Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

Retrieval cues help people to remember information they are searching for..

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Information stored in long-term memory must enter working memory for it to be active for use in an ongoing task.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Describe how we organize and store information in working and long-term memory and how we can enhance our long-term memories.

Answer 3

-The retention of information in memory is known as storage.Information can be stored in memory for anywhere from fractions of a second to a lifetime.
-Sensory memory is the equivalent of the small buffer on your computer,holding a very brief visual or auditory copy of information so you can decide whether or not to encode it into working or long-term memory.Sensory memory may also help maintain the continuity of your sensory input.
-Working memory is a short-term store of slightly more information that allows us to conduct simple calculations,such as memorizing a phone number so we can dial it immediately,or remembering the beginning of a sentence as we come to the end of the sentence.
-It appears that,without rehearsal,we can hold 7 ± 2 pieces of information in working memory,although we can expand that capacity through techniques,such as chunking.
-Long-term memory appears to be both infinite in capacity and storage time.
-Information taken from working memory into long-term memory appears to be organized according to its meaningfulness and relation to other concepts in long-term storage.
-Information in long-term memory may be stored in the form of explicit memories of facts or in implicit memories,knowledge about how to do something.A person cannot always articulate implicit knowledge.

Question 4

Sperling provided important insights into how working memory operates.

Question 5

Episodic memory is a type of implicit memory.

Question 6

Summarize key theories of why we forget information and sometimes distort or manufacture memories.

Question 7

A feeling can serve as a cue for remembering information if that same feeling was present when encoding the information.

Question 8

Neuroimaging studies of brain-damaged patients suggest that implicit and explicit memories are stored using the same mechanisms.

Question 9

Storing is the first step in the memory process and involves recoding information in the brain.

Question 10

Describe how information is encoded and transferred among different memory stores and what we can do to enhance encoding.

Question 11

Mnemonic devises are examples of elaborative rehearsal.

Question 12

Photographic or eidetic memories usually occur in adults.

Question 13

Recognition tasks are often harder than recall tasks.

Question 14

Describe how the brain is involved in memory.

Question 15

Describe the kinds of memories and memory changes that characterize early life and later life.

Question 16

Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory.

Question 17

Working memory and short-term memory serve the same function.

Question 18

Describe how we retrieve information from memory and how retrieval cues,priming,context,and emotion can affect retrieval.

Question 19

Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory.

Question 20

Automatic processing refers to the process by which we attend to environmental information with little or no conscious effort or thought.

Question 21

All the following are basic activities of memory EXCEPT

A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) consolidating.
D) storage.

Question 22

After his surgery,Henry Molaison (H.M.)suffered from retrograde amnesia.

Question 23

Neurons that exhibit long-term potentiation are commonly found in the hippocampus and neocortetx.

Question 24

Older women are more likely to suffer from dementia than older men.

Question 25

One of the most important brain structures involved in working memory is the prefrontal cortex.

Question 26

Alina and her husband are buying their first home,and their agent is about to show them a listing.As Alina walks in,she quickly scans the environment and tries to take everything in.She knows that she will be relying on this memory when it comes to deciding,so she wants to make sure she remembers every detail.What basic activity of memory is Alina doing?

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) processing

Question 27

If memory was analogous to a movie,recording would be to ___ as replaying would be to ___.

A) encoding; retrieval
B) storage; retrieval
C) encoding; storage
D) storage, encoding

Question 28

Neurons that use GABA are particularly likely to exhibit long-term potentiation.

Question 29

Dementias only affect memory,NOT other cognitive functions.

Question 30

According to Freud,repressed memories are lost forever and NOT be retrieved.

Question 31

As we age,we become more susceptible to forgetting and misremembering information.

Question 32

Which of the following memory processes is associated with retaining memories for future use?

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) memorization

Question 33

Long-term memory largely involves the hypothalamus.

Question 34

When false information is derived from an internal source (namely our own minds),it is referred to as memory distortions due to imagination.

Question 35

According to interference theory,forgetting is dependent on what happens before or after information is learned.

Question 36

Amelia remarks that she needs to learn her text's section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test.Brian responds that he couldn't remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day.With respect to the three activities of memory described in the Chapter ,Amelia is referring to ___,and Brian is referring to ___.

A) encoding; storage
B) retrieval; encoding
C) retrieval; storage
D) encoding; retrieval

Question 37

Infants do NOT show any indication of memory until they are almost 6 months old.

