Deck 23: The Digestive System

Question 1

Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion.

A) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
B) Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).
C) The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion.
D) Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?

A) lipase
B) dextrinase
C) amylase
D) trypsin

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells?

A) cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells
B) parietal cells and glial cells
C) goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells
D) serous cells and mucous cells

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption.

A) Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport.
B) If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed.
C) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.
D) Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport.

Question 5

Which of the following is not true of saliva?

A) moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus
B) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
C) cleanses the mouth
D) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted

Question 6

Which of these is not a component of saliva?

A) a cyanide derivative
B) nitric oxide
C) defensins
D) lysozyme

Question 7

Short- chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?

A) cholecystokinin
B) lipase
C) pepsin
D) rennin

Question 8

There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig
Antibody- mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems.

A) M
B) D
C) E
D) A

Question 9

What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?

A) crown
B) cementum
C) pulp
D) enamel

Question 10

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called
)

A) absorption
B) mechanical digestion
C) secretion
D) chemical digestion

Question 11

Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of .

A) simple carbohydrates and alcohols
B) fatty acids
C) protein and peptide fragments
D) starches and complex carbohydrates

Question 12

Hepatocytes do not _.

A) process nutrients
B) store fat- soluble vitamins
C) produce digestive enzymes
D) detoxify toxic chemicals

Question 13

Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.

A) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
B) Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion.
C) Bile functions to emulsify fats.
D) Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn- out RBCs.

Question 14

Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the .

A) chief cells of the stomach
B) Brunner's glands
C) parietal cells of the duodenum
D) goblet cells of the small intestine

Question 15

A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates .

A) dysphagia
B) ketosis
C) acidosis
D) alkalosis

Question 16

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called .

A) mesenteries
B) lamina propria
C) mucosal lining
D) serosal lining

Question 17

Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?

A) fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform
B) fungiform and circumvallate
C) palatine and circumvallate
D) circumvallate and filiform

Question 18

The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the _.

A) submucosa
B) mucosa
C) serosa
D) muscularis externa

Question 19

Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It .

A) exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli
B) has pocket- like sacs called haustra
C) does not contain villi
D) is longer than the small intestine

Question 20

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of
)

A) anabolism
B) catabolism
C) fermentation
D) mastication

Question 21

Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion?

A) enterogastric
B) gastric
C) intestinal
D) cephalic

Question 22

Which of the following is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

A) distention
B) peptides
C) low acidity
D) carbohydrates

Question 23

The solutes contained in saliva include .

A) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
B) mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and minerals
C) only salts and minerals
D) only proteases and amylase

Question 24

Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme- rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?

A) secretin
B) cholecystokinin
C) gastrin
D) gastric inhibitor peptide

Question 25

Select the correct statement about absorption.

A) Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine.
B) Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport.
C) Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then actively transported into blood capillaries.
D) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated.

Question 26

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.

A) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa
B) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa
C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
D) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa

Question 27

Chyme is created in the .

A) stomach
B) esophagus
C) small intestine
D) mouth

Question 28

The contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.

A) pancreas
B) spleen
C) stomach
D) liver

Question 29

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the .

A) hepatopancreatic ampulla
B) portal vein
C) pancreatic acini
D) bile canaliculus

Question 30

Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products?

A) zymogenic cells
B) mucous neck cells
C) enteroendocrine cells
D) parietal cells

Question 31

The function of goblet cells is to _ .

A) secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral
B) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
C) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use
D) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease- causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food

Question 32

Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?

A) absorb bilirubin
B) synthesize vitamin K and B- complex vitamins
C) synthesize vitamins C and D
D) produce gas

Question 33

Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?

A) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth.
B) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.
C) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.
D) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge.

Question 34

In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach .

A) is the first site where absorption takes place
B) is the only place where fats are completely digested
C) is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place
D) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins

Question 35

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?

A) mucous neck cells
B) serous cells
C) chief cells
D) parietal cells

Question 36

The dental formula for an adult is 2- 1- 2- 3. What does the 1 stand for?

A) incisor tooth
B) molar tooth
C) canine tooth
D) premolar tooth

Question 37

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the .

A) submucosa
B) serosa
C) lamina propria
D) adventitia

Question 38

If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the .

