Deck 6: Consciousness

Question 1

Describe what happens when people sleep,key theories of why we sleep and dream,and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.

Answer 1

-Every 90 to 100 minutes when we sleep,we pass through a sleep cycle consisting of five different stages.The fifth stage of sleep,rapid eye movement,or REM sleep,is characterized by rapid and jagged brain-wave patterns and eye movements and irregularities in heart rate and breathing.Dreaming usually occurs during this phase of sleep.
-Scientists have identified brain activities that maintain the regular rhythms of life.Our move from a sustained period of wakefulness into a period of sleep during each 24-hour period is known as a circadian rhythm.
-Scientists have not reached a definitive conclusion about why people sleep,although some scientists have suggested sleep serves an evolutionarily adaptive function,keeping our ancestors away from predators that hunted at night.Others have suggested that sleep might play a role in growth,or allow us time to restore depleted chemical resources in the brain and body and eliminate chemical wastes that have accumulated throughout the day.
-We also do not understand why people dream.Recent theories about dreams emphasize cognitive approaches.The information-processing theory of dreams suggests that dreams are the mind's attempt to sort out and organize the day's experiences and fix them in memory.The attention-synthesis hypothesis suggests that dreams are the mind's attempts to give meaning to internally generated signals firing throughout the brain during deep sleep.Freud believed that dreams represent expressions of the internal desires and wishes that have been repressed and stored in the unconscious.
-Sleep deprivation can lead to feelings of fatigue,irritability,and malaise,resulting in lower productivity and a tendency to make mistakes.Loss of sleep can also affect the functioning of the immune system.The regular inability to fall asleep or stay asleep is called insomnia.Other sleep disorders include sleep apnea,narcolepsy,sleepwalking,and night terrors.

Question 2

In "opening-up" approaches to meditation,a person actively concentrates on an object,word,phrase,or idea.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is,how it works,and how it can be used.

Answer 3

-Hypnosis is a suggestible state during which people can be directed to act in unusual ways,experience unusual sensations,remember forgotten events,or forget remembered events.
-Ernest Hilgard's theory suggests that hypnosis divides consciousness into two parts: one focused on the suggestions of the hypnotist,and the other a hidden observer.Other theorists suggest that motivated role-playing is at work in hypnosis.
-Hypnosis has been used to successfully help control pain,as well as treat anxiety,skin diseases,asthma,insomnia,stuttering,high blood pressure,warts,and other forms of infection.

Question 4

Jasmine is a competitive gymnast.She is able to recall detailed statistics regarding Olympic gymnasts dating back forty years or more.A cognitive view of Jasmine's recall ability would say that she is able to recall this information due to her implicit memory.

Question 5

Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.

Question 6

Jane was not thinking about her mother.However,when asked her mother's first name Jane was easily able to retrieve the correct response,"Claire," from memory.Freud would argue that Jane's mother's name was in Jane's unconscious.

Question 7

If children are going to wet the bed they most commonly do so in Stage 4 of sleep.

Question 8

Describe the techniques and effects of meditation.

Question 9

Negative hallucinations experienced during hypnosis can be effective in pain control.

Question 10

Coffee is an example of a psychoactive drug.

Question 11

List and describe common depressant,stimulant,and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.

Question 12

Inattention blindness accounts for the fact that to be able to recount details of visual stimuli,we must pay attention to them first.

Question 13

People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis are also likely to do what other people tell them to do when they are not hypnotized.

Question 14

The adrenal gland releases growth hormones during sleep.

Question 15

Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states,including Freud's thinking on the unconscious.

Question 16

The lightbulb has been identified as an invention that has negatively influenced human circadian rhythms.

Question 17

If either the intralaminar or midline nuclei of the thalamus are broadly damaged,people lose consciousness and enter a deep coma.

Question 18

The adaptive theory of sleep suggests that organisms sleep for the purpose of self-preservation.

Question 19

No consensus exists within the scientific community as to why sleep is necessary.

Question 20

Hypnosis is internally-driven whereas meditation is externally driven.

Question 21

Baby Yvonne is participating in the Rouge test.What is this test designed to investigate?

A) a theory of mind
B) deception
C) a sense of self
D) consciousness

Question 22

Alcohol is one in a group of drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system.

Question 23

Although research has not been able to pinpoint the exact location of ___ in the brain,two regions that are especially important are the thalamus and cerebral cortex.

