Deck 2: Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table

Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding atoms and atomic theory is incorrect?

A)Antoine Lavoisier discovered in the late 1700s that matter is not gained or lost in a chemical reaction.
B)Joseph Proust showed that when elements combine to form new substances, they do so in specific mass ratios.
C)According to the law of multiple proportions, when water forms, the mass ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is variable.
D)John Dalton's atomic theory disagreed with the ancient Greek philosophers' ideas about matter.
E)The Greek philosophers did not conduct experiments to support their ideas.

Answer 1

According to the law of multiple proportions, when water forms, the mass ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is variable.

Question 2

The atomic number of an element represents

A)the number of electrons its atom can gain.
B)the number of neutrons in an atom of the element.
C)the number of protons in an atom of the element.
D)the number of protons and neutrons in an atom of the element.
E)the mass of an atom of the element.

Answer 2

the number of protons in an atom of the element.

Question 3

In any neutral atom:

A)the number of electrons equals the number of protons.
B)the number of electrons is less than the number of protons.
C)the number of electrons is greater than the number of protons.
D)the number of electrons is equal to the number of neutrons.
E)the number of neutrons is always equal to the number of protons.

Answer 3

the number of electrons equals the number of protons.

Question 4

Which of the following is not part of Dalton's atomic theory?

A)All matter is composed of small indivisible particles called atoms.
B)All atoms of a given element have identical mass and chemical properties.
C)Atoms of one element can be changed to atoms of another element in a chemical reaction.
D)Atoms combine in whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds.
E)Chemical reactions involve a rearrangement of the atoms in the starting materials.

Question 5

Which of the following statements regarding atoms and atomic theory is incorrect?

A)"Atomos" is a Greek word meaning unbreakable.
B)Democritus, a Greek philosopher, believed that matter could be broken down into infinitely small pieces.
C)The ancient Greeks believed that all matter is made of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water.
D)An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
E)By the 1700s, all chemists believed that elements were made of atoms.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A)The human body is made up of about 99% carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
B)Essential minerals come from the foods we eat and drink.
C)Most of the essential minerals in our diet are classified as metals on the periodic table.
D)Minerals are necessary for the growth and production of bones, teeth, blood, etc.
E)Magnesium is a building-block for hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in our blood.

Question 7

The subatomic particles that make up the atom (of interest to chemists) include all of the following except the:

A)proton.
B)alpha particle.
C)electron.
D)neutron.
E)alpha particle and neutron.

Question 8

The number of ________ determines the identity of an element.

A)electrons
B)protons
C)neutrons
D)neutrons plus protons
E)protons plus electrons

Question 9

The figure shows a molecular-level diagram of the chemical reaction between hydrogen and nitrogen to form ammonia.What is wrong with this diagram?

A)The products contain more nitrogen atoms than the reactants.
B)The products contain more hydrogen atoms than the reactants.
C)The number of reactant molecules should equal the number of product molecules.
D)The products should contain some unreacted hydrogen.
E)The product ammonia molecules should have only two hydrogen atoms attached to nitrogen.

Question 10

Which of the following statements regarding atomic theory is incorrect?

A)John Dalton's experimental results led to the law of conservation of mass.
B)Antoine Lavoisier's experiments showed that the mass of the products of a chemical reaction equals the mass of the reacting substances.
C)When wood is burned, the ashes weigh less than the original wood, but this is not a violation of the law of conservation of matter.
D)Dalton's atomic theory says that a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms into one or more different chemical substances.
E)Joseph Proust's findings regarding the reactions between metals and oxygen led to the law of definite proportions.

Question 11

An atom contains

A)as many neutrons as electrons.
B)as many protons as neutrons.
C)as many nuclei as electrons.
D)as many electrons as protons.
E)no protons.

Question 12

Which of the following were defined as the elements by the early Greeks?

A)earth, wind, and fire
B)earth, air, fire, and water
C)carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
D)sun, sand, and water
E)none of these

Question 13

Rutherford's scattering experiment demonstrated

A)the existence of protons.
B)the existence of electrons.
C)the existence of neutrons.
D)that most of the mass of an atom is in its nucleus.
E)that the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron is constant.