A) serosa
B) submucosa
C) mucosa
D) muscularis externa

Question 39

Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth.

A) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.
B) There are 32 primary teeth, and by 36 months of age, most children have all 32.
C) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months.
D) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent.

Question 40

A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is .

A) gastric juice
B) pancreatic juice
C) intestinal juice
D) bile

Question 41

Select the correct statement about digestive processes.

A) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion.
B) All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach.
C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.
D) Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility.

Question 42

Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation?

A) hepatic portal vein
B) superior mesenteric artery
C) celiac artery
D) inferior vena cava

Question 43

There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs .

A) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time
B) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients
C) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required
D) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought

Question 44

Peristaltic waves are .

A) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract
B) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract
D) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract

Question 45

Chief cells .

A) produce gastrin
B) produce mucin
C) produce HCl
D) produce pepsinogen

Question 46

The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called _.

A) diffusion
B) denatured
C) hydrolysis
D) active transport

Question 47

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?

A) amylase
B) gastrin
C) cholecystokinin
D) trypsin

Question 48

What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?

A) intrinsic factor
B) gastric lipase
C) HCl
D) pepsinogen

Question 49

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?

A) plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli
B) Brunner's glands and Peyer Patches
C) the vast array of digestive enzymes
D) the rugae and haustra

Question 50

Paneth cells _.

A) secrete digestive enzymes
B) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
C) secrete hormones
D) secrete bicarbonate ions

Question 51

Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?

A) thick coating of bicarbonate- rich mucus
B) production of intrinsic factor
C) replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells
D) tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells

Question 52

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called .

A) digestion
B) secretion
C) ingestion
D) absorption

Question 53

The lamina propria is composed of _.

A) dense irregular connective tissue
B) loose connective tissue
C) reticular connective tissue
D) dense regular connective tissue

Question 54

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

A) C
B) B12
C) K
D) A

Question 55

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by .

A) the rubrospinal tracts
B) somatic neurons in the spinal cord
C) the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
D) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus

Question 56

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

A) proteins
B) lipids
C) starches
D) carbohydrates

Question 57

Parietal cells of the stomach produce .

A) hydrochloric acid
B) rennin
C) mucin
D) pepsinogen

Question 58

The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?

A) This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset.
B) The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food.
C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.
D) Severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes.

Question 59

Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?

A) enteroendocrine cells
B) mucous neck cells
C) parietal cells
D) zymogenic cells

Question 60

Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body?

A) oral cavity
B) salivary glands
C) esophagus
D) nasal cavity

Question 61

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to .

A) distribute hormones throughout the body
B) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
C) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract
D) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage

Question 62

Another word for vomiting is .

Question 63

The principal enzyme for breaking down carbohydrates is .

Question 64

Figure 23.1Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
Continuation of the mesentery.

Question 65

Figure 23.1Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
Mucosa.

Question 66

Figure 23.1Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
Smooth muscle layer.

Question 67

Figure 23.3Using Figure 23.3, match the following:
Increases surface area for absorption via villi and microvilli.

Question 68

Figure 23.2Using Figure 23.2, match the following:
Structures that increase the absorptive area of the small intestine.

Question 69

Figure 23.1Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
Area of the lamina propria.

Question 70

The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located .

A) in the oral cavity
B) in the pons and medulla
C) in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen
D) in the walls of the tract organs

Question 71

Figure 23.1Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
Duodenal glands found here.

Question 72

Figure 23.3Using Figure 23.3, match the following:
Contains the brush border enzymes that complete digestion of carbohydrates and proteins.

Question 73

Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include .

A) gastrin
B) histamine
C) secretin
D) ACh

Question 74

How is salivation controlled?

Question 75

Figure 23.1Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
Compare and contrast the structure and function of a premolar and a molar.

Question 76

Figure 23.1Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
The phase of gastric secretions occurs when food enters the stomach.

Question 77

How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa?

A) facilitated diffusion
B) simple diffusion
C) bulk flow
D) active transport

Question 78

What is heartburn and what causes it?

Question 79

Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves .

A) bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymatic action
B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction
C) secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion
D) a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa

Question 80

Figure 23.3Using Figure 23.3, match the following:
Produces intrinsic factor.