A) a theory of mind
B) consciousness
C) rational thought
D) sense of self

Question 24

William has been diagnosed with blindsight because of damage to his visual cortex and is trying to navigate his way down a street that contains lampposts and people walking on the sidewalk.How will William do at this task?

A) He will report that he can't see anything, and he will bump into the lampposts and people.
B) He will report that he can see everything, but he will bump into the lampposts and people.
C) He will report that he can't see anything, and he will bump into stationary objects only, such as lampposts, but not moving objects, like walking people.
D) He will report that he can't see anything, and he will navigate correctly around the lampposts and people.

Question 25

Morphine and codeine are frequently used as medical opioids.

Question 26

According to Kolb and Whishaw,how much of our brain is constantly active when we're awake?

A) We only use a very small percentage of our brains, roughly 10%.
B) We use half of our brain for automatic processes and 10% of our brain for conscious processes.
C) We use 10% of our brain for automatic processes and half of our brain for conscious processes.
D) Most of the neurons in our brain are active.

Question 27

Petra is dependent on marijuana.To feel the same effect from the drug she has to use higher and higher doses.Petra has developed a tolerance for marijuana.

Question 28

What happens to someone who has damage in one hemisphere only of the intralaminar and midline nuclei?

A) They will have blindsight.
B) They will lose awareness of half of their bodies.
C) They will be in a coma.
D) They will have no sense of self if the left hemisphere is the one with the damage.

Question 29

What areas of the thalamus play the role of a conductor on a subway line,routing messages along the appropriate neural network?

A) neurons and axons
B) midline nuclei and intralaminar nuclei
C) neurons and midline nuclei
D) axons and intralaminar nuclei

Question 30

Which neuroscientist is most closely associated with split-brain studies? What did these studies demonstrate regarding consciousness?

A) Split-brain studies are associated with Roger Sperry. The studies show that the left hemisphere contributes to verbal awareness, while the right hemisphere underlies nonverbal awareness.
B) Split-brain studies are associated with Roger Sperry. The studies show that the right hemisphere contributes to verbal awareness, while the left hemisphere underlies nonverbal awareness.
C) Split-brain studies are associated with Lawrence Weiskrantz. The studies show that the left hemisphere contributes to verbal awareness, while the right hemisphere underlies nonverbal awareness.
D) Split-brain studies are associated with Lawrence Weiskrantz. The studies show that the right hemisphere contributes to verbal awareness, while the left hemisphere underlies nonverbal awareness.

Question 31

Unlike popular claims made in movies like Lucy starring Scarlett Johansson,we do not typically use 10% of our brains.According to Kolb and Whishaw,we use

A) just a small portion of our brain at any one time.
B) one hemisphere at a time.
C) most of our brain all the time.
D) one brain region at a time.

Question 32

Ms.Badeaux has suffered damage to her left midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei.Most likely,Ms.Badeaux will

A) lose awareness of events happening on the right side of her body.
B) have difficulty naming objects.
C) appear unaware of objects in her environment.
D) lapse into a coma.

Question 33

Most people are within the legal limit to drive in Canada (0.05 - 0.08)after drinking three alcoholic drinks (e.g.,one 4-oz glass of wine or one 12-oz beer)in 2 hours.

Question 34

If a participant is shown a picture for a brief interval (30 ms),although they are not able to report the details of the picture,they are able to report the gist of what was in the picture.This suggests

A) we can focus our attention in as little as 30 ms.
B) our visual memory system is much faster than consciousness.
C) we can be somewhat conscious of something even if we cannot focus attention on it.
D) we only pay attention to things that are important to us.

Question 35

Benzodiazepines are stimulants used to treat depression.

Question 36

Baby Zoe is participating in an experiment that is testing whether she has a sense of self.What is the likely procedure in this study?

A) She is given motor instructions and scored based on how well she completes the instructions.
B) She and another child are shown the hiding place of some cookies; then, only Zoe watches the cookies get hidden in a different location, and then Zoe is asked where the other child will look for the cookies when they return.
C) She is secretly dabbed on her nose with a spot of red and then shown her image in a mirror.
D) She is shown a scale model of a room that contains a hidden doll and then taken to the real room and scored according to whether she can find the doll.

Question 37

Which of the following statements best expresses the importance of blindsight for our understanding of consciousness?

A) Blindsight reveals the role of the thalamic nuclei in consciousness.
B) Blindsight indicates the different contributions to consciousness of the right and left hemispheres.
C) Blindsight suggests that consciousness is different from awareness.
D) Blindsight underscores the contribution to consciousness of parallel processing in multiple neural networks.

