Deck 8: Deformation and Metamorphism

Question 1

Which of the following are forms of differential stress?

A) compression
B) shear
C) tension
D) all of these are forms of differential stress

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crustal levels?

A) ductile behavior
B) brittle deformation
C) growth of new minerals
D) recrystallization of minerals
E) metamorphism

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A) fluid pressure
B) compression
C) shear
D) tension
E) none of these

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What type of rock forms through solid-state alteration of a previously existing rock, by heating, pressure, and/or fluid chemistry?

A) metamorphic
B) igneous
C) precipitates
D) alternative

Question 5

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A) compression
B) confining pressure
C) tension
D) shear
E) none of these

Question 6

If a rock is subjected to differential stress, then it means that:

A) forces are pushing inward from all directions by the same amount
B) stresses are pushing inward from all directions by the same amount
C) fluid pressure is greater than the confining pressure
D) the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others

Question 7

What type of deformation is shown in this photograph?

A) displacement
B) rotation
C) internal strain of the rock
D) columnar joints

Question 8

What type of deformation is shown in this photograph?

A) displacement
B) rotation
C) internal strain of the rock
D) columnar joints

Question 9

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A) fluid pressure
B) compression
C) confining pressure
D) tension

Question 10

What are the three main types of stress?

A) compression, tension, and shear
B) confining stress, deformation, and folding
C) convergence, divergence, and transform faulting
D) positive, negative, and neutral
E) none of these

Question 11

When a rock is buried deep in the Earth and experiences the same force from all sides, it is under:

A) confining pressure
B) fluid pressure
C) shear stress
D) burial compression

Question 12

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A) fluid pressure
B) compression
C) tension
D) test anxiety
E) none of these

Question 13

What type of tectonic event formed the main structures in the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains?

A) rifting and stretching of the continental crust
B) rifting and thickening of the continental crust
C) melting associated with an ocean-continent convergent margin
D) a continental collision

Question 14

How does the strength of continental crust vary with depth?

A) Rocks become stronger with depth and then get weaker deep in the crust.
B) Rocks weaken with depth and then get stronger deep in the crust.
C) Rocks systematically get stronger from the surface to deep in the crust.
D) Rocks systematically get weaker from the surface to deep in the crust.

Question 15

How would the force and stress on the wooden pillar in this figure change if the stone weight was the same size but the wooden pillar was narrower?

A) The amount of force and amount of stress would be unchanged.
B) The amount of force and the amount of stress would both increase.
C) The amount of force and the amount of stress would both decrease.
D) The force would remain the same, but the amount of stress would increase.
E) The force would remain the same, but the amount of stress would decrease.

Question 16

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A) compression
B) tension
C) shear
D) none of these because no fracture was formed

Question 17

What type of deformation is shown in this photograph?

A) displacement
B) rotation
C) internal strain of the rock
D) columnar joints

Question 18

What types of structures dominate the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains?

A) normal faults that uplift the ridges and downdrop the valleys
B) glacially carved valleys and curved ridges of glacial deposits
C) large folds and thrust faults that have been eroded
D) high-grade metamorphic rocks and ridges of granite

Question 19

When a rock is subjected to tectonic forces and experiences stress that is not the same in all directions, it is under:

A) differential stress
B) convergent stress
C) tensional stress
D) alternating pressure

Question 20

Which of the following is a valid statement about how rocks respond to stress?

A) If the stress is very high, the rock will be unchanged.
B) Stress can cause a rock to be displaced, but not rotated.
C) If a rock has strained, then it has changed its size or shape.
D) A rock can be displaced or strained but not both at the same time.

Question 21

Under what conditions was this rock likely deformed?

A) relatively shallow
B) brittle conditions
C) conditions that favored fracturing
D) hot and deep conditions

Question 22

Under what conditions was this rock likely deformed?

A) relatively shallow
B) brittle conditions
C) conditions that favored fracturing
D) all of these

Question 23

What orientation of stresses is the simplest explanation for the structure shown in this figure?

A) equal amounts of confining pressure
B) tension from upper left to lower right
C) shearing in a vertical direction
D) shearing in a horizontal direction

Question 24

What type of structure is expressed in this cliff face?