Question 14

Which particles are found in the atomic nucleus?

A)Protons and electrons
B)Electrons and neutrons
C)Protons and neutrons
D)Only electrons
E)Only neutrons

Question 15

Dalton's atomic theory consisted of all the following postulates except

A)Elements are composed of indivisible particles called atoms.
B)Atoms of different elements have different properties.
C)The volumes of gases that combine are in small whole number ratios.
D)Atoms combine in fixed ratios of whole numbers when they form compounds.
E)In chemical reactions, atoms are not created or destroyed.

Question 16

Which of the following elements is not one of the three most abundant elements in the human body?

A)carbon
B)oxygen
C)iron
D)hydrogen

Question 17

The mass number of an atom represents

A)the number of electrons in that atom.
B)the number of isotopes of that atom.
C)the number of neutrons in that atom.
D)the number of protons in that atom.
E)the number of protons and neutrons in that atom.

Question 18

For the SO₃ molecule, the Law of Definite Proportions requires that the mass ratio of S to O must be

A)32:16
B)32:32
C)32:48
D)16:32
E)16:8

Question 19

Which of the following observations does not relate specifically to the law of definite proportions?

A)Pure water is composed of the elements oxygen and hydrogen in a mass ratio of 8 to 1.
B)Any sample of a given compound always contains the same proportions by mass of the component elements.
C)The mass of the products of a chemical reaction is equal to the mass of the starting materials of the reaction.
D)When a metal reacts with oxygen, the oxygen content of the products is fixed at one or two values.
E)When water is broken down into its elements by electrolysis, elemental oxygen and hydrogen are formed in an 8 to 1 mass ratio.

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding the nucleus of the atom is incorrect?

A)The nucleus is the central core of the atom.
B)The nucleus contains the electrons and the protons.
C)The nucleus contains most of the mass of the atom.
D)The nucleus contains the neutrons.
E)The nucleus contains the neutrons and protons and most of the mass of the atom.

Question 21

List the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for ⁴⁰Ca²⁺:

A)40 protons, 20 neutrons, and 20 electrons
B)40 protons, 20 neutrons, and 18 electrons
C)20 protons, 20 neutrons, and 18 electrons
D)20 protons, 20 neutrons, and 22 electrons
E)60 protons, 20 neutrons, and 18 electrons

Question 22

List the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for ³⁵Cl:

A)35 protons, 18 neutrons, and 18 electrons
B)18 protons, 17 neutrons, and 17 electrons
C)17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 18 electrons
D)17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons
E)52 protons, 18 neutrons, and 18 electrons

Question 23

What do the following have in common? ¹⁷Cl^-, ¹⁸Ar, and ¹⁹K⁺

A)Number of protons
B)Number of neutrons
C)They are isotopes.
D)Number of electrons
E)They are all ions.

Question 24

Which one of the following has as many electrons as it has neutrons?

A)(¹H)
B)(⁴⁰Ca²⁺ )
C)(¹²C)
D)(¹⁹F)
E)(¹⁴C^4- )

Question 25

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom of magnesium-25 is:

A)25 protons and 12 neutrons.
B)12 protons and 25 neutrons.
C)25 protons and 37 neutrons.
D)12 protons and 13 neutrons.
E)13 protons and 12 neutrons.

Question 26

List the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for ³⁷Cl^-:

A)37 protons, 19 neutrons, and 18 electrons
B)20 protons, 17 neutrons, and 17 electrons
C)17 protons, 20 neutrons, and 18 electrons
D)17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 20 electrons
E)54 protons, 17 neutrons, and 18 electrons

Question 27

Which of the following is the same for isotopes of an element?

A)mass number
B)mass of an atom
C)neutron number
D)atomic number
E)both atomic number and neutron number

Question 28

The overall charge of an atom is ________ if the number of electrons is ________ than the number of protons.

A)negative, less
B)positive, greater
C)positive, less
D)neutral, less

Question 29

Identify the element or ion shown in the figure.