Question 38

Due to an increased THC content,the marijuana available today is more likely to lead to a pattern of addiction than marijuana available in the past.

Question 39

Consciousness is defined as

A) our ability to contemplate the future and remember the past.
B) our immediate awareness of our internal and external states.
C) our understanding of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
D) our feelings of continuity from moment to moment.

Question 40

What happens to someone who has extensive damage to the intralaminar and midline nuclei?

A) They have blindsight.
B) They have inattentional blindness.
C) They have no sense of self.
D) They are in a coma.

Question 41

Xander is one-year old and participating in an experiment in which a spot of red was secretly applied to his nose.After that,he was shown his reflection in a mirror.What do you expect Xander's reaction to be?

A) He will wipe his own nose.
B) He will wipe the nose of the baby in the mirror.
C) He will look behind the mirror for the other baby.
D) He will not be able to perceive an image in a mirror under his depth perception.

Question 42

The big message to take away about consciousness with regards to the findings of people with blindsight is that

A) attention and awareness are the same process, mediated by the same brain area.
B) attention and awareness are different processes that are mediated by the same brain area.
C) attention and awareness are the same process, mediated by different brain areas.
D) attention and awareness are different processes that are mediated by different brain areas.

Question 43

Studies of inattentional blindness show that

A) we don't need to attend to something in order to be conscious of it.
B) to be conscious of something we need to attend to it.
C) attention to the non-dominant hemisphere can result in awareness.
D) attention can overcome perceptual deficits.

Question 44

Sherri's partner arrives home from work and asks her how her day was.She says that she had lunch with Kate from work,and that they went to this new place that had amazing grilled cheeses.At what level of awareness was Sherri's lunch information,prior to her partner's question?

A) unconscious
B) preconscious
C) implicit memory
D) consciousness

Question 45

When a kitten is presented with their own image in a mirror,the kitten will often look behind the mirror for the "other cat".Which of the following arguments does this support?

A) Kittens obviously have consciousness because they know it is just a mirror.
B) Kittens do not have consciousness because they look behind the mirror.
C) Kittens have a self-concept because they look for the "other cat."
D) Kittens do not have a self-concept because they do not recognize the image as their own.

Question 46

Information of which you are currently unaware but which you can recall quite easily is said to be in the ___.

A) unconscious
B) subliminal mind
C) subconscious
D) preconscious

Question 47

What piece of evidence suggests that to be conscious of something we need to attend to it?

A) inattentional blindness
B) blindsight
C) split-brain patients
D) sense of self

Question 48

Which of the following is true regarding Freud's views of the unconscious?

A) There is extensive empirical evidence for Freud's conceptualization of the unconscious.
B) Freud's idea of repression has a sound scientific basis.
C) There is support for the idea that too much repression can lead to psychological disorders such as anxiety.
D) There is no unequivocal empirical support for Freud's views of the unconscious.

Question 49

Memories that we cannot recall deliberately but that we use to perform tasks are termed ___.

A) tacit
B) implicit
C) intrinsic
D) internal

Question 50

Grayson is a graduate student in psychology and is interested in studying how the brain produces consciousness.What part of the brain is the latest research focusing on to investigate this question?

A) the neural networks in the brain
B) the thalamus
C) the microtubules in our neurons
D) the insular cortex

Question 51

Anna's husband is about to walk the dogs but can't find the leashes.Knowing she was the last to walk the dogs,he asks her where she put them.Anna thinks back to when she came back inside with the dogs,how it was raining so she had to put the umbrella away.And then she remembers - the leashes are with the umbrella.At what level of awareness was this information for Anna,prior to her husband's question?

A) unconscious
B) preconscious
C) implicit memory
D) consciousness

Question 52

How has the status of the concept of the unconscious changed through psychology's history since Freud's time?

A) It hasn't, really: Psychologists have continued to embrace the notion of the unconscious since the time of Freud.
B) Psychologists have generally rejected the concept of the unconscious ever since Freud's death.
C) In recent decades, many psychologists have rediscovered the concept of the unconscious.
D) In recent years, an increasing number of psychologists have rejected the notion of the unconscious.

