Deck 8: Perception for Action

Question 1

Kellan has been wearing prism goggles that shift his field of view to the left. Initially, he threw a ball too far to the left of a target, but later he was able to hit the target accurately. He removes the goggles and aims at the target again. His throw will likely:

A) be too far to the left of the target.
B) be too much in front or too far behind the target.
C) be too far to the right of the target.
D) accurately hit the target.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Experiments by Keele and Posner (1968) estimated the visual feedback processing time was between _____ msec.

A) 400 and 500
B) 190 and 260
C) 100 and 150
D) 300 and 350

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Research by Bekkering and Neggers (2002) on action plans showed that, when participants had to either point at or grasp target blocks:

A) the participants looked to an object with the correct color significantly more often when the task was grasping than when the task was pointing.
B) the participants looked to an object with the correct orientation significantly more often when the task was pointing than when the task was grasping.
C) regardless of whether the task was pointing or grasping, participants almost always looked to an object with the correct orientation.
D) regardless of whether the task was pointing or grasping, participants almost always looked to an object with the correct color.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Studies with prism adaptation show that, after adaptation, if a person is asked to point straight ahead with eyes closed, the person will point:

A) off to one side.
B) upward.
C) downward.
D) straight ahead.

Question 5

When an one is moving through a scene, objects and surfaces in the retinal image move _____ from the point in the scene toward which one is moving.

A) outward
B) inward
C) backward
D) forward

Question 6

Studies on prism adaptation show that, when people initially wear wedge prism goggles, they:

A) make large errors in executing more complex actions.
B) are highly accurate in executing complex tasks.
C) are unaffected by the shift in focus caused by the prism.
D) are unable to adapt to wearing the prism.

Question 7

Experiments by Woodworth (1899) on the speed-accuracy trade-off showed that:

A) up to a movement speed of about 120 to 140 per minute, there was a distinct advantage with eyes closed.
B) below the speed of 120 per minute, participants under the eyes-open condition performed worse than participants with their eyes closed.
C) at movement speeds of about 140 per minute and faster, there was little difference between eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions.
D) for both slow and fast speeds, there was no difference between the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions.

Question 8

Visual information used to control an ongoing movement is known as:

A) spectral sensitivity.
B) visual acuity.
C) visual feedback.
D) prism adaptation.

Question 9

Warren and Hannon (1998) showed that, when the eyes of individuals move as they walk forward-say, to track a stationary object off to one side, the individuals:

A) focus of expansion corresponds to the navigation goal.
B) lose their balance and fall.
C) can still judge their heading accurately.
D) are unable to judge their heading accurately.

Question 10

Using a room in which the walls and ceiling could move independently of the floor, Lee and Aronson (1974) demonstrated that:

A) optic flow was unrelated to maintaining an upright position.
B) optic flow could cause children to stagger and fall.
C) the focus of expansion corresponded to the position of a stationary object.
D) the navigation and focus of expansion overlap if a person walks straight ahead.

Question 11

The estimate of the visual feedback processing time as determined by Keele and Posner (1968) was:

A) greater than the time estimated by Woodworth's original study.
B) less than the time estimated by Woodworth's original study.
C) the same as was estimated by Woodworth's original study.
D) more than three times that determined by Woodworth's original study.

Question 12

In a study on perception of objects within perihand space, Abrams and Weidler (2014) showed that visual perception of objects is:

A) unrelated to the perihand space.
B) better when the object is not in perihand space.
C) better when the object is in perihand space.
D) the same for objects both in and outside perihand space.

Question 13

Experiments by Woodworth (1899) illustrating the speed-accuracy trade-off showed that the estimated time to use visual feedback was _____ msec.

A) 129
B) 229
C) 329
D) 429

Question 14

As the speed of a movement increases, its accuracy decreases. This is called:

A) the perception/action cycle.
B) the problem of visual feedback.
C) optic flow.
D) the speed-accuracy tradeoff.

Question 15

The rapid adjustment referred to as _____ shows that one can use visual information to recognize errors in one's movements and correct future movements.

A) optic flow
B) prism adaptation
C) spatial frequency
D) perihand space

Question 16

Experiments performed by Symes et al. (2008) showed that, when participants had to pinch a button instead of grasping a lever on identifying a difference in a visual display, they were:

A) always faster at pinching the button, no matter what the change in the display was.
B) faster at detecting the difference between small items in the display.
C) faster at detecting the difference between large items in the display.
D) always slower at pinching the button, no matter what the change in the display was.

Question 17

Optic ataxia, as illustrated in the opening vignette with patient J. R., is a deficit in the ability:

A) to produce appropriate motor movements in response to visual information.
B) to differentiate colors based on visual information.
C) of photopigment molecules to regenerate after isomerization to the all-trans shape.
D) of the lens shape to accommodate in order to focus on objects at different distances.

