Deck 12: Personality

Question 1

An individual who is considered mentally healthy may become fixated at one of Freud's psychosexual stages and suffer no adverse consequences.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Central traits affect a broad range of individuals' behaviour.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Describe the two major types of personality tests,and give examples of each.

Answer 3

-Personality inventories are questionnaires that require individuals to respond to a series of true-false or agree-disagree statements designed to measure various aspects of personality.
-Two widely-used personality inventories are the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2)and the Revised NEO-Personality Inventory (Neuroticism,Extraversion,Openness)(NEO-PI-R).The MMPI-2 is typically used to assess abnormal personality characteristics and inclinations.The NEO-PI-R evaluates traits associated with the five-factor theory of personality.
-Projective tests are intended to tap into people's unconscious minds by having them interpret ambiguous stimuli.In the case of the Rorschach Inkblot Test,the stimuli are inkblots.In the case of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT),they are black-and-white drawings.

Question 4

Freud's observations were based on a very small and select group of upper-class individuals from Vienna.

Question 5

Peak experiences have much in common with the beliefs espoused by positive psychology.

Question 6

When designing tests it is impossible to control for the factor of socially-desirable responding.

Question 7

Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

Question 8

Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.

Question 9

Freud believed that the unconscious or deepest level of the mind contains the greatest amount of content.

Question 10

Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.

Question 11

Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.

Question 12

Jung argued that the unconscious drives our behaviour toward joy,creativity,and internal harmony.

Question 13

Although the five-factor model of personality generally supports Eysenck's theory,but the five-factor model does NOT include the factor of psychoticism.

Question 14

Interactionism emphasizes the relationship between underlying personality traits and situational forces.

Question 15

Summarize the leading trait theories,and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.

Question 16

Define personality disorder,and describe some of the key features of this disorder.

Question 17

Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.

Question 18

In Canada,employers may use any of the available personality tests to assess who is the best candidate for a job they hope to fill.

Question 19

Researchers use personality assessment tools to learn about their clients' underlying adjustment problems and issues.

Question 20

Eysenck's superfactors represent fundamental dimensions of personality.

Question 21

In Freud's view,the personality forms as the result of the struggle between

A) conscious and unconscious processes.
B) primal needs and social or moral restraints.
C) the individual and other people.
D) biological drives and cognitive aspects of the personality.

Question 22

High dopamine activity in the reward centres of the brain is related to negative emotions.

Question 23

The ___ operates on the reality principle; the ___ operates on the morality principle; the ___ operates on the pleasure principle.

A) id; ego; superego
B) ego; superego; id
C) superego; ego; id
D) ego; id; superego

Question 24

Which of the following is FALSE about the id?

A) It can delay gratification when necessary.
B) It is present from birth.
C) It operates on the pleasure principle.
D) It is fuelled by the libido.

Question 25

Gilligan found that men score higher on traits that reflect individuality and autonomy.

Question 26

One of the most famous studies of twin adoption is called the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart.

Question 27

Which of the following is primarily associated with consciousness?

A) the libido
B) the id
C) the superego
D) the ego

Question 28

According to Freud,what part of the personality develops during childhood and is in charge of determining which impulses can be expressed outwardly and which can't?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) consciousness

Question 29

Happiness and success are defined differently in diverse cultures.

Question 30

Individuals with low levels of negative emotionality are peaceful and satisfied with life.

Question 31

People with borderline personalities often form relationships to exploit others for material gain or personal gratification.

Question 32

Women are generally superior to men in reading emotions in others and are more attuned to interpersonal concerns when making moral decisions than men.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's levels of consciousness?

A) unconscious
B) subconscious
C) preconscious
D) conscious

Question 34

When Sheldana was seven,she was in a very serious car accident.Although she did NOT suffer a head injury,she does NOT remember anything about the accident.According to Freud,the accident has become part of Sheldana's ___.

A) conscious mind
B) preconscious mind
C) unconscious mind
D) subconscious mind

Question 35

Personality disorders involve dramatic or emotional behaviours.

Question 36

According to Freud,the preconscious

A) is the reservoir of sexual and aggressive instincts.
B) cannot be accessed except through dreams.
C) contains mental content that can be brought into the conscious mind.
D) is occupied mostly by the id.

Question 37

Freud identified three central forces in personality development.Which controls the moral limits?

A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) unconscious

Question 38

According to Freud,the part of the personality that we're born with and that represents our instinctual drives is called the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) consciousness.

Question 39

In the movie Rhonda is watching,one of the characters is celebrating their birthday.Suddenly,Rhonda remembers that it is her mother's birthday,so she quickly picks up the phone to call her.According to Freud,her mother's birthday would have been in Rhonda's ___.

A) conscious mind
B) preconscious mind
C) unconscious mind
D) subconscious mind

Question 40

Bree's parents have just told her they are getting a divorce.The thought that her parents will no longer be together makes Bree very sad and she begins to cry.According to Freud,Bree's thoughts and feelings about her parents' divorce are part of her ___.

A) conscious mind
B) preconscious mind
C) unconscious mind
D) subconscious mind

Question 41

According to Freud,the psychosexual stage that occurs when someone is 3-6 years of age is called

A) oral.
B) anal.
C) phallic.
D) latency.

Question 42

Erik is becoming just like his father.He wants to dress like him,and has taken an interest in all his father's jobs around the house: cooking,making house repairs,and fixing the car.What psychosexual stage is Erik likely in,according to Freud?