A)(¹⁸Ne²⁺ )
B)(¹⁸O)
C)(¹⁸)Ar
D)(¹⁰O^2- )
E)(¹⁶O)

Question 30

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom of bromine-81 is:

A)81 protons and 35 neutrons.
B)35 protons and 81 neutrons.
C)46 protons and 35 neutrons.
D)35 protons and 46 neutrons.

Question 31

The overall charge of an atom is ________ if the number of electrons is ________ than the number of protons.

A)negative, less
B)negative, greater
C)positive, greater
D)neutral, less

Question 32

The correct isotope symbol for the isotope in the figure is:

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 33

The number of neutrons in an atom of copper-65 is:

A)65
B)29
C)84
D)36
E)insufficient information given

Question 34

The number of neutrons in an atom of uranium-235 is:

A)235
B)92
C)327
D)143
E)insufficient information given

Question 35

Which of the following statements about isotopes is incorrect?

A)The isotopes of an element have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
B)(¹H, ²H, and ³H) are all isotopes of hydrogen.
C)Isotopes of an element have similar chemical properties.
D)The melting point and boiling point of different isotopes of the same element will vary greatly.
E)The different isotopes of an element have different mass numbers.

Question 36

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom of argon-38 is:

A)38 protons and 18 neutrons.
B)18 protons and 20 neutrons.
C)18 protons and 38 neutrons.
D)38 protons and 56 neutrons.
E)18 protons and 56 neutrons.

Question 37

Atoms of different isotopes of a given element have the same

A)number of electrons.
B)sum of the number of protons and neutrons.
C)sum of the number of electrons and neutrons.
D)sum of the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
E)mass numbers.

Question 38

The element magnesium, Mg, has three common isotopes: ²⁴Mg, ²⁵Mg, and ²⁶Mg.The difference between these three isotopes is

A)the number of neutrons.
B)the number of electrons.
C)the number of protons.
D)the number of protons and electrons.
E)their physical state.

Question 39

The number of neutrons in an atom of I-131 is:

A)131
B)78
C)53
D)77
E)insufficient information given

Question 40

The correct isotope symbol for the isotope in the figure is:

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 41

Which of the following statements does not apply to metalloids?

A)The physical properties of metalloids resemble those of a metal.
B)All metalloids are electrical insulators.
C)Metalloids lie along the stair-step line beginning at boron.
D)The chemical properties of metalloids are similar to nonmetals.
E)Metalloids are also known as semi-metals.

Question 42

Which of the following contains 18 neutrons?

A)(³¹P)
B)(³⁴S^2- )
C)(³⁶Cl)
D)(⁸⁰Br^- )
E)(¹⁸O)

Question 43

The isotope symbol for an ion that has 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 10 electrons is:

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 44

A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table is called a:

A)group.
B)family.
C)period.
D)both group and family are correct.
E)both group and period are correct.

Question 45

The isotope symbol for an ion that has 13 protons, 14 neutrons, and 10 electrons is:

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)none of these

Question 46

Which of the following statements about the modern periodic table in your text is incorrect?

A)The periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic mass.
B)The elements are arranged in rows and columns to emphasize periodic properties.
C)Elements in the same vertical column are called groups or families.
D)Each group has a Roman numeral and a letter associated with it.
E)A horizontal row of elements is called a period.

Question 47

The isotope symbol for an ion that has 12 protons, 12 neutrons, and 10 electrons is:

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)none of these

Question 48

Which of the following statements about Mendeleev's periodic table is incorrect?

A)Mendeleev arranged the known elements in order of increasing relative atomic mass.
B)He grouped elements with similar properties into columns and rows so that their properties varied in a regular pattern.
C)He arranged the elements so that they were in increasing atomic number order.
D)He was able to predict the existence and properties of several elements that were unknown at the time.
E)Mendeleev developed his table before the discovery of protons.

Question 49

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an atom of ¹⁹⁷Au, the most common isotope of gold?

A)197, 79, 118
B)118, 79, 79
C)79, 197, 79
D)79, 118, 118
E)79, 118, 79

Question 50

Which of the following does not apply to the main-group elements?

