before developing any generalizations or preconceived ideas.
C) observe with one's senses and then develop one or more hypotheses.
D) make some basic assumptions and then perform experiments to see if they are valid.
E) observe, experiment, test, and then present newly verified information to the world.

Question 16

The scientific developments of the Enlightenment period had the greatest impact on

A) religious scholars.
B) the highly educated.
C) city dwellers.
D) peasants.
E) explorers.

Question 17

Discuss the overall philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers.

Question 18

Discuss the audience and impact of the Enlightenment on European society.

Question 19

The real problem of medieval science was its reliance on

A) superstition.
B) the church.
C) the nobility.
D) evidence.
E) ancient authorities.

Question 20

During the growth of the study of mathematics-based science,philosophy was considered

A) redundant.
B) secondary.
C) extremely important.
D) nonsensical.
E) rational.

Question 21

Enlightenment political thinkers agreed on all of the following except

A) State supervised, mandatory education.
B) Equality before the law.
C) Abolition of most forms of censorship.
D) Religious toleration.
E) Limited monarchical power.

Question 22

Enlightenment reformers believed that the leaders of most rigidly organized religious groups had as their main purpose

A) obtaining money from unsuspecting people.
B) convincing good people that they were filled with sin because of the original sin of Adam and Eve.
C) preventing people from listening to what reformers had to say.
D) frightening people into following established church laws.
E) hiding the truth - that people could reason out what they believed for themselves, without help from church authorities.

Question 23

Newton made his greatest contribution to the world by

A) insisting that the physical world had rational, lawful principles.
B) discovering and enunciating the law of gravity.
C) encouraging young scientists to continue to think and experiment.
D) convincing many people to give up their superstitious beliefs.
E) describing the way in which governments of the world could function rationally.

Question 24

The salvation of humankind,according to the reformers,was which of the following?

A) The Catholic Church
B) The Protestant Church
C) Education
D) A strong monarch.
E) A free market economy.

Question 25

Most philosophes believed that state supported churches should be ____________________.

Question 26

The Science of Man,well developed by the 18?? century,has now become known as ____________________.

Question 27

It would be most accurate to describe Adam Smith's economic writing as promoting

A) mercantilism.
B) absolutely no government interference with business.
C) more education for the consumer.
D) as little government intervention in business as possible.
E) an increase in the variety of goods and services available to the public.

Question 28

____________________ is the downgrading of all that is religious or miraculous.

Question 29

The majority of the audience for the Enlightenment was which of the following groups?

A) urban poor
B) educated upper class
C) merchant middle class
D) clergy
E) None of the options are correct.

Question 30

Most philosophes believed that the best form of government was a

A) republic.
B) true democracy.
C) economic oligarchy.
D) constitutional monarchy.
E) theocracy.

Question 31

Which is the truest statement of philosophe beliefs?

A) Sin is the leading cause of human misery.
B) Government should have a strong executive power.
C) All humans are equal in social and political rights.
D) Ignorance is the major cause of inhumanity.
E) Most people are capable of ruling if taught the way.

Question 32

In her famous treatise,Vindication on the Rights of Woman,Mary Wollstonecraft

A) urged society to allow women to fulfill their sexual needs, thus becoming one of the early advocates of "free love."
B) pushed for equal rights for women, becoming, in actuality, the founder of feminism.
C) spoke out so harshly against the writings of the male philosophes that her work was banned in France.
D) argued that women were as intelligent as men, and was devastated when it appeared that not even women cared to hear what she had to say.
E) described women as "slaves," thus alienating the very audience she was trying to reach.

Question 33

The most significant 18?? century economic thinker was

A) Locke.
B) Hume.
C) Adams.
D) Rousseau.
E) Smith.

Question 34

A common denominator among the Enlightenment thinkers was

A) the belief in democracy.
B) an affinity for atheism.
C) a commitment to reform.
D) support for empirical research.
E) their hesitancy in disagreeing with each other.

Question 35

In the realm of education,the most influential philosophe was

A) Rousseau.
B) Voltaire.
C) Condorcet.
D) Descartes.
E) Diderot.

Question 36

The Enlightenment is distinguished most emphatically in its faith in

A) Divine Providence.
B) democracy.
C) the aristocracy.
D) perfectibility.
E) absolutism.

Question 37

The most comprehensive literary work of the Enlightenment period was

A) The Spirit of the Laws.
B) Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
C) The Social Contract.
D) The Encyclopedie.
E) Wealth of Nations.

Question 38

Which of these elements would Enlightenment philosophes have found to be of least value?

A) process
B) religion
C) invention
D) education
E) rationalism

Question 39

____________________ was the leading political spokesperson cited during England's Glorious Revolution.

Question 40

Most of the Enlightenment thinkers and activity are associated with which of the following?

A) The United States
B) England
C) Spain
D) France
E) Italy

Question 41

All of the ideas of the philosophies flowed together in the concept of ____________________.

Question 42

More than anything else,the faith in ____________________ is the distinguishing innovation of the Enlightenment.

Question 43

Adam Smith's ____________________ promoted the gospel of free trade and minimal governmental interference in business.

Question 44

Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert accomplished the editing of the ____________________.

Question 45

Baruch Spinoza rejected the idea of a personal ____________________,rather seeing God in all ____________________.

Question 46

____________________ became associated with inductive reasoning and the empirical method.