Deck 7: Learning

Question 1

Phobias are classified as an anxiety disorder associated with specific stimuli.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Behavioural scientists study learning by measuring changes in behavioural responses.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Tina's baby is initially very interested in a new rattle Tina bought for him; however,after a few minutes the baby looks away and becomes restless.This demonstrates dishabituation.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Define massed and spaced practice and tell what conditions are best for learning semantic material,such as facts in your classes.

Question 5

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian psychologist.

Question 6

Extinction does NOT represent "unlearning."

Question 7

Habituation refers to an increased response to a stimulus after it has been encountered repeatedly over time.

Question 8

Define specific learning disorder and describe three major types of learning disorders.

Question 9

Describe the basic processes of operant conditioning and explain how shaping can be used to teach new behaviours.

Question 10

Define observational learning and summarize concerns about observational learning from the media.

Question 11

Sensitization involves an increase in response to the presentation of a single cue.

Question 12

Producing taste aversion requires several pairings of the US and CS.

Question 13

Scientists suggest that the link between stomach illness and taste represents a biological propensity to learn taste aversions.

Question 14

Jennifer was startled when her cat knocked over a lamp.About 15 minutes later,she also jumped when her friend knocked on her apartment door.This is an example of dishabituation.

Question 15

Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning and explain how classical conditioning is relevant to learning.

Question 16

Sensory habituation occurs outside of our awareness.

Question 17

Classical conditioning works with animals,but NOT humans.

Question 18

Summarize the types of learning that occur before we are born and during early postnatal life.

Question 19

Define learning and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning.

Question 20

Define spatial navigation learning,implicit and latent learning,and insight learning.

Question 21

Both punishment and reinforcement are equally effective for most people.

Question 22

Negative punishment takes away something unpleasant.

Question 23

Which of the following learning techniques could be used to test whether an animal or a preverbal infant can tell the difference between the sounds 'Bah' and 'Gah'?

A) sensitization
B) dishabituation
C) classical conditioning
D) associative learning

Question 24

Most of learning in our everyday life is active.

Question 25

Learning that involves making connections between stimuli is called

A) habituation.
B) associative learning.
C) sensitization.
D) non-associative learning.

Question 26

Animals and birds are NOT capable of learning through observational learning.

Question 27

The difference between learning and memory is that learning ___ while memory ___.

A) involves the parietal lobes; involves the temporal lobes
B) studies traditionally use animal subjects; studies traditionally use human participants
C) cannot occur without memory; can occur without learning
D) is innate; is an acquired skill

Question 28

Operant and instrumental conditioning refer to the same concept.

Question 29

Learning is defined as a ___ change caused by ___.

A) temporary; genetics
B) temporary; experience
C) lasting; genetics
D) lasting; experience

Question 30

According to Thorndike's law of effect,behaviours that result in unpleasantness are more likely to occur again.

Question 31

Schedules of reinforcement based on "ratios" focus on the number of behavioural responses.

Question 32

Having a single exposure to information is considered an effective means for studying semantic or factual information.

Question 33

What is associative learning?

A) habituation and sensitization
B) the increase in response to the same stimulus over time
C) learning that involves making connections between stimuli
D) becoming accustomed to environmental events

Question 34

Why are learning and memory treated separately in most introductory textbooks in psychology?

A) Psychologists have traditionally used animal subjects in studies of learning, but human participants in studies of memory.
B) Learning and memory involve different brain mechanisms.
C) Learning and memory are less related than they might seem.
D) Psychologists have used experimental methods to investigate memory, but correlational research to examine memory.

Question 35

Heavy TV watching is associated with aggressive behaviour in children.

Question 36

Newborn humans demonstrate an almost immediate preference for their mother's odour.

Question 37

Dyslexia may manifest itself in the reversal of letters or words.

Question 38

Researchers have shown that capuchin monkeys have an internal concept of fairness.

Question 39

Rats exploring a maze without being reinforced is an example of latent learning.

Question 40

Which of the following can be classified as learning?

A) development of neural connections in the brain
B) using crutches while your broken leg heals
C) writing with your left hand while the right hand is injured
D) acquisition of reading skills

Question 41

Floriano is walking back to his apartment late at night alone after going to watch three horror movies.When an alley cat knocks over some trashcans,he shouts aloud in fear and begins to run.Floriano's reaction to the cat is likely the result of

A) sensitization.
B) habituation.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 42

"BANG!" "What was that?" Danielle asks in a breathless panic."That? It was just a falling pecan hitting the carport's tin roof," Matthew explains.A scant minute later,the doorbell rings.Danielle turns abruptly,still startled.Danielle's behaviours reflect ___.

A) sensitization
B) habituation
C) association
D) conditioning

Question 43

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship among the terms associative learning,non-associative learning,habituation,and sensitization?

A) Habituation is a type of non-associative learning, whereas sensitization is a type of associative learning.
B) Habituation and sensitization are types of associative learning.
C) Associative learning, non-associative learning, habituation, and sensitization are four different types of learning.
D) Habituation and sensitization are types of non-associative learning.