Question 53

Thomas is an anaesthesiologist interested in where consciousness is located in the brain.He knows that when someone is undergoing surgery,the anaesthetic removes their consciousness but leaves intact their automatic body activities.The latest research suggests that this response to anaesthetic may be accomplished by affecting

A) the neural networks in the brain.
B) the thalamus.
C) the microtubules in our neurons.
D) the insular cortex.

Question 54

In what way is blindsight and inattentional blindness the same?

A) In both cases, the individual will report not seeing something that is in their visual field.
B) In both cases, the individual will have suffered neurological damage.
C) In both cases, the individual will have a learning disability.
D) In both cases, the individual can overcome their deficit with better use of attention.

Question 55

Freud suggested that most of one's personal knowledge is contained in the ___.

A) conscious mind
B) subconscious
C) preconscious
D) unconscious

Question 56

Based on your text's discussion,which of the following alternatives best reflects a current controversy among theorists examining the development of consciousness in infancy?

A) whether it is possible to investigate the self-concept among very young infants
B) whether the development of a self-concept precedes or follows the development of consciousness
C) whether the development of consciousness depends on the development of language
D) whether the development of consciousness depends on the development of a self-concept

Question 57

Based on your text's discussion of the development of consciousness during infancy,which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) The development of the self-concept depends on the development of consciousness.
B) The development of the self-concept precedes the development of consciousness.
C) The development of the self-concept follows the development of consciousness.
D) The development of the self-concept occurs simultaneously with the development of consciousness.

Question 58

What are the core component skills of consciousness?

A) perception, quantification, and spatial processing
B) attention, representation, and intentional behaviours
C) preconscious, unconscious, and consciousness
D) awareness, rationalization, and deduction

Question 59

Rachel is talking to her brother about the day their father left,roughly 15 years ago.She was 10 at the time and her brother was 8,but her brother remembers all the details and she doesn't remember anything.What would Freud say happened to Rachel's memory of her dad leaving?

A) She explicitly denied that this ever happened.
B) She projected her memory to her preconscious.
C) She repressed the memory to her unconscious.
D) She suffered hysterical amnesia due to this early childhood trauma.

Question 60

Enrique is 12 months old.Fidel is 20 months old.A researcher dabs rouge on the foreheads of each of these infants and then holds each in front of a mirror in turn.What will most likely happen?

A) Both infants will try to touch the mirror.
B) Each infant will touch his own forehead.
C) Enrique will touch his forehead. Fidel will touch the mirror.
D) Enrique will touch the mirror. Fidel will touch his forehead.

Question 61

Sleep deprivation is a serious issue among university students.Therefore,it is not surprising that many students experience flus and colds during exam periods.Which of the following theories would best explain this?

A) immunology theory of sleep
B) adaptive theory of sleep
C) growth theory of sleep
D) restorative theory of sleep

Question 62

Your text states that there are changes in activity in such brain areas as the reticular formation and the pons during sleep,but that "researchers have not established that changes in the activity of these areas cause us to sleep." Based on these statements and on your knowledge of research methods in psychology,what type of research has most likely been conducted on the role of brain activity during sleep?

A) experimental research
B) correlational research
C) case study research
D) survey research

Question 63

Herbivorous animals,such as cows or horses,sleep only a few hours each day.Carnivorous predators,such as cats,sleep many hours a day.How do these observations inform theories of functions of sleep?

A) These observations discredit the restorative theory of sleep.
B) These observations support the restorative theory of sleep.
C) These observations discredit the adaptive theory of sleep.
D) These observations support the adaptive theory of sleep.

Question 64

The adaptive theory of sleep would probably be endorsed most strongly by a(n)___ psychologist.The restorative theory of sleep would probably be endorsed most strongly by a(n)___ psychologist.

A) evolutionary; behavioural
B) evolutionary; cognitive
C) evolutionary; neuroscientific
D) neuroscientific; evolutionary

Question 65

What is the modern view about the unconscious?

A) Freud was right, the unconscious is where we keep all our sexual and aggressive urges and memories.
B) There is no such thing as the unconscious.
C) The preconscious exists, but the unconscious only applies to patients who are in a coma.
D) Unconscious functioning does occur.

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory?

A) playing the guitar
B) where you put your purse
C) a repressed memory of a childhood trauma
D) the last time you washed your car

Question 67

Dr.James is a contemporary psychodynamic psychologist.Her colleague,Dr.Kagawa,is a cognitive psychologist.How does each of these psychologists view the function of unconscious thought?

