Deck 4: Socialization and the Life Course

Question 1

Genie was studied intensively by scientists primarily interested in

A)how physical attractiveness affects personality.
B)language acquisition and the psychological effects of extreme confinement.
C)how age chronology affects one's social development.
D)how the human genome affects personality development.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Within sociology,the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations is called.

A)criminology
B)socialization
C)social control
D)punishments

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Most sociologists would probably agree that in the nature-nurture debate,

A)nature is more important than nurture in the development of humanness.
B)for some people biology seems to be the more important influence; for others social interaction is more important.
C)human development is the result of the interaction of natural and social influences.
D)nurture seems to be the ultimate determinant of human nature.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

From a sociological perspective,what a person becomes

A)is a result of innate traits.
B)emerges throughout life.
C)results from social experiences.
D)is mainly genetic.

Question 5

Marcus and Taylor have learned their expected behaviors so well that they no longer question them.This is an example of.

A)internalization
B)socialization
C)role confusion
D)conformity

Question 6

The case of Genie,a girl who was isolated for most of her childhood,illustrates that

A)human beings need social contact for normal development.
B)the human genome project will be able to create humans without socialization.
C)human development is possible without socialization.
D)society is not as important as biology for human development.

Question 7

Which of the following is false in regards to socialization and conformity?

A)All people are unique to some degree.
B)Conformity to social expectations eliminates individuality.
C)People resist some of society's expectations.
D)Most people do conform to varying degrees.

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding socialization?

A)The socialization experience differs for individuals based on their social location.
B)The process of socialization is most directly considered psychological.
C)Through socialization,individuals internalize behaviors.
D)Personality is the basis for socialization.

Question 9

To say that not only do people live in society,but society also lives in people,is to recognize socialization as a form of.

A)social control
B)nature
C)innate knowledge
D)conformity

Question 10

Sociologists note that the way society is organized and people's lives within it are the result of social definitions
And processes.In other words,sociologists state that our lives are socially

A)static.
B)differentiated.
C)constructed.
D)interactive.

Question 11

How is socialization related to conformity?

A)Some people conform too much as a result of socialization.
B)Most people need to be coerced into conformity because socialization is incomplete.
C)It is only the threat of some type of punishment that makes people conform to social norms.
D)People do not respond to the subtle influence of social pressure to conform,even after years of socialization.

Question 12

According to sociologists when men engage in risky behaviors they often are victims of.

A)innate behavior
B)male socialization
C)reactive socialization
D)low-self worth

Question 13

When a student is intellectually gifted in math it is an example of.

A)innate traits
B)social experiences
C)a combination of nature and nurture
D)social control

Question 14

How do most sociologists view conformity?

A)Socialization causes humans to passively conform to social norms.
B)Even after socialization it is very difficult to get most people to conform.
C)It is possible for some people to conform too much.
D)Conformity ends when it leads people to enter into potentially dangerous behaviors.

Question 15

Which of the following is not evidence that socialization serves as a form of social control?

A)Once learned,the expectations of others are enough to keep most people in line.
B)A person experiences pressure when they deviate from what others believe.
C)Internalizing social norms causes most people to conform without the use of coercion or violence.
D)Social control eliminates individuality.

Question 16

Through the process of socialization we do all of the following,except

A)learn the customs,habits,and practices of one's society.
B)develop our identity.
C)form our individual personality.
D)experience diversity.

Question 17

Mary is discussing her feelings about her country.Her consistent pattern of behavior is called .

A)personality
B)identity
C)nature
D)innate beliefs

Question 18

3are the expected behaviors associated with a given status in society.

A)Roles
B)Norms
C)Folkways
D)Values

Question 19

Social scientists and others debate whether humanness is naturally occurring or socially created.This is called the
Debate.

A)inherent - innate
B)internal-external
C)nature - nurture
D)sociology - biology

Question 20

In regards to the "nature vs.nurture" debate,sociologists would tend to emphasize .

A)nature
B)nurture
C)both
D)neither

Question 21

Which of these is not generally viewed as a consequence of socialization?

A)People have the capacity for seeing oneself through the perspective of another.
B)People have the ability to understand the ways in which they are socialized.
C)People have a tendency to act in socially acceptable ways.
D)People are bearers of culture.

Question 22

Which of the following is true about peers as agents of socialization?