A) normal faults
B) reverse faults
C) joints
D) folds

Question 25

Fractures that are simple cracks where the rock has pulled apart by a small amount are:

A) joints
B) beds
C) faults
D) cracks

Question 26

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) joint
B) normal fault
C) reverse fault
D) strike-slip fault
E) dip-slip fault

Question 27

What types of structures are shown in this photograph?

A) joints
B) normal faults
C) reverse faults
D) anticlines
E) synclines

Question 28

What type of fault is forming here?

A) normal fault
B) reverse fault
C) strike-slip fault
D) oblique-slip faults

Question 29

What type of fault is being formed here?

A) normal fault
B) reverse fault
C) strike-slip fault
D) oblique-slip faults

Question 30

Which are true of faults?

A) A lateral fault may result from horizontal compression.
B) Orientation of a fault depends on directions of stresses.
C) Vertical compression may result in a more vertically oriented fault.
D) These are all true of faults.

Question 31

What does the horizontal line along the intersection of the plane and the water represent?

A) the direction of dip on the plane
B) the direction in which a fault slipped
C) the hanging wall
D) a normal fault
E) the strike of the surface

Question 32

How do geologists determine the stability conditions of minerals?

A) Studying rock samples from drill holes
B) Observing deep rocks that were uplifted due to tectonics and exposed
C) Conducting laboratory experiments with high T and P conditions
D) All of these

Question 33

Fractures along which the rock has slipped relative to the other side are called:

A) faults
B) cracks
C) joints
D) beds

Question 34

How did the joints in this photograph form?

A) from uplift
B) from burial
C) from tectonics
D) from weathering
E) from cooling

Question 35

High fluid pressure in a rock body will:

A) act to decrease the confining pressure
B) cause an increase in confining pressure
C) tend to increase the differential stress
D) keep a rock from being deformed in any situation

Question 36

What type of structure is shown in this photograph?

A) joint
B) cleavage
C) fault
D) anticline
E) syncline

Question 37

What type of fault is forming here?

A) normal fault
B) reverse fault
C) strike-slip fault
D) oblique-slip faults

Question 38

Which of the following is most likely to occur at deep crustal levels?

A) ductile behavior
B) brittle deformation
C) fracturing
D) only minor changes in minerals
E) none of these

Question 39

What causes the stress that forms joints?

A) burial and tectonic forces
B) cooling and contraction
C) uplift and unloading of pressure
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 40

What is the difference between a joint and a fault?

A) a joint is formed by confining pressure
B) a joint is formed by differential stress but a fault is not
C) a fault is formed by tension but a joint is formed by compression
D) a fault displaces the rocks on one side relative to another

Question 41

What type of stress could form the fault in this figure?

A) confining pressure
B) vertical tension
C) shear
D) none of these

Question 42

What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A) dip-slip fault
B) normal fault
C) strike-slip fault
D) reverse fault

Question 43

What type of stress could form the fault in this figure?

A) confining pressure
B) horizontal tension
C) vertical tension
D) horizontal compression
E) any of these

Question 44

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) horizontal anticline
B) horizontal syncline
C) plunging anticline
D) plunging syncline
E) asymmetric anticline

Question 45

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) thrust fault
B) anticline
C) syncline
D) monocline
E) basin

Question 46

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) thrust fault
B) anticline
C) syncline
D) monocline
E) basin

Question 47

What type of stress is the cause of most folding?

A) tension
B) compression
C) confining pressure
D) fluid pressure

Question 48

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) horizontal anticline
B) horizontal syncline
C) plunging anticline
D) plunging syncline
E) asymmetric anticline

Question 49

What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A) dip-slip fault
B) normal fault
C) strike-slip fault
D) reverse fault

Question 50

The special geologic terms used to represent the direction of a horizontal line on an inclined surface like in a fault) and the angle of that surface to the horizontal are:

A) strike and dip
B) fracture and joint
C) footwall and hanging wall
D) horst and graben

Question 51

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) horizontal syncline
B) plunging anticline
C) plunging syncline
D) asymmetric anticline
E) asymmetric syncline

Question 52

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) horizontal anticline
B) horizontal syncline
C) plunging anticline
D) plunging syncline
E) asymmetric anticline

Question 53

What type of fold is shown in this figure?

