Deck 13: Chi-Square Tests

Question 1

Discrete trials designs are typically ______ designs.

A) within-subjects
B) between-subjects
C) case study
D) A-B-A

Answer 1

within-subjects

Question 2

A primary disadvantage of a longitudinal design is

A) the amount of time it takes to conduct the study.
B) that cohort/generation effects are likely to be present.
C) that confounding variables cannot be controlled as well as in cross-sectional designs.
D) all of the above.

Answer 2

the amount of time it takes to conduct the study.

Question 3

This design is often preferable to either a longitudinal or a cross-sectional design:

A) within subjects
B) between subjects
C) cohort-sequential
D) causal

Answer 3

cohort-sequential

Question 4

A small-n design that involves a large number of trials completed by one or a few individuals and conducted to describe basic behaviors is called:

A) discrete trials
B) A-B-A
C) baseline
D) reversal

Question 5

_______ effects occur when participants' experience in one condition affects their behavior in another condition of a study.

A) testing effects
B) attrition/mortality
C) cohort/generation effects
D) carryover

Question 6

A-B-A design is also called:

A) discrete trials
B) reversal design
C) baseline
D) none of the above

Question 7

Because there are no group means to present in ________ designs, data are often presented for the individual participants in the study.

A) small-n
B) between-subjects
C) case study
D) experimental

Question 8

____________ may occur in cross-sectional designs due to different experiences that different generations have

A) testing effects
B) attrition/mortality
C) cohort/generation effects
D) carryover

Question 9

When a researcher measures a behavior before a treatment is implemented to compare with the behavior after the treatment has been implemented, this is called a

A) confounding variable.
B) baseline measurement.
C) cohort-sequential design.
D) quasi-experiment.

Question 10

These designs compare different age groups of participants, where each participant contributes data for only one age group.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort-sequential
D) causal

Question 11

Developmental designs that treat age as a between-subjects variable are called ___________designs.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort-sequential
D) causal

Question 12

There are three main types of developmental designs that treat the factor of age in a different way including all but which:

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort-sequential
D) causal

Question 13

A small-n design that involves baseline measurements of behavior as compared with measures of behavior during the implementation of a treatment is called:

A) discrete trials
B) A-B-A
C) baseline
D) reversal

Question 14

Mathematical description of behavior is often a common goal of __________ designs, which is possible with the large number of measurements collected of basic behaviors.

A) discrete trials
B) A-B-A
C) baseline
D) reversal

Question 15

A cohort-sequential design handles some of the sources of bias present in other developmental designs by

A) manipulating age as an independent variable.
B) examining age effects both longitudinally and cross-sectionally.
C) removing all possible cohort/generation effects.
D) all of the above.

Question 16

A cohort/generation effect may occur when

A) people who know each other are subjects in the same study.
B) a cross-sectional design is conducted.
C) a time-series design is used.
D) a Latin Square design is used.

Question 17

A developmental psychologist compares standardized math test scores for 2^nd, 5^th, and 10^th graders. The subjects are all tested at the same time; thus, different groups of subjects are tested, each group at a different age. This study utilizes an) ___________ design.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort-sequential
D) experimental

Question 18

Ebbinghaus used a ______________ design to develop the forgetting law of memory.

A) quasi-experimental
B) small n
C) covariate
D) between-subject

Question 19

In a longitudinal design age is treated as a __________ variable, but age is treated as a ____________ variable in a cross-sectional design.

A) within-subjects / within- and between-subjects
B) within- and between-subjects / between-subjects
C) within-subjects / between-subjects
D) between-subjects / within-subjects
(e) between-subjects / between-subjects

Question 20

Small n designs are used when

A) a researcher wishes to test the effect of a treatment on an individual.
B) test a mathematical description of behavior.
C) a behavior that does not differ across individuals very much is examined.
D) all of the above.

Question 21

Discuss cohort-sequential designs and give an example.

Question 22

Being tested on the measures early in the study can affect the later testings, as participants' scores may show effects of practice or fatigue.

Question 23

Developmental psychologists never conduct experiments, because age cannot be manipulated.

Question 24

In a small-n design, a researcher is typically testing a theory about how a behavior works for most individuals or testing a treatment for a problematic behavior of an individual or group of individuals.

Question 25

In a longitudinal design, participants are tested at different ages in their lives.

Question 26

An advantage of longitudinal design is attrition.

Question 27

Describe the primary source of bias present in cross-sectional designs.

Question 28

Data from small n designs typically involve mean data analyses that are used in other experimental designs.

Question 29

The cross-sectional design solves many of the problems that can occur with longitudinal designs.

Question 30

Developmental designs that compare behavior across different age groups are always experimental designs.

Question 31

Explain how small n designs have been important historically in psychological research.

Question 32

Describe the primary sources of bias present in longitudinal designs.

Question 33

___________ can be a source of bias in the study if the participants who drop out are different from the participants who remain.

A) Attrition
B) Erosion
C) Corrosion
D) Deterioration

Question 34

Small-n designs are commonly used in studies testing behavioral interventions.

Question 35

Discuss data analysis in small n designs.

Question 36

Longitudinal designs allow researchers to examine age effects quickly by testing subjects at different ages all at once.