Question 38

The association areas of the visual cortex are activated in both accurate and inaccurate memories.

Question 39

Recent memory research suggests that flashbulb memories may NOT be as accurate as was once thought.

Question 40

In the early work of Karl Lashley,it was determined that memory resides in one central storehouse within the brain.

Question 41

Which model of memory supposes that information is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across an entire neural network?

A) information-processing model
B) connectionist model
C) executive function model
D) distributed-processing model

Question 42

Clarice presses on her keyboard to save a document she has been editing.A file is then created on her computer's hard drive.Clarice's action is most nearly analogous to the memory activity of ___.The computer's hard drive is like ___ memory in the three-stage memory model.

A) storage; long-term
B) storage; working
C) encoding; long-term
D) encoding; working

Question 43

What type of memory storage is temporary memory that will be lost if it is NOT repeated before being passed on to long-term memory?

A) sensory
B) long term
C) working
D) episodic

Question 44

If memories are stored as a network of connections based on our experiences,what would Irena,an egg farmer,most likely think of if she was presented with the word 'chicken'?

A) orange glazed chicken with stuffed rice
B) someone who is cowardly
C) eggs
D) alarm clock

Question 45

Saving money for retirement could be compared to ___.

A) encoding information into memory
B) storing information in memory
C) retrieving information from memory
D) both encoding and storing information in memory

Question 46

Depositing money into your bank account could be compared to ___.

A) encoding information into memory
B) storing information in memory
C)retrieving information from memory
D) both encoding and storing information in memory

Question 47

Ivan is filling out a job application and is asked for his address and phone number.He quickly provides them for the receptionist to write down.According to the information-processing model of memory,what memory store would Ivan be retrieving that information from?

A) sensory memory
B) permanent memory
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Question 48

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the relationship between the information-processing and connectionist models of memory?

A) They are different models.
B) They are identical models.
C) They are similar models.
D) They model unique aspects of memory.

Question 49

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-stage memory model,from first to last?

A) sensory memory ? working memory ? long-term memory
B) working memory ? sensory memory ? long-term memory
C) sensory memory ? long-term memory ? working memory
D) working memory ? long-term memory ? sensory memory

Question 50

Athena is looking up a postal code for a letter she needs to mail.She finds the postal code and says it repeatedly in her head as she writes it on the envelope.According to the information-processing model of memory,what memory store would Athena be using?

A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) permanent memory
D) long-term memory

Question 51

Which model of memory supposes that information moves along different memory stores?

A) information-processing model
B) connectionist model
C) executive function model
D) parallel distributed-processing model

Question 52

As you drive down the street,you see many things but remember only a few.Which of the following might explain this?

A) You need to rehearse items to retain them in short-term memory.
B) Although you held it in working memory, you never stored it in long-term memory.
C) Most of the items you saw were only held in iconic memory which is very short.
D) You did not need the information, so you took it out of long-term memory.

Question 53

According to the information-processing model of memory,which memory store holds a relatively permanent record of a seemingly unlimited number of pieces of information?

A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Question 54

Isabella is watching late-night tv when suddenly an ad comes on for the most amazing non-stick frying pan that she has ever seen,and for only $19.99! She waits for the number to appear,then repeats it over and over again in her head until she gets to her phone.According to the information-processing model of memory,what memory store would Isabella be using?

A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) permanent memory
D) long-term memory

Question 55

Martina is studying her psychology notes for the test tomorrow,trying to get everything that she needs to know in her memory.What basic activity of memory is Martina doing?

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) processing

Question 56

According to the information-processing model of memory,which memory store holds a virtual copy of the environmental stimulus for a very brief amount of time?

A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Question 57

The teacher asks Emil when his birthday is,and he answers "June 13??".According to the information-processing model of memory,what memory store would Emil be retrieving that information from?

A) sensory memory
B) permanent memory
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Question 58

If memories are stored as a network of connections based on our experiences,what would Elena,a dairy farmer,most likely think of if she was presented with the word 'milk'?

A) chocolate
B) cow
C) baby
D) bottle

Question 59

Which activity of memory involves recording new information in our brain?

A) encoding
B) processing
C) storage
D) retrieval

Question 60

Information may last for ___ seconds in sensory memory.The capacity of sensory memory is ___.

A) a few; small
B) a few; large
C) about 30; small
D) about 30; large

Question 61

Long-term memory is like sensory memory in that they both

A) contain a visuospatial sketchpad and a phonological loop.
B) temporarily hold information for analysis.
C) have a very long duration.
D) have a very large capacity.

