Deck 22: Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Question 1

Which of the following stimulate potassium uptake?
I.Hypoglycemia
II.Insulin
III.Aldosterone
IV.Beta-adrenergic stimulation

A) I, II
B) III, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III, IV

Answer 1

II, III, IV

Question 2

Which of the following organs is the most powerful and complete in its ability to restore a normal pH?

A) Kidney
B) Lung
C) Brain
D) Heart

Answer 2

Kidney

Question 3

Which of the following buffers transport excess H⁺ ions in the urine?
I.Phosphate
II.Ammonia
III.HCO₃^-
IV.Hb

A) I, II, III
B) III, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III

Answer 3

I, II, III

Question 4

What percentage of the potassium in the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood in the proximal tubules?

A) 65%
B) 75%
C) 85%
D) 95%

Question 5

When BUN and creatinine are elevated in renal failure, which of the following acid-base disturbances is usually also present?

A) Metabolic acidosis
B) Metabolic alkalosis
C) Respiratory acidosis
D) Respiratory alkalosis

Question 6

What is required for active transport across the cell membrane?

A) Calcium
B) Sodium
C) ATP
D) Potassium

Question 7

Which of the following parts of the nephron does not actively secrete H⁺?

A) Proximal tubule
B) Distal tubule
C) Thick segment of the loop of Henle
D) Thin segment of the loop of Henle

Question 8

Primary active transport accounts for what percentage of sodium reabsorption?

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Question 9

Which of the following is a pulmonary manifestation of the nephrotic syndrome?

A) Pleural effusion
B) Pulmonary edema
C) Pneumonia
D) Pulmonary infiltrate

Question 10

Which of the following terms describes the change in pH caused by volume loss?

A) Contraction acidosis
B) Metabolic acidosis
C) Metabolic alkalosis
D) Contraction alkalosis

Question 11

Which of the following mechanisms control potassium excretion?
I.Extracellular fluid [K⁺]
II.Aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland cortex
III.Catecholamines
IV.Intracellular fluid [K⁺]

A) I, II
B) III, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) I, II, IV

Question 12

What is the normal range for creatinine?

A)0.6 to 1.2 mg/Dl
B)1.2 to 2.4 mg/dL
C)2.4 to 3.6 mg/dL
D)3.6 to 4.8 mg/dL

Question 13

Which of the following are important functions of sodium, potassium, and chloride?
I.Maintaining normal fluid volume
II.Maintaining nerve impulse transmission
III.Maintaining muscle contraction
IV.Maintaining urine output

A) I, II, III
B) III, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III

Question 14

What is the normal range for BUN?

A) 2 to 8 mg/dL
B) 8 to 20 mg/dL
C) 20 to 30 mg/dL
D) 30 to 40 mg/dL

Question 15

Which of the following are characteristics of Goodpasture's syndrome?
I.It is an autoimmune disease.
II.It affects the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes.
III.It causes hemorrhage and fibrosis.
IV.The syndrome primarily targets the lungs.

A) I, II, III
B) II, III, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III

Question 16

Which of the following are diseases associated with increased blood creatinine?
I.Lung disease
II.Muscular disease
III.Renal disease
IV.Heart disease

A) I, II, III
B) II, III, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III

Question 17

Which of the following are important mechanisms for Na? reabsorption?
I.Primary active transport
II.Chloride shift
III.Water retention
IV.Secondary active secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions.

A) I, II, III
B) I, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III

Question 18

Which of the following are categories of acute renal failure?
I.Intraurethral
II.Decreased blood supply
III.Intrarenal failure
IV.Postrenal failure

A) I, II
B) II, III, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III

Question 19

What are the most important effects of retaining nitrogenous waste products, sodium, potassium, and fixed acids?
I.General edema
II.Metabolic acidosis
III.High blood concentrations of creatinine
IV.Increased concentrations of potassium

A) I, II
B) II, III, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III