Question 44

Habituation and sensitization both refer to a change in response because of learning.Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between the types of changes in response denoted by the two terms?

A) The two terms refer to the same type of change in response.
B) The two terms refer to similar kinds of changes in response.
C) The two terms refer to different sorts of changes in response.
D) The two terms refer to opposite changes in response.

Question 45

Habituation is to ___ learning as sensitization is to ___ learning.

A) non-associative; associative
B) associative; non-associative
C) non-associative; non-associative
D) associative; associative

Question 46

Kendra is wearing a new sweater.When she first puts it on she is very aware of how soft the wool feels against her skin.A short time later,however,she doesn't even notice the feel of the sweater.This is an example of ___.

A) habituation
B) dishabituation
C) sensitization
D) classical conditioning

Question 47

Tia has bought a new toy for her baby daughter.After playing with the toy for a while,her baby no longer seems interested and becomes restless.Tia then gives her daughter another toy and she is happy again.The baby's response to the presentation of the second toy demonstrates ___.

A) habituation
B) dishabituation
C) sensitization
D) desensitization

Question 48

Callen has been feeding a stray dog for the past two weeks.When he first started,the dog was very frightened of him and would only eat once Callen was out of sight.Now,the dog will eat even though Callen is only a couple of metres away.This is an example of ___.

A) dishabituation
B) habituation
C) sensitization
D) desensitization

Question 49

How does associative learning differ from non-associative learning?

A) Associative learning is studied experimentally. Non-associative learning is studied using non-experimental methods.
B) Associative learning applies to humans. Non-associative learning applies to other animals.
C) Associative learning is based on connecting two or more stimuli. Non-associative learning is not based on such connections.
D) Non-associative learning involves memory. Associative learning does not require memory.

Question 50

Dr.O'Leary is testing whether a baby can detect the difference between a 680 nm light (dark orange)and a 650 nm light (yellow-orange).First,he presents the 680 nm light repeatedly for 5 seconds each time,until the baby stops looking at the light.Then,he changes the light to 650 nm and watches for the baby's response.What is this procedure called?

A) sensitization
B) dishabituation
C) classical conditioning
D) associative learning

Question 51

Which of the following would result in an increase in response over time?

A) habituation
B) sensitization
C) sensory adaptation
D) fatigue

Question 52

Madeline was so excited to spend the first night in her new apartment,until the train roared by every 2 hours all night long.The previous tenant had lived there for over 30 years,and Madeline wonders how they managed.Do you have any ideas?

A) The previous tenant had undergone classical conditioning.
B) The previous tenant was habituated.
C) The previous tenant was sensitized.
D) The previous tenant had undergone operant conditioning.

Question 53

What are two types of associative learning?

A) classical and operant conditioning
B) habituation and sensitization
C) modelling and cognitive learning
D) observational learning and systematic desensitization

Question 54

The first time Nayab purchased a coffee from the local coffee shop,she noticed the warning,"Caution! Beverage is hot!" Now,after three years of regularly stopping by that coffee shop for coffee,she no longer notices the warning message.What has occurred?

A) sensitization
B) habituation
C) associative learning
D) non-associative learning

Question 55

Norma is sleeping and is suddenly woken up by a sound.Then she hears it again,sort of like a scratching sound coming from the kitchen.She begins to feel very afraid as she imagines what the sound could be,and she slowly gets out of her bed to get her phone.As soon as her feet touch the carpet,her cat rubs up against her leg.Norma screams in fear and nearly jumps out of her skin.Norma's reaction to the cat is likely the result of

A) sensitization.
B) habituation.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 56

Does habituation differ from adaptation? If so,how?

A) They do not differ. The terms refer to the same concept.
B) They are different. Habituation involves neuronal changes in the central nervous system, whereas adaptation involves changes only in the peripheral sensory systems.
C) They are different. Adaptation involves neuronal changes in the central nervous system, whereas habituation involves changes only in the peripheral sensory systems.
D) They don't really differ. The term habituation is used in the study of learning, whereas the term adaptation is used in the study of perception. The terms, however, refer to the same concept.

Question 57

Psychologists use the term ___ to refer to a lasting change in behaviours resulting from experience.

A) development
B) maturation
C) cognition
D) learning

Question 58

You toss a newly-purchased felt mouse across the floor.Your cat chases it excitedly,clutches it in her paws and rolls around with it.Several tosses later,your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap.The change in your cat's behaviours illustrates ___.

A) adaptation
B) habituation
C) conditioning
D) sensitization

Question 59

What are two types of non-associative learning?

A) classical and operant conditioning
B) habituation and sensitization
C) modelling and cognitive learning
D) observational learning and systematic desensitization

Question 60

Which of the following would result in a decrease in response over time?

A) sensitization
B) associative learning
C) classical conditioning
D) habituation

Question 61

The ___ occurs before the event that triggers a reflexive response,and this happens multiple times.At first,the ___ doesn't elicit a response,but after some trials it does.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of associative learning?

