Deck 4: Human Development

Question 1

Negative influences,such as abuse,neglect,or poor nutrition,have no effect on motor development.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Polygenic traits involve the combined impact of multiple genes and/or are influenced by the environment.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The belief that development is biologically programmed to happen sequentially is known as maturation.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Daewon's longitudinal work indicated that individuals had significantly lower fears around terrorism in the 1990s than they did in the 2002.This is an example of a cohort effect.

Question 5

Cognitive development refers to how thinking develops with age.

Question 6

The age of survivability refers to when a newborn baby can survive on its own.

Question 7

Piaget's theory states that children's cognitive abilities differ according to age.

Question 8

Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.

Question 9

Johnston has two alleles for blue eyes.Johnston is heterozygous for blue eyes.

Question 10

The experiment Ainsworth developed to study attachment is called the Strange Situation.

Question 11

Vision is the most highly developed sense immediately following birth.

Question 12

Piaget claimed that all children develop in the same way and there is no variation in the timing of developmental milestones.

Question 13

A sensitive period is a period when children are particularly receptive to environmental influence.

Question 14

Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.

Question 15

Describe the key physical,social,and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.

Question 16

Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.

Question 17

As we grow older,80% of our early synaptic connections are lost.

Question 18

Continuous development involves clear qualitative differences in thinking or behaviour.

Question 19

Summarize the major physical,cognitive,and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.

Question 20

Summarize the major physical,cognitive,and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.

Question 21

In which developmental research design are participants of the same age tested at multiple points in time?

A) longitudinal
B) experimental
C) cross-sectional
D) sequential

Question 22

In which developmental research design are participants of various ages tested at one point in time?

A) longitudinal
B) correlational
C) cross-sectional
D) sequential

Question 23

Menopause usually first effects women age 60 or older.

Question 24

Eunice,age 65,participated in a research study that compared older adult's scores on a cognitive test to the scores of younger adults.Which type of study does this example represent?

A) longitudinal
B) experimental
C) cross-sectional
D) qualitative

Question 25

Operations refer to a child's ability to hold an idea in mind and manipulate it mentally.

Question 26

Which of the following is true about developmental psychology?

A) Developmental psychologists are only interested in similarities between groups of people.
B) Most developmental psychologists are only interested in the developmental changes in childhood.
C) Most developmental psychologists now view development as a process that continues throughout the lifespan.
D) Developmental psychologists are only interested in the psychological development of the person, not in biological development.

Question 27

Marcia identified four statuses of identity which he suggests remain stable throughout life regardless of age or experience.

Question 28

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development spans the period from birth and ends at age 18.

Question 29

What happens in a cross-sectional developmental research design?

A) Participants of the same age are tested repeatedly over time.
B) Participants of different ages are tested repeatedly over time.
C) Participants of different ages are tested at one point in time.
D) Participants of the same age are tested at one point in time.

Question 30

Vygotsky claimed that social actions with mature people in the culture serve to influence children's development.

Question 31

What happens in a longitudinal developmental research design?

A) Participants of the same age are tested repeatedly over time.
B) Participants of different ages are tested repeatedly over time.
C) Participants of different ages are tested at one point in time.
D) Participants of the same age are tested at one point in time.

Question 32

The developmental changes that occur during childhood are less rapid than those that occur in infancy.

Question 33

Uninvolved parents are emotionally detached from their children.

Question 34

Primary sexual characteristics refer to changes in the reproductive organs.

Question 35

Kohlberg's theory of moral development focuses on how children make decisions regarding what is right and wrong.

Question 36

The field of developmental psychology has faced many key issues.Which of the following is NOT one of these issues?

A) experimental versus correlational
B) nature versus nurture
C) critical and sensitive periods
D) qualitative versus quantitative shifts in development

Question 37

How is developmental psychology different from any other field in psychology?

A) It only uses experimental methods.
B) It relies heavily on naturalistic observation.
C) It is interested in changes that happen as we age.
D) It is the newest field in psychology.

Question 38

One thing that separates the field of developmental psychology from all of the other fields in psychology is that developmental psychology

A) only uses experimental methods.
B) relies heavily on naturalistic observation.
C) is interested in changes that happen as we age.
D) is the newest field in psychology.

Question 39

Developmental research designs all share the component of having to capture change over time.Which of the following would NOT be used for this purpose?