A)Peer cultures for young people often take the form of cliques or friendship circles.
B)Peers are much less important than other agents of socialization.
C)Peer culture is more important for adults than it is for adolescents.
D)Peer culture is limited to the teen years.

Question 23

Current research on women in sports has found that women athletes

A)have low self-esteem when they compare themselves to male athletes.
B)develop a strong sense of bodily competence.
C)have difficulty bonding with other women.
D)are considered as feminine as other women.

Question 24

Sociologists use the termto refer to the subtle messages about race,class,and gender roles that are conveyed through classroom interaction and classroom materials.

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)tracking system
C)hidden curriculum
D)unequal discourse

Question 25

One consequence of socialization is that it makes people bearers of culture.Which of these outcomes of socialization is most related to people as bearers of culture?

A)Socialization shapes a person's self concept.
B)Socialization creates the capacity for understanding the perspective of other people.
C)Socialization creates the tendency to act in socially acceptable ways.
D)Socialization ultimately produces society itself.

Question 26

Psychoanalytic theories of socialization are based on the work of Sigmund Freud,whose theoretical contribution related to socialization is

A)the looking glass self.
B)the I and the Me.
C)the idea that the subconscious mind shapes human behavior.
D)the need for psychoanalysis for everyone to discover their true self.

Question 27

The text uses "creationism" as an example of how the social context influences religious socialization.How does the social context related to "creationism"?

A)People generally become creationists as adults when they learn evolutionary theory.
B)Creationism is equally distributed among people in different religious denominations.
C)People who believe in creationism tend to come from small towns where they have been less exposed to other influences.
D)Creationism is more pronounced in nontraditional families.

Question 28

Bob is reflecting back on how he experienced socialization.He is thinking about his.

A)innate experiences
B)self-concept
C)nature
D)personality

Question 29

Research on education in the U.S.indicates that

A)the expectations encountered in schools are much the same for most students.
B)studying socialization in schools is an excellent way to see the influence of gender,class,and race in shaping socialization.
C)girls receive more attention in the curriculum than boys.
D)even when boys and girls are segregated into different groups,the sociological consequences are the same.

Question 30

Recent research indicates that as agents of socialization,sports

A)are more important sources of identity for men than women.
B)are where many ideas about gender differences are formed and reinforced.
C)have historically been significant in the formation of women's identity.
D)have been less significant in the development of masculine identity than was previously believed.

Question 31

Socialization agents teach us the social expectations of society.According to the text,

A)social institutions are never socialization agents.
B)individual people are not socialization agents.
C)everyone is potentially a socializing agent.
D)it is impossible to identify the true socialization agents in society

Question 32

According to research presented in the text,males are more likely to rate themselvesthan females.

A)more cooperative
B)more spiritual
C)more self-confident
D)better writers

Question 33

Religion is a powerful socialization agent.What is the impact of religion during one's childhood?

A)Religious education is important to the identities children construct in childhood.
B)Children typically develop very different belief systems than those of their parents.
C)Regardless of how they are raised,children tend to grow away from their earliest religious training.
D)Children are likely to not understand religion until they are adults.

Question 34

According to the text sports is a good example of the power of socialization.

A)in organized settings
B)in areas of social control
C)in our everyday lives
D)in formal organizations

Question 35

Michael Messner's research on men and sports shows that

A)sports are often the context for developing relationships between fathers and sons.
B)most men strive for a professional sporting career.
C)for most Men their closest peer relationships are within sports.
D)sports are more influential for men than for boys.

Question 36

Which of the following is true about the family as an agent of socialization?

A)The family is rarely a person's first source of socialization.
B)In today's world parents have a very minor role in the development of their child's identity.
C)Not all families socialize children in the same way or into the expectations.
D)The media are a more important source of gender socialization than the family.

Question 37

Which of the following has increased its influence on our socialization in the modern era?

A)The family
B)The mass media
C)Peer groups
D)Education

Question 38

The text presents the example of the difference in how American and Japanese mothers talk to their children in order to demonstrate that

A)socialization practices reflect what is important in a particular culture.
B)not all cultures practice socialization in the home.
C)patterns of socialization are the same throughout the world.
D)there is little difference in how U.S.and Japanese mothers talk to their children.