A) Alison sleeps through the banging of a branch on her window.
B) Bob jumps in fear at the sound of a dog barking after watching 'Cujo'.
C) Carl can't smell his girlfriend's perfume after being around her for a few minutes.
D) Debbie opens the door after the doorbell rings.

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of non-associative learning?

A) Isabelle sleeps through the banging of a branch on her window.
B) Jake puts coins in a vending machine to get a coffee.
C) Kyle can't smell his girlfriend's perfume after being around her for a few minutes.
D) Lonnie opens the door after the doorbell rings.

Question 64

In Pavlov's study,the US was ___; the neutral stimulus was ___; and,finally,the CS was ___.

A) meat; the assistant; meat
B) meat; the assistant; the assistant
C) the assistant; meat; meat
D) meat; meat; the assistant

Question 65

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which

A) a behaviour is encoded by watching a model.
B) the magnitude of the response decreases with each subsequent exposure to a stimulus.
C) two stimuli are associated with each other because one stimulus reliably predicts the other stimulus.
D) a consequence that is delivered contingent on a behaviour affects the future likelihood of performing that behaviour.

Question 66

The difference between habituation and sensitization is that habituation is ___ while sensitization is ___.

A) the result of classical conditioning; the result of operant conditioning
B) a form of associative learning; is a form of non-associative learning
C) a neurological phenomenon; a sensory phenomenon
D) a decrease in responding to a stimulus; an increase in responding to a stimulus

Question 67

Habituation is to ___ as sensitization is to ___.

A) increase in response; decrease in response
B) increase in response; increase in response
C) decrease in response; increase in response
D) decrease in response; decrease in response

Question 68

What is measured in classical conditioning to signify that learning has taken place?

A) the US
B) the CS
C) the UR
D) the CR

Question 69

What phenomenon did Ivan Pavlov initially set out to study?

A) canine sensory perception
B) canine non-associative learning
C) associative learning
D) salivary reflex in digestion

Question 70

___ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally.

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Instrumental conditioning

Question 71

A key difference between associative and non-associative learning is that associative learning ___ while non-associative learning ___.

A) is a form of classical conditioning; is a form of operant conditioning
B) develops early in development; develops later in life
C) includes linking stimuli; doesn't involve linking stimuli
D) happens very quickly; takes a long time to achieve

Question 72

Which of the following alternatives correctly classifies the major types of learning described in your text?

A) associative learning: classical conditioning and sensitization; non-associative learning: operant conditioning and habituation
B) associative learning: classical conditioning; non-associative learning: operant conditioning
C) associative learning: habituation and desensitization; non-associative learning: classical and operant conditioning
D) associative learning: classical and operant conditioning; non-associative learning: habituation and sensitization

Question 73

Your text states that,"[Pavlov's] dogs had learned to associate the appearance of a lab assistant with getting food." This suggests that classical conditioning involves an association between

A) a stimulus and either another stimulus, or a response.
B) a stimulus and a response.
C) two responses.
D) two stimuli.

Question 74

For 10 days in a row,Frank received a static electric shock when he kissed his girlfriend after he walked across the living-room carpet.Now he feels mildly anxious whenever he approaches her to kiss her.In classical conditioning terms,10 days ago his girlfriend was a(n)___ stimulus,but she has now become a(n)___ stimulus.

A) unconditioned; conditioned
B) unconditioned; neutral
C) neutral; unconditioned
D) neutral; conditioned

Question 75

Ernie just moved in with his aunt who lives across from a hospital.After his first night,he complains that the sirens kept him up all night,but his aunt says she doesn't even notice them anymore.What learning phenomenon needs to happen to Ernie that already happened to his aunt?

A) habituation
B) classical conditioning
C) sensitization
D) operant conditioning

Question 76

Which of the following is an example of associative learning?

A) Allie sleeps through the banging of a branch on her window.
B) Josie jumps in fear at the sound of a dog barking after watching 'Cujo'.
C) Barkat can't smell his girlfriend's perfume after being around her for a few minutes.
D) Estelle opens the door after the doorbell rings.

Question 77

___ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

A) Thorndike
B) Skinner
C) Pavlov
D) Watson

Question 78

Which of the following would be a change that did NOT result from learning?

A) Chip opens the door after the doorbell rings.
B) Freda pushes the button in the elevator.
C) Giada is getting grey hair.
D) Hye sings a song with the choir.

Question 79

Phyllis is a first-year psychology student; Gavin is a two-year-old child.Which of the following best describes the learning process for each of these?

A) Most of Phyllis' learning is associative; most of Gavin's learning is non-associative.
B) Most of Phyllis' learning is non-associative; most of Gavin's is non-associative.
C) Most of Phyllis' learning is non-associative; most of Gavin's is associative.
D) Most of Phyllis' learning is associative; most of Gavin's is associative.

Question 80

In classical conditioning,how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related?

A) They are not related; they are completely different stimuli.
B) They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable.
C) The neutral stimulus becomes the CS.
D) The CS becomes a neutral stimulus.