Question 18

When one is looking straight ahead at one's navigation goal while walking forward, the pattern of optic flow tells the person that his or her:

A) focus of expansion moves inward from the periphery.
B) focus of expansion is shrinking.
C) heading is toward a stationary object in the scene.
D) heading is directly toward the focus of expansion.

Question 19

Lee and Aronson (1974) experimentally demonstrated the role of:

A) visual perception in carrying out future planned actions.
B) perception and action cycle in initiating and guiding a movement.
C) prism adaptation in compensating for inaccurate movements.
D) optic flow in standing upright.

Question 20

Fraka is standing still when the wall in front of her suddenly moves away from her. She will respond reflexively by leaning sharply _____ to compensate for the perceived sway.

A) forward
B) backward
C) to the left
D) to the right

Question 21

According to the action-specific perception theory:

A) our perceptions are shaped by our abilities to perform actions.
B) our actions are not shaped by our perceptions.
C) perihand space determines our actions and perceptions.
D) prism adaptation is a consequence of our actions and perceptions.

Question 22

According to the text, which lobes are well suited for guiding actions due to their location near the motor regions of the frontal lobe?

A) parietal
B) frontal
C) occipital
D) temporal

Question 23

The _____ contains neurons that are active when a monkey or human is involved in planning a reach to a specific location.

A) medial intraparietal area
B) lateral intraparietal area
C) premotor cortex
D) motor cortex

Question 24

The _____ contains a somatosensory representation of the body's surface.

A) anterior parietal lobe
B) posterior parietal lobe
C) medial intraparietal area
D) lateral intraparietal area

Question 25

The region of the posterior parietal lobe in monkeys that is involved in the control of eye movements is the:

A) medial intraparietal area.
B) lateral intraparietal area.
C) premotor cortex.
D) motor cortex.

Question 26

_____ neurons are sensitive both to visual information from the space near the hand as well as to tactile stimulation of the hand.

A) Pseudo-unipolar
B) Bipolar
C) Bimodal
D) Mirror

Question 27

The parietal lobe is divided into the anterior and posterior lobes by the _____ sulcus.

A) postcentral
B) central
C) intraparietal
D) cingulate

Question 28

Ungerleider and Mishkin's (1982) studies on the dorsal pathway showed that lesions in the parietal cortex led to an inability to carry out tasks related to knowing the:

A) "what" of the object.
B) "when" of the action.
C) "where" of the object.
D) "who" of the action.

Question 29

The hand-centered receptive fields of bimodal neurons _____ to include locations near a handheld tool in order to support control of visually guided actions with the tool.

A) expand
B) shrink
C) retain their size
D) shift

Question 30

Which two parietal lobules are separated by the intraparietal sulcus?

A) anterior and posterior
B) anterior and central
C) superior and inferior
D) superior and anterior

Question 31

_____ characteristics are characteristics of an experiment that might lead participants to respond differently than they otherwise would if they weren't participating in the experiment.

A) Demand
B) Receptive
C) Lateral
D) Bimodal

Question 32

The _____ contains a variety of functionally specialized regions that support perceptually guided action and other functions. .

A) anterior parietal lobe
B) posterior parietal lobe
C) premotor cortex
D) motor cortex

Question 33

Experiments with monkeys have shown that hand-centered receptive fields of bimodal neurons expand to include locations near a handheld tool in order to support control of visually guided actions with tools. The neuron's receptive field expanded to include the entire length of the tool after _____ of the tool use.

A) 1 week
B) 1 day
C) 60 minutes
D) 5 minutes

Question 34

If your hands were within reach of a mug, which characteristic of the mug would you be better at perceiving than if your hands were out of reach of the mug?

A) the texture of the mug
B) the handle shape of the mug
C) the writing on the mug
D) the details of the picture on the mug

Question 35

The anterior intraparietal area of the posterior parietal lobe is thought to be involved in _____ movements.

A) perceptually guided
B) eye
C) reaching
D) grasping

Question 36

Images with low spatial frequencies:

A) provide a lot of fine detail about the visual image.
B) tend to lack contrast with the background.
C) are unable to capture the overall shape of the objects.
D) provide information that is more useful for actions than high-spatial-frequency images.

Question 37

Minh, during football practice on Monday, judges by visual perception that he can easily score a 40-yard field goal. However, on Tuesday, he strains his leg. Afterward, when he looks at a similar 40-yard field goal attempt, he says it looks harder and more like a 50-yard attempt. This is consistent with:

A) perihand space theory.
B) demand characteristic theory.
C) action-specific perception.
D) the role of optic flow in visual feedback.

Question 38

The _____ receptive field is the visual receptive field of a neuron that responds to visual stimuli near the hand, based on the location of the stimulus relative to the hand, not on the retinal location stimulated.