Question 62

Ivy has just witnessed a car hit a parked car and then speed off.She quickly makes note of the licence plate and says it repeatedly in her head.What memory store would Ivy be using to rehearse the licence plate in her head?

A) visuospatial sketchpad
B) phonological loop
C) long-term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 63

Which activity of memory involves recovery of information when it is needed?

A) encoding
B) processing
C) storage
D) retrieval

Question 64

You are comparing what you've read about a newly released movie with images you can recall from its advertising trailer and trying to decide whether to go see the movie.This is an example of how you might use your ___ component of working memory.

A) visual sketchpad
B) sensory memory
C) phonological loop
D) executive function

Question 65

Alba is imaging now she will remodel her house.She knows she wants to knock out a kitchen wall to open the dining area,and then she knows that she will have a magnificent view out the front window.What memory store would Alba be using imagine her remodelled house?

A) visuospatial sketchpad
B) phonological loop
C) sensory memory
D) long-term memory

Question 66

In what way is sensory memory similar to long-term memory?

A) They both contain a visuospatial sketchpad and a phonological loop.
B) They both temporarily hold information for analysis.
C) They both have a very long duration.
D) They both have a very large capacity.

Question 67

Chania is in a play and is just about to go on stage.She starts thinking about her first line and how she will say it.What memory store would Chania be using to practice her lines in her head?

A) visuospatial sketchpad
B) phonological loop
C) long-term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 68

Ace is writing his psychology test and is trying to recover some specific information that he studied last night.What basic activity of memory is Ace doing?

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) processing

Question 69

Isaac is looking at some fabric and imagining the beautiful evening dress he could design out of it.It would have a draping back,fitted around the torso with a long draping skirt that trailed behind.What memory store would Isaac be using to imagine the finished dress?

A) visuospatial sketchpad
B) phonological loop
C) sensory memory
D) long-term memory

Question 70

In what way are the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad similar?

A) They're both processed in parallel.
B) They're both memory stores of working memory.
C) They're both retrieval strategies for long-term memory.
D) They both have unlimited capacity but a limited duration.

Question 71

Which memory store is paired with the correct fact?

A) sensory memory - large capacity
B) long-term memory - temporarily holds on to information for analysis
C) working memory - lasts a few seconds
D) short-term memory - relatively permanent

Question 72

When you mentally rearrange the furniture in your bedroom before physically moving it,you are using ___.

A) your phonological loop
B) your visuospatial sketchpad
C) your central executive
D) maintenance rehearsal

Question 73

For encoding to occur,individuals need to focus on environmental stimuli.This "focus" refers to what cognitive process?

A) attention
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) invigoration

Question 74

On Canada Day,Ignas "wrote" his name in the air with a sparkler,and for a few hundred milliseconds he could see his name.This example illustrates the brief visual storehouse associated with what memory store?

A) sensory
B) declarative
C) working
D) short-term

Question 75

The visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop are similar in that they're both

A) processed in parallel.
B) memory stores of working memory.
C) retrieval strategies for long-term memory.
D) unlimited in capacity.

Question 76

Pawel is stopped on the street by a passer-by who wants to know if he knows of a good Thai restaurant in the neighbourhood.He tries to recall the closest Thai restaurant.What basic activity of memory is Pawel doing?

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) processing

Question 77

If you are in a shopping mall and you are trying to remember how to get to your favourite coffee shop,which part of memory are you using?

A) phonological loop
B) executive function
C) visuospatial sketchpad
D) iconic

Question 78

Which memory store is NOT paired with the correct fact?

A) sensory memory - large capacity
B) long-term memory - relatively permanent
C) working memory - lasts a few seconds
D) short-term memory - temporarily holds on to information for analysis

Question 79

Which of the following correctly describes the parallel distributed-processing model?

A) We store and retrieve memories piece by piece.
B) When we encounter new information, it is joined with other information in memory and neural networks are either newly formed or expanded.
C) It has three stages: sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
D) It is like the information-processing model but includes working memory.

Question 80

In the computer analogy,which of the following describes a key difference between the information-processing model and an actual computer?

A) A computer does not have a function that is like working memory.
B) A computer does not have specific structures that correspond to each function whereas memory involves a specific brain structure for each stage of memory.
C) A computer has specific structures for each function, whereas there are no specific brain structures for short-term and long-term memory.
D) With a computer, you can change the information in storage whereas memory is like an exact copy of what happened and NOT be changed.