A)Main-group elements are also known as representative elements.
B)Main-group elements are in groups labeled with the letter A.
C)Main-group elements are in groups labeled with the letter B.
D)Main-group elements include metals.
E)Main-group elements include nonmetals.

Question 51

Naturally occurring copper consists of copper-63 (62.9296 amu), and copper-65 (64.9278 amu).Using the relative atomic mass from the periodic table, which of the following is the best estimate of the percent abundance of the two isotopes of copper?

A)50% copper-63 and 50% copper-65
B)75% copper-63 and 25% copper-65
C)25% copper-63 and 75% copper-65
D)90% copper-63 and 10% copper-65
E)10% copper-63 and 90% copper-65

Question 52

On the planet Invertios, boron has two isotopes as follows: Isotope Mass (amu) Natural Abundance (%) Boron-10 10.0129 80.00 Boron-11 11.0093 20.00 Estimate the relative atomic mass of boron on Invertios.

A)10.0 amu
B)10.2 amu
C)10.5 amu
D)10.8 amu
E)11.0 amu

Question 53

On the planet Melmac, in a galaxy far, far away, argon has three naturally occurring isotopes as follows: Isotope Mass (amu) Natural Abundance (%) Argon-40 39.962 74.20 Argon-38 37.963 15.15 Argon-36 35.968 10.65 What is the relative atomic mass of argon on Melmac?

A)39.23 amu
B)39.96 amu
C)37.96 amu
D)35.97 amu
E)40.00 amu

Question 54

If an element, El, has two isotopes with the following masses and abundances: ³⁸El 38.012 amu 75.68% ⁴⁶El 45.974 amu 24.32% What would be the identity of this element?

A)Ar
B)K
C)Ca
D)S
E)Cl

Question 55

Sodium reacts vigorously with water to form hydrogen gas and a compound containing sodium ions.Which other element is expected to react with water in a similar way?

A)hydrogen
B)aluminum
C)nitrogen
D)potassium
E)silicon

Question 56

A vertical column in the periodic table is called a:

A)family or group.
B)column.
C)cohort.
D)period.
E)covey.

Question 57

Which one of the following has more neutrons than protons?

A)(³⁸Ca)
B)(¹⁵O)
C)(¹⁹F)
D)(³⁶Ar)
E)(¹²N)

Question 58

Which of the following terms does not apply to the major categories of elements in the periodic table?

A)metals
B)antimetals
C)nonmetals
D)metalloids
E)both antimetals and metalloids

Question 59

Boron has two isotopes: B-10 and B-11, with masses of 10.013 amu and 11.009 amu, respectively.The relative atomic mass of boron is 10.81 amu.Which statement best describes the percent abundance of the isotopes of boron?

A)It contains more B-10 than B-11.
B)It contains more B-11 than B-10.
C)It contains equal amounts of B-10 and B-11.
D)There must be a third isotope of boron.
E)A mass spectrum of boron is necessary to answer this question.

Question 60

Which of the following statements regarding relative atomic masses is incorrect?

A)Relative atomic mass is one of the numbers that appears on a typical periodic table.
B)The average mass of the individual isotopes of an element considering the natural abundance of each is the relative atomic mass of that element.
C)The relative atomic mass of carbon is 12.01 amu because carbon-12 is the most abundant isotope, with smaller amounts of carbon-13 and carbon-14.
D)The terms "mass number" and "relative atomic mass" can be used interchangeably.
E)Mass spectrometry is used to find the mass of each isotope of an element, and measure their abundance.

Question 61

Which of the following is the most likely mass for an atom of bromine-81?

A)81.000 amu
B)80.875 amu
C)80.916 amu
D)81.331 amu
E)81.500 amu

Question 62

When comparing 10,000 amu of mercury atoms with 10,000 amu of iron atoms:

A)each sample has the same number of atoms.
B)there are more iron atoms than mercury atoms.
C)there are more mercury atoms than iron atoms.
D)it is not possible to tell which sample contains more atoms.
E)mercury is a liquid, so it would be less dense than the iron, and therefore there would be fewer atoms.