A) center-surround
B) off-center
C) on-center
D) hand-centered

Question 39

According to the text, the lateral occipital cortex and inferotemporal cortex are well positioned to deliver visual information to structures of the _____ lobe.

A) parietal
B) medial temporal
C) prefrontal
D) occipital

Question 40

A neuron whose response is based on the object's location relative to the hand and not on the retinal location stimulated by the object is said to have a:

A) pseudo-unipolar response.
B) hand-centered receptive field.
C) retina-centered receptive field.
D) high-spatial-frequency response.

Question 41

_____ is a strategy used by baseball fielders to ensure that they arrive at the ball's landing point at the same time as the ball.

A) Prism adaptation
B) Parabolic optical trajectory
C) Linear optical trajectory
D) Focus of expansion

Question 42

Mark is sitting in a restaurant when his server brings his glass of wine and places it on the table. He moves his eyes to the glass and then reaches for and grasps it. Which cortical areas in the brain are involved in the (visual) guidance of these three tasks? These cortical areas are a part of which visual pathways?

Question 43

Explain what happens when participants throw a ball of clay at a target before, during, and after wearing prism goggles.

Question 44

What is perihand space? Explain its importance in perception.

Question 45

A rising fastball:

A) occurs only when a pitch actually exceeds 100 mph.
B) appears to travel upward in a straight line at a constant speed.
C) is an illusion caused by the batter's underestimation of the speed of the pitch.
D) is an illusion caused by the batter's overestimation of the speed of the pitch.

Question 46

A mirror neuron that is stimulated when a monkey picks up a raisin with its hand is also activated when the monkey watches a human:

A) drop a raisin by hand.
B) pick up a raisin by hand.
C) pick up a raisin by using a tool.
D) drop a raisin by using a tool.

Question 47

Mirror neurons are neurons that fire in response to:

A) tactile stimulation of the hand and to visual stimuli near the hand.
B) only the right hand being stimulated by a visual stimuli near the hand.
C) a handheld tool being included in the hand-centered receptive field.
D) an action produced and the same action being produced when observed by others.

Question 48

How would a fielder use linear optical trajectory to catch a fly ball?

A) The fielder must run in a path and at a speed such that the ball appears to travel upward in a straight line at a constant speed.
B) The fielder must run in a path and at a speed such that the ball appears to travel in a curved arc with a constant speed.
C) The fielder must run in a curved path and at a constant speed.
D) The fielder must run in a straight path such that the ball appears to travel in a curved arc with an increasing speed.

Question 49

According to the text, if a 95-mph pitch is estimated to be traveling at 75 mph, the batter would misestimate the height of the ball by nearly:

A) 3 inches.
B) two feet.
C) a foot.
D) an inch.

Question 50

According to the text, a fastball traveling at 90 mph arrives at the plate about _____ than a fastball traveling at 95 mph.

A) 3 inches higher
B) 3 inches lower
C) 6 inches higher
D) 6 inches lower

Question 51

How does optic flow help in maintaining balance?

Question 52

Lakshmi is standing, facing forward, in a crowded train that has come to a station and stopped. On an adjacent track there is another stationary train. Suddenly, the train on the adjacent track begins to move backward (relative to Lakshmi's train). When Lakshmi sees the adjacent train, what is she likely to perceive, and how will she physically respond to what she perceives?

Question 53

Hermione's soccer team is practicing a particular type of kick. Her teammate kicks the ball high in the air, and Hermione tries to strike the ball with her head and direct it to the goal. What visual strategy can Hermione apply to ensure she makes contact with the ball?

Question 54

The role of mirror neurons is to:

A) provide a way for an animal to expand the hand-centered receptive field.
B) provide a way for an animal to better perceive and understand the actions of others.
C) help a baseball batter in estimating the speed of a pitch.
D) aid a baseball fielder in catching a fly ball.

Question 55

A 90-mph fastball thrown from a professional baseball mound reaches home plate in _____ second(s).

A) 2
B) less than 0.5
C) 4
D) less than 0.1

Question 56

What are mirror neurons? Why is the role of possible mirror neurons in perceiving and understanding the actions of others questionable?

Question 57

Explain using the perception/action cycle the process a person will follow when picking up a pencil off a table.

Question 58

Linear optical trajectory is a strategy suggested to explain:

A) how people stand upright, even when the walls and ceiling of a room appear to move.
B) the expansion of hand-centered receptive field.
C) how fielders catch fly balls.
D) how baseball batters hit a fastball.

Question 59

Describe the theory of action-specific perception and provide an example. Explain how demand characteristics of experiments question the theory.

Question 60

Explain the differences in the traditional view of perception, that is, something that people do passively versus something actively done (modern view).