Question 39

When Johnny experiences an agent of socialization providing social approval and support,the agent is most likely
)

A)his family
B)his peer group
C)his religious community
D)his school

Question 40

Sociologists have found that religious beliefs influence parenting practices.Research has found that conservative
Protestants are more likely than others to

A)use strict discipline with children.
B)use reasoning with their children.
C)use positive reinforcement.
D)use little or no discipline with children.

Question 41

According to the perspective of,the internalization of societal values in the process of socialization is important because it reinforces social consensus.

A)conflict theory
B)functionalism
C)social learning theory
D)symbolic interaction theory

Question 42

According to this theory of socialization if Betty receives positive reinforcement she will repeat it.

A)psychoanalysis
B)social learning
C)functionalism
D)conflict

Question 43

According to,society maintains its stability through socialization.

A)psychosocial
B)social learning
C)functionalism
D)conflict theory

Question 44

How do psychoanalytic theory and social learning theory differ from each other?

A)Psychoanalytic theory is more focused on human development than social learning theory.
B)Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the internal process of the unconscious mind; social learning theory stresses response to external stimuli.
C)Psychoanalytic theory places more importance on the social context than does social learning theory.
D)Psychoanalytical theory focuses more on problematic behavior than social learning theory.

Question 45

Albert likes to play catch with his brother,but he cannot understand the complete game of baseball.Albert is
Likely in which of Mead's stages?

A)imitation
B)play
C)game
D)taking

Question 46

According to,society relies upon conformity to maintain stability and social equilibrium making
Socialization into the ways of one's society very important.

A)psychoanalytic theory
B)functionalism
C)social learning theory
D)object relations theory

Question 47

Which of the following best describes social learning theory?

A)people are passive creatures who merely responded to stimuli in their environment.
B)while learning is crucial to socialization,imagination also has a critical role.
C)the importance of schema is overemphasized in theories of socialization.
D)there are really no distinctive stages of cognitive development.

Question 48

Which theory of socialization sees identity as a product of different opportunities?

A)Conflict
B)Functionalism
C)Symbolic interactionism
D)Social learning

Question 49

57is interested in how social inequality affects the development of an individual's identity.

A)Psychoanalytic theory
B)Functionalism
C)Conflict theory
D)Symbolic interaction

Question 50

Social learning theory views identity as

A)the result of shaping oneself in response to the expectations of others.
B)the result of the struggle of the self with the unconscious.
C)unimportant.
D)the product of the I and the Me.

Question 51

Which theory of socialization does John reflect if he believes he is doing what society expects in terms of choosing a career?

A)Conflict
B)Symbolic Interactionism
C)Social learning
D)Functionalism

Question 52

Psychoanalytic theory argues that

A)human identity changes at different stages throughout our lives.
B)social identity is the result of a conscious and creative process.
C)human behavior is directed and motivated by underlying forces that are largely unconscious.
D)the self is an extension of the social standards of society,not instinctual influences.

Question 53

The central feature social learning theory is that

A)learning is simple.
B)individuals are resistant to learning.
C)learning and imagination are both important.
D)children can progress through separate stages simultaneously

Question 54

Which of the following theories focuses on the external social stimuli and social context of socialization?

A)social learning theory
B)the psychoanalytic theory
C)symbolic interaction
D)object relations theory

Question 55

Which of these statements is false from the perspective of symbolic interactionism?

A)The self is what we imagine we are.
B)Humans make conscious choices in response to their social environment.
C)Identity is something unconscious and hidden from view.
D)Social roles are real because people give meaning to them.

Question 56

Although the process of socialization promotes conformity,individual are also shaped by resistance to conformity and to oppression.This is an argument of.

A)conflict theory
B)functionalism
C)social learning theory
D)symbolic interaction theory

Question 57

According to the text if a family engages their children with deliberate cultivation of their development then:

A)They reflect middle class socialization
B)The children are experiencing natural growth
C)They are most often engaging in middle class socialization
D)They are most often working class

Question 58

According to Freud,people cope with the tension between theirby developing defense mechanisms.

A)ego and id
B)ego and superego
C)id and superego
D)None of these is correct.

Question 59

Which of the following statements regarding Freud's psychoanalytic theory is false?

A)The superego incorporates society's collective expectations.
B)The ego plays a balancing act between the id and the superego.
C)The id is in permanent conflict with the superego.
D)The ego is independent of the superego and the id.