A) thrust fault
B) anticline
C) syncline
D) monocline
E) basin

Question 54

What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A) normal fault
B) reverse fault
C) strike-slip fault
D) thrust fault

Question 55

What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A) normal fault
B) reverse fault
C) strike-slip fault

Question 56

What type of stress could form the fault in this figure?

A) confining pressure
B) horizontal tension
C) horizontal compression
D) horizontal pushing
E) any of these

Question 57

What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A) normal fault
B) strike-slip fault
C) reverse fault
D) none of these

Question 58

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) thrust fault
B) anticline
C) syncline
D) monocline
E) basin

Question 59

Which of the following are true for horsts and grabens?

A) A horst is a block that is uplifted relative to blocks on either side.
B) A graben is a block that is dropped down relative to blocks on either side.
C) May form associated with multiple normal faults.
D) These are all true of horsts and grabens.

Question 60

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) horizontal anticline
B) horizontal syncline
C) plunging anticline
D) plunging syncline
E) asymmetric anticline

Question 61

What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting?

A) regional metamorphism
B) contact metamorphism
C) subduction
D) thrust faulting

Question 62

Folds are most often created through what type of stress?

A) compression
B) tension
C) shear
D) confining

Question 63

Which of the following does NOT help define foliation in metamorphic rocks?

A) a dominant orientation of crystals, such as mica
B) light- and dark-colored bands
C) flattened shapes of deformed objects, such as pebbles
D) crystals that grow in a random orientation
E) all of these

Question 64

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) thrust fault
B) anticline
C) syncline
D) monocline
E) dome

Question 65

What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph?

A) anticline
B) syncline
C) monocline
D) lineation

Question 66

A nonfoliated metamorphic rock not created by pressure or differential stress, but by being baked by an igneous intrusion, is a:

A) hornfels
B) schist
C) slate
D) phyllite

Question 67

A fold in which rock layers warp up in the shape of an A is an):

A) anticline
B) syncline
C) monocline

Question 68

Which of the following rocks cannot be metamorphosed?

A) shale
B) sandstone
C) limestone
D) granite
E) all of these can be metamorphosed

Question 69

Which of the following describes lineation?

A) May be due to elongated mineral crystals that grow in linear orientation.
B) Stretched-out mineral crystals may show lineation.
C) Can form under ductile shearing.
D) All of these describe lineation.

Question 70

What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph?

A) cleavage in slate
B) hornfels
C) foliation in banded gneiss
D) thrust fault

Question 71

What kind of metamorphic rock is formed where rocks have been heated but not deformed?

A) slate
B) schist
C) metamorphic rock with shear zones
D) a rock with metamorphic minerals but no foliation or lineation
E) it is not possible to metamorphose a rock without deformation

Question 72

Which of the following matches a sedimentary rock with a possible metamorphic equivalent?

A) sandstone - greenstone
B) basalt - marble
C) limestone - quartzite
D) shale - slate
E) none of these

Question 73

What type of metamorphic rock is shown here?

A) slate
B) hornfels
C) greenstone
D) banded gneiss

Question 74

A fold in which rocks fold down in the shape of a U is an):

A) anticline
B) syncline
C) monocline

Question 75

Which of the following does NOT match a sedimentary rock with a possible metamorphic equivalent?

A) sandstone - quartzite
B) limestone - marble
C) shale - schist
D) shale - gneiss
E) all of these are correct matches

Question 76

What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph?

A) thrust fault
B) normal fault
C) cleavage
D) hornfels

Question 77

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A) thrust fault
B) anticline
C) syncline
D) monocline
E) basin

Question 78

Shale is metamorphosed into three rock types: 1) a banded gneissic rock; 2) a rock with small mica crystals with a shiny aspect; 3) a very shiny rock with large mica crystals; and 4) a dull slate with cleavage. Which of the following lists these rocks in order of increasing metamorphic grade?

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 4, 3, 2, 1
C) 2, 3, 4, 1
D) 4, 2, 3, 1
E) 3, 2, 4, 1

Question 79

Which of the following does NOT help define lineation in some metamorphic rocks?

A) a dominant orientation of long crystals
B) alternating layers of dark- and light-colored rock types
C) stretched crystals
D) stretched pebbles
E) linear streaks formed by smearing of minerals

Question 80

A fold that has only one dipping segment is an):

A) anticline
B) syncline
C) monocline