Question 63

When comparing 1000 amu of carbon atoms with 1000 amu of helium atoms:

A)each sample has the same number of atoms.
B)there are more carbon atoms than helium atoms.
C)there are more helium atoms than carbon atoms.
D)it is not possible to tell which sample contains more atoms.
E)helium is a gas, so it is less dense than the carbon, and therefore there would be fewer atoms.

Question 64

What changes when an ion is formed from an atom?

A)Neutrons are lost or gained.
B)Protons are lost or gained.
C)The nucleus disintegrates.
D)Electrons are lost or gained.
E)Either protons or electrons are lost or gained.

Question 65

Which of the following statements applies to noble gases?

A)Noble gases exist as diatomic molecules in their elemental form.
B)Noble gases are found in Group VIIIA (18) in the periodic table.
C)Noble gases are very reactive.
D)Noble gases were discovered in ancient times.
E)Many compounds are known for each noble gas.

Question 66

Which set of elements below contains, respectively, an alkali metal, a halogen, and a transition metal?

A)Rb, Br, Ag
B)Ca, Kr, Mn
C)Sc, Ba, I
D)H, F, V
E)Li, S, Fe

Question 67

Which set of elements below contains, respectively, an alkaline earth metal, a noble gas, and a transition metal?

A)Ca, Ar, Pb
B)Mg, N, Cu
C)Sr, He, Ni
D)Na, Xe, Fe
E)Li, Rn, Cr

Question 68

Which of the following is the most likely mass for an atom of silver-107?

A)107.000 amu
B)107.500 amu
C)106.905 amu
D)106.500 amu
E)107.100 amu

Question 69

Which of the following elements does not naturally occur as a diatomic molecule?

A)oxygen
B)nitrogen
C)hydrogen
D)neon
E)bromine

Question 70

To the correct number of significant figures, the mass of exactly 400 atoms of magnesium is:

A)24.31 amu
B)9724 amu
C)97.24 amu
D)16.45 amu
E)0.06078 amu

Question 71

When comparing a 10.00 g sample of iron with a 10.00 g sample of lead:

A)each sample has the same number of atoms.
B)there are more iron atoms than lead atoms.
C)there are more lead atoms than iron atoms.
D)it is not possible to tell which sample contains more atoms.
E)the lead is heavier than the iron, and therefore there would be more atoms.

Question 72

Elements in Group IA (1) (except hydrogen) are called:

A)alkaline earth metals.
B)alkali metals.
C)transition metals.
D)nonmetals.
E)halogens.

Question 73

Elements in Group IIA (2) are called:

A)halogens.
B)noble gases.
C)alkali metals.
D)alkaline earth metals.
E)chalcogens.

Question 74

Which of the following is the most likely mass for an atom of silver-109?

A)109.000 amu
B)108.500 amu
C)108.000 amu
D)108.905 amu
E)109.100 amu

Question 75

To the correct number of significant figures, the mass of exactly 250 atoms of mercury would be:

A)200.6 amu
B)250 amu
C)5.015 x 10⁴ amu
D)5.0100 x 10⁴ amu
E)1.246 amu

Question 76

Which set of elements below contains, respectively, an alkaline earth metal, a noble gas, and a metalloid?

A)Na, Ar, Si
B)Ba, O, As
C)Ti, Cl, Pb
D)Bi, Kr, B
E)Mg, Ne, Ge

Question 77

To the correct number of significant figures, the mass of exactly 200 atoms of carbon is:

A)12.01 amu
B)24.02 amu
C)240.2 amu
D)2402 amu
E)16.65 amu

Question 78

Which of the following statements regarding ion formation is incorrect?

A)Nonmetals usually gain electrons to form ions that have a noble gas electron count.
B)Main-group metals usually lose electrons to form ions that have a noble gas electron count.
C)Elements in the same group often form ions of the same charge.
D)The charge of any element's ion can be simply predicted using the periodic table.
E)All of these statements are correct.

Question 79

Elements in Group VIIA (17) are called:

A)halogens.
B)chalcogens.
C)noble gases.
D)inert gases.
E)alkali metals.

Question 80

Elements in Group VIIIA (18) are called:

A)halogens.
B)noble gases.
C)alkali metals.
D)alkaline earth metals.
E)chalcogens.