A) longitudinal
B) correlational
C) sequential
D) cross-sectional

Question 40

As early as our 40's and 50's,we see decline in long-term memory and our ability to learn new material.

Question 41

Which of the following is an advantage of cross-sectional research?

A) gives reliable information about age changes
B) cohort effects are easy to separate
C) explains how and when changes might have occurred
D) easy and straightforward

Question 42

How is a sequential design different from a longitudinal design?

A) The sequential design tests the same participants multiple times and the longitudinal design tests each participant once.
B) The sequential design assesses different-aged participants multiple times and the longitudinal design assesses same-aged participants multiple times.
C) The sequential design uses naturalistic observation and the longitudinal design uses structured observation.
D) The sequential design requires half as many participants as the longitudinal design.

Question 43

Anna is studying how the ability to use a crude map of a spatial environment changes in early childhood.She tests 2,4 and 6-year old children on their ability to find a hidden object using a simple map.Anna is using a ___ research design.

A) cross-sectional
B) developmental
C) longitudinal
D) sequential

Question 44

Saanvi is proposing to study how self-esteem changes as we enter adolescence.To do this,she plans on assessing the self-esteem of a large sample of children who are 6,8,and 10 years old.She will then measure their self-esteem every three years for the next 9 years.Saanvi is using a ___ research design.

A) cross-sectional
B) double-blind
C) sequential
D) longitudinal

Question 45

A sequential design is different from a longitudinal design in that the sequential design ___ and the longitudinal design ___.

A) tests the same participants multiple times; tests each participant once
B) assesses different-aged participants multiple times; assesses same-aged participants multiple times
C) uses naturalistic observation; uses structured observation
D) requires very few participants; requires many participants

Question 46

Rayna is interested in memory for images and how this changes over the course of childhood.She tests participants who are 6 years old,8 years old,and 10 years old on their memory for the details in ink drawings of complex scenes.What developmental research design is Rayna using?

A) cross-sectional
B) developmental
C) longitudinal
D) sequential

Question 47

Which of the following is an advantage of longitudinal research?

A) gives reasonably reliable information about age changes
B) convenient for researchers and participants
C) requires relatively little time and money
D) easy and straightforward

Question 48

Avery is investigating whether the changes in intelligence that can happen as we age are attributable to childhood environmental conditions.He begins by testing the intelligence of a large sample of 8-year ol children,and then he thoroughly assesses each child's environmental conditions.He then plans on re-testing the intelligence of each participant every 2 years for the next 10 years.Avery is using a ___ research design.

A) cross-sectional
B) correlational
C) sequential
D) longitudinal

Question 49

Irem wants to study how our memory strategies change as we age.She plans on assessing the memory strategies of a large sample of participants who are 8,10,and 12 years of age.She will then re-test these participants in two years when they are 10,12 and 14 years old,and finally again when they are 12,14 and 16 years old.What kind of developmental research design is Irem planning on using?

A) cross-sectional
B) double-blind
C) sequential
D) longitudinal

Question 50

If the goal of developmental psychology is to assess age changes,which developmental design is the best to use and why?

A) the cross-sectional design because you can answer developmental questions much faster than waiting for changes to happen
B) the cross-sectional design because you can assess the entire lifespan in a very short time
C) the longitudinal because you can watch changes over time within the same individual
D) the longitudinal because it is very easy and inexpensive

Question 51

Which of the following is a key advantage that cohort-sequential design has over cross-sectional or longitudinal designs?

A) It is easy and straightforward.
B) It is convenient for both researchers and participants.
C) It addresses the cohort effect.
D) It takes less time.

Question 52

Which of the following developmental research designs would be the best to use if your goal was to assess age changes?

A) the cross-sectional design because you can answer developmental questions much faster than waiting for changes to happen
B) the cross-sectional design because you can assess the entire lifespan in a very short time
C) the longitudinal because you can watch changes over time within the same individual
D) the longitudinal because it is very easy and inexpensive

Question 53

What happens in a sequential developmental research design?

A) Participants of the same age are tested repeatedly over time.
B) Participants of different ages are tested repeatedly over time.
C) Participants of different ages are tested at one point in time.
D) Participants of the same age are tested at one point in time.

Question 54

How is a sequential design different from a cross-sectional design?