Question 60

Psychoanalytic theory differs from social learning theory in that it:

A)sees human identity as indeterminate
B)interprets human identity as a process occurring late in life
C)interprets human identity as a process occurring early in life
D)sees identity as a learned response

Question 61

According to Mead,children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment during the
Stage of childhood socialization.

A)imitation
B)play
C)game
D)preoperational

Question 62

Sociologists believe that socialization

A)happens in the same way for all members of society.
B)is not uniform; no two people have exactly the same experience.
C)has a biological basis and so the social context places only a very small role in it.
D)encourages conformity over individual identity.

Question 63

For Mead,the generalized other represents

A)the unconscious mind.
B)people with whom children have a close relationship.
C)the repressed feelings and instincts to act badly.
D)the roles and expectations of society.

Question 64

George Herbert Mead used the termto refer to people like parents,siblings,or friends.

A)generalized other
B)important other
C)significant other
D)familiar other

Question 65

examines human development through exploration of the connections between one's personal attributes
And roles and social and historical events.

A)The social-historical self
B)Life history analysis
C)The life course perspective
D)The sociological imagination

Question 66

Children learn race and gender within all of the following,except

A)the family.
B)school.
C)the media.
D)the economy.

Question 67

Annette Lareau's research on middle­class and working­class children illustrates

A)the lack of preparation working-class and poor children receive in terms of learning to negotiate through various social institutions.
B)the relatively few significant differences in the socialization experiences of middle-class and working-class children.
C)how working-class children are actually better off than middle-class children.
D)that socialization is not really class-based.

Question 68

According to Charles Horton Cooley,the self is formed as we

A)respond to our subconscious need for approval.
B)imitate the play of others.
C)respond to the expectations that others have of us.
D)are punished for behaving incorrectly.

Question 69

Which of the following is not part of the process of the looking glass self?

A)We watch others and learn the basic rules of identity.
B)We consider how we think we appear to others.
C)We consider how we think others judge us.
D)How we think others perceive us affect how we feel.

Question 70

In their conceptions of how the self is formed,how does Mead differ from Freud?

A)Freud believed the self was fixed in childhood; Mead though it was always changing.
B)Mead doesn't think there are multiple parts of the individual.
C)Freud isn't theoretical and Mead is.
D)Mead argued that the self is static and unchangeable.

Question 71

During the game stage of socialization children begin to learn

A)how to follow directions given by others.
B)that they are not always the center of everyone's attention.
C)they are part of a complex system of relationships.
D)to imitate the behavior of significant others.

Question 72

Mead believed that children acquire a concept of the generalized other during thestage of childhood socialization.

A)imitation
B)play
C)game
D)preoperational

Question 73

Symbolic interaction theory suggests that children learn

A)as the unconscious mind shapes their behavior.
B)through taking the role of significant others.
C)only when they identify with the same sex parent.
D)as they begin to learn the rules of the game of life.

Question 74

Which theorist used the concept of the looking glass self to explain how the self emerges in interaction with others?

A)Charles Horton Cooley
B)George Herbert Mead
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Jean Piaget

Question 75

Mead's stages,in their correct order,are

A)imitation,sensorimotor,operational.
B)preoperational,play,concrete operational.
C)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational.
D)imitation,play,game.

Question 76

In her research on the socialization of white and black children in working-class and middle class families,Annette Lareau found that the

A)middle-class children had a more leisured life than working-class children.
B)working­class children's lives were less structured than those of middle­class children.
C)working-class children had less opportunity for creative play than middle-class children.
D)middle-class children were more harshly punished than working-class children.

Question 77

From a symbolic interactionist perspective,the key to the development of self is.

A)our instinctual drives
B)reflection and interpretation
C)childhood relations with the same-sex parent
D)the effect of the division of labor on identity formation

Question 78

The sociologist who argued that self-awareness develops as we see ourselves from the point of view of others is

A)Carol Gilligan.
B)George Herbert Mead.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Jean Piaget.

Question 79

Mead's term for the passive,conforming self that reacts to others is the .

A)ego
B)me
C)I
D)id

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true about the process of socialization?

A)Socialization begins the moment a person is born.
B)By adolescence the socialization process is complete.
C)Socialization ends when one becomes an adult.
D)One's identity becomes fixed during the process of early socialization.