Deck 10: Javascript: Arrays

Question 1

A relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with a decrease in the other variable is called:

A) a positive relationship.
B) a negative relationship.
C) a causal relationship.
D) a predictive relationship.

Answer 1

a negative relationship.

Question 2

Analyses that allow predictions include:

A) regressions
B) t-tests
C) ANOVAs
D) ANCOVAs

Answer 2

regressions

Question 3

When a variable that is not of interest in a study may explain the results of a study this is called

A) high internal validity.
B) the third variable problem.
C) experimenter bias.
D) low reliability.

Answer 3

the third variable problem.

Question 4

No groups of subjects are compared in a correlational study as they are in _________ experiments.

A) quasi
B) analytical
C) descriptive
D) predictive

Question 5

Suppose that a researcher found that as introversion (as measured on a standardized questionnaire) of participants goes up, number of social activities attended per week decreases. This finding represents

A) a positive relationship.
B) a negative relationship.
C) no relationship.
D) none of the above.

Question 6

Most of the research showing a link between smoking and long-term health in humans has involved _____________studies.

A) correlational
B) descriptive
C) predictive
D) analytical

Question 7

A research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors is a ___________ research question.

A) positive
B) negative
C) descriptive
D) predictive

Question 8

Strong _________ correlations between age and incidence of Alzheimer's Disease have been found such that by the time one reaches an age of 85, they have a 50% chance of getting Alzheimer's Disease.

A) positive
B) negative
C) causal
D) predictive

Question 9

In many studies related to ___________, for example, correlational studies are the only options because we cannot subject someone to factors that may make them unhealthy for ethical reasons.

A) behavior
B) health
C) weather

Question 10

In a correlational study, the variable that is predicted by the predictor variable is called the ___________ variable.

A) outcome
B) dependent
C) confounding
D) third

Question 11

A correlational study __________ provide causal information about the relationship between the measures; it can only describe the relationship between the behaviors.

A) can
B) cannot
C) sometimes

Question 12

Suppose that a researcher found that as introversion ( as measured on a standardized questionnaire) of participants goes up, number of social activities attended per week decreases. Which of the following relationships can explain this finding?

A) Introversion causes people to attend fewer social activities.
B) Attending fewer social activities causes people to be introverted.
C) Type of parenting received in childhood causes both introversion and attendance of social activities.
D) All of the above.

Question 13

A research question that asks if one behavior can be predicted from another behavior to allow predictions of future behavior is a ___________ research question.

A) positive
B) negative
C) descriptive
D) predictive

Question 14

In a scatterplot, the __________ variable is typically plotted on the x-axis, whereas the ________ variable is typically plotted on the y-axis.

A) dependent; independent
B) confounding; dependent
C) predictor; outcome
D) outcome; dependent

Question 15

In a correlational study, the variable that is used to predict the outcome variable is called the ___________ variable.

A) dependent
B) predictor
C) confounding
D) third

Question 16

Important information can be gained from correlational studies about the likelihood of an event based on the relationship with another event, but this relationship may or may not be ____________.

A) positive
B) negative
C) causal
D) predictive

Question 17

Correlational studies are not well-suited for answering _________ research questions.

A) causal
B) descriptive
C) predictive
D) none of the above (they can be used for any research question).

Question 18

Which of the following represents the correlational research design?

A) Two groups of participants (those who are left-handed and those who are right-handed) are asked to perform a speeded cognitive task to compare performance for the two groups.
B) Participants take a handedness questionnaire with score indicating the degree of right- and left-handedness to look for a relationship between handedness score and time to complete a cognitive task.
C) Participants are randomly assigned to conditions where a cognitive task is given with speeded or non-speeded instructions to determine if there is an effect of instruction type of task performance.

Question 19

A relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with an increase in the other variable is called:

A) a positive relationship.
B) a negative relationship.
C) a causal relationship.
D) a predictive relationship.

Question 20

In ____________ studies, researchers examine two or more measures to determine if those measures are related.

A) correlational
B) descriptive
C) predictive
D) analytical

Question 21

Most survey research involves a correlational study.

Question 22

Correlational studies never involve naturalistic observations or systematic observations.

Question 23

Correlational studies are designed to examine relationships between measured variables.

Question 24

A correlational study showed that men who had one or servings of tomatoes a week were 60% less likely to get prostate cancer. This means that tomatoes causes the reduction in cancer rates.

Question 25

Explain why correlational studies do not provide the best test of a causal research question.

Question 26

Regardless of the type of observational technique used to measure behavior, the goal of any correlational study is to examine relationships between_______ or more measures of behavior.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 27

In correlational research multiple measures are collected from _______ groups) of subjects to determine if those measures co-vary.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 28

Correlational studies are used to answer descriptive and predictive research questions.

Question 29

The direction of the cause and effect relationship cannot be determined from a correlational study because none of the variables is manipulated in the study.

Question 30

A casual relationship can be tested using:

A) correlational research
B) experimental research
C) diagnostic research
D) analytical research

Question 31

A researcher may conduct a correlational study with the ultimate goal of predicting one behavior from another behavior.

Question 32

Correlational studies provide information that allows researchers to determine which variables should be considered when they design tests of causal relationships.

Question 33

Correlational studies can provide good tests of causal research questions.

Question 34

Whenever a strong relationship exists between variables, prediction of one variable from other variables ___________.

A) is impossible
B) is possible
C) cannot be determined

Question 35

Explain the difference between a predictor and an outcome variable.

Question 36

Explain the difference between a descriptive research question and a predictive research question. Provide an example of each type of research question.

Question 37

How are correlational studies different from quasi-experiments?

Question 38

Correlation equals causation.