A) The sequential design assesses different-aged participants multiple times and the cross-sectional design assesses different-aged participants once.
B) The sequential design is correlational, and the cross-sectional design is experimental.
C) The sequential design allows age differences to be uncovered and the cross-sectional design allows age changes to be uncovered.
D) The sequential design is more suited to smaller age-ranges and the cross-sectional design is better suited to a larger age-range.

Question 55

Mehmet is interested in studying how personality changes and stays the same as we age.He plans to locate a large sample of 5-year old children and give them a personality test.Then,he will test then again when they're 10,15 and 20 years old.What kind of developmental research design is Mehmet planning on using?

A) cross-sectional
B) correlational
C) sequential
D) longitudinal

Question 56

Dr.Tao is conducting a research study examining how the use of social media changes as we get older.She has four groups of participants: Group 1 is age 11-15; Group 2 is age 16-20; Group 3 is age 21-25,and Group 4 is age 26-30.She plans to follow each group for 15 years.What study design is Dr.Tao using?

A) experiment
B) longitudinal
C) cross-sectional
D) cohort-sequential

Question 57

If we want to understand why senior citizens sometimes have more difficulty learning to use computers than younger people,which of the following approaches would give us the best information about cohort effects?

A) Researchers should use a sequential design.
B) Researchers should use a cross-sectional design.
C) Researchers should use a longitudinal design.
D) There is no way to determine why there is an age difference in computer proficiency.

Question 58

Dr.Abrams is investigating how social perspective-taking skills change from middle childhood to adolescence,and he needs a developmental research design to do so.Which of the following is NOT designed to answer his question?

A) longitudinal
B) sequential
C) cross-sectional
D) double-blind

Question 59

A sequential design is different from a cross-sectional design in that the sequential design ___ and the cross-sectional design ___.

A) assesses different-aged participants multiple times; assesses different-aged participants once
B) is correlational; is experimental
C) allows age differences to be uncovered; allows age changes to be uncovered
D) is more suited to smaller age-ranges; is better suited to a larger age-range

Question 60

In which developmental research design are participants of various ages tested at multiple points in time?

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) sequential
D) correlational

Question 61

Following the protests about the Vietnam War in the 1960's and 70's,a cross-sectional study was undertaken to examine if that generation had a greater interest in politics than their parents.The hypothesis was supported,however,critics pointed out a major flaw in the study.Which of the following might be a flaw in the study?

A) It doesn't explain why there might be age differences in the interest in politics.
B) There may have been cohort effects as the younger generation were being forced to join the army.
C) That particular generation were known for their passion on political issues.
D) They probably had a lot of participants drop out over the time the study was conducted.

Question 62

The difference between a qualitative and a quantitative shift in development is that a qualitative shift is a change ___,while a quantitative shift is a change ___.

A) for the better; in some measurable quality (e.g., height, weight)
B) in the quality of some measurable trait (e.g., curlier hair, darker skin); to something different
C) in the neurons responsible for a measurable trait; in the number of brain areas involved in a trait
D) to something different; that is continuous and gradual

Question 63

When we talk about stages of development,we are essentially saying that development is ___ and involves ___ changes.

A) continuous; quantitative
B) continuous; qualitative
C) discontinuous; quantitative
D) discontinuous; qualitative

Question 64

Mary is concerned that her baby is 12 months old,but is still NOT walking on her own.Which of the following issues is most relevant to Mary's concern?

A) nature vs. nurture
B) critical periods vs. sensitive periods
C) qualitative vs. quantitative shifts in development
D) longitudinal vs. cross-sectional

Question 65

Maturation is best defined as

A) the changes in development that happen between conception and birth.
B) the biologically programmed sequences of changes that happens over time.
C) the observable manifestation of a person's genetic inheritance.
D) the gradual changes that happen as a result of environmental perturbations.

Question 66

Anyone who argues that development proceeds in stages is basically saying that development involves ___ changes and is ___.

A) quantitative; continuous
B) qualitative; continuous
C) quantitative; discontinuous
D) qualitative; discontinuous

Question 67

When Janelle was five-years old she had a favourite stuffed bunny that she took everywhere.She spoke to it,pretended to feed it,and acted as if it were a person.Now that she is ten,she recognizes that her stuffed toys are NOT real.This change in perspective reflects a ___ change in Janelle's development.

A) continuous
B) discontinuous
C) qualitative
D) quantitative

Question 68

The term that describes development as being biologically programmed to occur sequentially is ___.