A) Dr. James views unconscious processing as a mechanism protecting us from disturbing thoughts. Dr. Kagawa sees it as part of everyday information processing.
B) Dr. James views unconscious thought as part of everyday information processing. Dr. Kagawa sees it as a mechanism protecting us from disturbing thoughts.
C) Both Dr. James and Dr. Kagawa see unconscious processing as a mechanism protecting us from disturbing thoughts.
D) Both Dr. James and Dr. Kagawa see unconscious mechanisms as part of everyday information processing.

Question 68

What disorder is associated with excessive sleepiness or insomnia due to a mismatch between one's sleep-wake pattern and the sleep-wake schedule of others?

A) narcolepsy
B) jet lag
C) circadian rhythm
D) shift work

Question 69

Each of the following physiological variations reflects a circadian rhythm except

A) blood pressure fluctuations.
B) hormone secretion cycles.
C) variations in pain sensitivity.
D) the menstrual cycle.

Question 70

Which of the following is an example of a Freudian slip?

A) an art history student who spends a great deal of time in front of any painting with naked subjects
B) a biology student who explains the life cycle of the 'orgasm' instead of 'organism' to an attractive study partner
C) a chemistry professor who starts every lecture with the Door's song 'Light My Fire' followed by the lighting of a bunsen burner
D) a women's study professor who only accepts male graduate students

Question 71

Which of the following is another term for 'circadian rhythm' mentioned in your text?

A) sleep-wake rhythms
B) biological clock
C) REM-NREM patterns
D) activation-synthesis pattern

Question 72

How are the preconscious and unconscious different?

A) With the preconscious, information can be readily available; with the unconscious, information is not readily available.
B) The preconscious develops with a sense of self; the unconscious is innate.
C) The unconscious is implicit memory; the preconscious is explicit memory.
D) With the preconscious, information is repressed; with the unconscious, information contains wishes and fears.

Question 73

Which theory of sleep argues that sleep allows the body to restore depleted resources and eliminate any accumulated waste?

A) adaptive theory
B) information-processing theory
C) restorative theory
D) activation-synthesis theory

Question 74

The pattern of sleep-wake cycles that fluctuates relatively predictably over the course of a 24-hour period is called

A) the sleep-wake rhythms.
B) the circadian rhythm.
C) the REM-NREM patterns.
D) activation-synthesis pattern.

Question 75

Which theory of sleep argues that sleep serves the purpose of self-preservation from predators that are more active at night?

A) adaptive theory
B) restorative theory
C) information-processing theory
D) activation-synthesis model

Question 76

How is the cognitive view of the unconscious different from Freud's view?

A) The cognitive view sees the unconscious as a major contributor to decision making; Freud sees it as a main determinant of personality.
B) The cognitive view sees the unconscious as the foundation for all memories; Freud sees it as the main information processor.
C) The cognitive view sees the unconscious as part of daily functioning; Freud sees it as a vast storehouse for painful memories.
D) The cognitive view sees the unconscious as the storehouse for all memories; Freud sees it as a storehouse of implicit memories only.

Question 77

"Once you learn to ride a bike,you never forget." This saying suggests that riding a bicycle is stored as a/an ___ memory.

A) conscious
B) unconscious
C) explicit
D) implicit

Question 78

Hayden is learning to drive.Ida is an experienced driver.Ida drives Hayden to his written drivers' test.Hayden relies on ___ memory to supply answers to the questions on the written drivers' test.To successfully negotiate the rush hour traffic on the way home,Ida depends on ___.

A) implicit; implicit memory, too
B) implicit; explicit memory
C) explicit; implicit memory
D) explicit; explicit memory, too

Question 79

What is the difference between the adaptive theory of sleep and the restorative theory of sleep?

A) The adaptive theory argues that sleep is necessary for our immune system and the restorative theory believes that sleep is necessary for our brain.
B) The adaptive theory suggests that sleep is important for social bonding and the restorative theory proposes that sleep is important for our physical health.
C) The adaptive theory says that different sleep needs have evolved in different species and the restorative theory says that sleep allows the brain and body to recuperate from the day.
D) The adaptive theory believes that sleep patterns change as we age and the restorative theory argues that sleep is essential for maintaining memories.

Question 80

A Freudian slip is best defined as

A) a memory that has no verbal content that influences mood and behaviour.
B) a repressed idea that inadvertently enters consciousness.
C) an emotionally charged event that keeps recurring in the person's mind.
D) a mistake that caused you so much embarrassment that you repressed it.