A) qualitative development
B) quantitative development
C) maturation
D) endogenous development

Question 69

Randall and his colleague are designing a study to assess how self-esteem changes as we age.His colleague really wants to use a longitudinal design,but Randall feels that a cross-sectional design would be better.Randall begins presenting a case with all the reasons that the longitudinal design is bad.Which of the following would he NOT say?

A) It takes a long time and a lot of money/resources.
B) It doesn't control for cohort effects.
C) It doesn't explain age change.
D) Many participants drop out over the course of the study.

Question 70

If developmental shifts were qualitative,which of the following would be true?

A) We would see brief periods of abrupt changes followed by longer periods of minimal changes.
B) We would see changes at a constant and gradual pace.
C) Developmental change would be continuous.
D) We wouldn't expect to see specific stages in development.

Question 71

Braden and Brandon are identical twins.When the twins were 10 years old,Braden was in a car accident that left him badly injured.His body recovered,but psychologically he is now filled with anxiety,overly cautious,and always worried about any physical symptoms.What key issue in developmental psychology does the situation with the twins bring forth?

A) qualitative or quantitative
B) nature or nurture
C) cause or effect
D) critical period or sensitive period

Question 72

Every now and then,Leoni's mother has the six-year-old stand against the door frame and marks her height to see how much she has grown.Leoni's mother is measuring her ___ development.

A) qualitative
B) quantitative
C) discontinuous
D) continuous

Question 73

The difference between a critical period and a sensitive period is that with a critical period ___; with a sensitive period ___.

A) the brain is at a stage where it is the most malleable; the brain is less malleable but with the right environmental stimulation it can be more malleable
B) the environmental stimulation must occur at a specific time window or else the ability never develops; it is possible to acquire the ability outside of the time window with lots of work
C) the time window for a specific environmental stimulation to occur is very flexible; the time window for a specific environmental stimulation is extremely rigid, and without it, the ability won't develop
D) we see abrupt changes in the ability with environmental stimulation; the changes we see are much less abrupt

Question 74

Which type of shifts in developmental growth suggest that a person abruptly and noticeably changes following the achievement of milestones?

A) quantitative
B) maturation
C) endogenous
D) qualitative

Question 75

Agustin was adopted at birth by a wonderful loving young couple.His adoptive parents have always been very shy and quiet,whereas Agustin has always been very outgoing and constantly needing social stimulation.Agustin thinks that he must have gotten that trait from his biological parents,because he certainly didn't learn it at home.What key issue in developmental psychology is Agustin contemplating?

A) qualitative or quantitative
B) nature or nurture
C) cause or effect
D) critical period or sensitive period

Question 76

The biologically programmed sequence of changes that happens over time is called

A) development.
B) maturation.
C) epigenetic.
D) critical period.

Question 77

What is the difference between a qualitative and a quantitative shift in development?

A) A qualitative shift is a change for the better, while a quantitative shift is a change in some measurable quality (e.g., height, weight).
B) A qualitative shift is a change in the quality of some measurable trait (e.g., curlier hair, darker skin), while a quantitative shift is a change to something different.
C) A qualitative shift is a change in the neurons responsible for a measurable trait, while a quantitative shift is a change in the number of brain areas involved in a trait.
D) A qualitative shift is a change to something different, while a quantitative shift is a continuous and gradual change.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT one of the central debates in developmental psychology?

A) individual vs. group differences
B) nature vs. nurture
C) qualitative vs. quantitative shifts
D) critical periods vs. sensitive periods

Question 79

What is the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period?

A) With a critical period, the brain is at a stage where it is the most malleable; with a sensitive period, the brain is less malleable but with the right environmental stimulation it can be more malleable.
B) With a critical period, the environmental stimulation must occur at a specific time window or else the ability never develops; with a sensitive period, it is possible to acquire the ability outside of the time window with lots of work.
C) With a critical period, the time window for a specific environmental stimulation to occur is very flexible; with a sensitive period, the time window for a specific environmental stimulation is extremely rigid, and without it, the ability won't develop.
D) With a critical period, we see abrupt changes in the ability with environmental stimulation; with a sensitive period, the changes we see are much less abrupt.

Question 80

What key debate in developmental psychology considers whether genetics or environment has a greater impact on behaviour?

A) nature vs. nurture
B) quantitative vs. qualitative
C) endogenous vs. exogenous
D) genetics vs. maturation