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) latency

Question 43

Which part of the personality operates on the reality principle?

A) authentic mind
B) id
C) ego
D) superego

Question 44

Nikola chews incessantly on her finger nails,and when she's NOT doing that she's smoking or chewing on pens.According to Freud,at what stage of psychosexual development would Nikola be fixated?

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) latency

Question 45

Aurora is arguing with her boyfriend."I am tired of your stubborn,controlling attitude! Not only that,but your insistence that everything has to be kept spotless is driving me crazy!" Based on Aurora's comments,it is likely that her boyfriend is fixated at Freud's ___ stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 46

The superego's view of which behaviours are acceptable is based on

A) an understanding of society's laws.
B) an internalization of values that are unconsciously adopted.
C) a desire to avoid punishment.
D) universal standards of moral behaviour.

Question 47

The correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages is

A) oral, latency, genital, anal, phallic.
B) oral, anal phallic, genital, latency.
C) oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency.
D) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

Question 48

Which of the following conflicts is correctly matched with the stage?

A) phallic; identification with the same-sex parent
B) latency; repression of sexual impulses
C) anal; weaning
D) genital; attraction to opposite-sex parent

Question 49

Luther sees a toy that he wants in the store,but he doesn't have enough money.He decides to do some jobs around the house and save up until he has enough.What aspect of his personality is working out all these details,so he can get the toy?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) conscious

Question 50

According to Freud the ___ is a pleasure-producing area of the body.

A) erogenous zone
B) psychosexual sector
C) Oedipal zone
D) fixated genital region

Question 51

If the ego is NOT able to find compromises between the id and the superego,what is likely to happen,according to Freud?

A) The needs of the id will win out.
B) The conscience and the superego will win out.
C) The ego will repress everything.
D) The person may become neurotic.

Question 52

Bruni works for a large corporation.He is suspicious of his male boss and puts a lot of effort into proving that he is better than his male coworkers.Which of the following is most likely Bruni's problem?

A) Bruni has penis envy.
B) Bruni is fixated at the latency stage.
C) Bruni is fixated at the phallic stage.
D) Bruni is psychotic.

Question 53

Stephanie snooped through her boyfriend's desk because she thought he was cheating on her.She didn't find anything suspicious and wishes she hadn't done it.Now,Stephanie is having trouble sleeping.Which part of the personality is keeping Stephanie awake?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) It's hard to say, since Stephanie's behaviour is unconscious.

Question 54

Aaliyah has been studying for a long time.She is hungry and tired.Eventually,she closes her books,eats something,and goes to bed.The part of the personality that influenced her behaviour is the

A) conscious.
B) ego.
C) id.
D) superego.

Question 55

Which of the following stages are part of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) all of the above

Question 56

Fenna is becoming just like her mother.She wants to dress like her mother,and she's taken an interest in all the activities that her mother does: gardening,mowing the lawn,and carpentry.According to Freud,what psychosexual stage is Fenna likely in?

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) latency

Question 57

Lee sees a sexually appealing person.Lee's id wants to engage in a sexual relationship with the person.Which of the following will Lee's ego likely "say" to the id?

A) "Great idea - let's do it!"
B) "No. You can't do it."
C) "Wait a minute; we have to go on a few dates first."
D) "Shame on you; what are you thinking?"

Question 58

In a healthy personality,Freud believed that

A) the superego chooses the best course of action, considering the reality of the situation.
B) the ego stops the id from satisfying its impulses.
C) the id, ego, and superego are equally powerful.
D) the ego acts as a mediator between the id and the superego.

Question 59

According to Freud,the most basic human drives are

A) libido and morality.
B) conscious and unconscious.
C) sex and aggression.
D) pleasure and guilt.

Question 60

The reality principle states that

A) it is not always possible or acceptable to have all desires met.
B) the ego's job is to keep the personality from losing touch with reality.
C) unconscious forces are realistically always going to influence personality.
D) having to deal with other people is a reality of human existence.

Question 61

Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Freud's theory?

A) It is untestable.
B) It has not held up to scientific testing.
C) The theory is based on very few observations from a select population.
D) Studies have not found evidence for defence mechanisms.

Question 62

The Oedipus complex happens to ___ at the ___ stage of development.

A) girls; genital
B) girls; phallic
C) boys; genital
D) boys; phallic

Question 63

Estelle just found out that she didn't get the promotion she's been working toward.In frustration,she picks up her trash can and hurls it across the room.What defence mechanism is Estelle most likely using?

A) projection
B) intellectualization
C) regression
D) identification

Question 64

The latency period is characterized by

A) repression of sexual impulses.
B) the need to avoid becoming fixated.
C) the development of castration anxiety in the boy and penis envy in the girl.
D) excessive neatness or stubbornness.

Question 65

Maisie has an argument with her boyfriend.When she returns to her apartment,she yells at her roommate for drinking the last of the milk.Maisie's behaviour exhibits the defence mechanism referred to as

A) sublimation.
B) denial.
C) displacement.
D) reaction formation.

Question 66

In what way were the ideas of the neo-Freudians like Freud's ideas?

A) They all agree that human functioning is shaped by dynamic psychological forces.
B) They all agree that culture is a major determinant of personality development.
C) They all attempted to focus on biological forces that play on personality.
D) They all believed that anxiety is the major contributor to later neuroses.

Question 67

Twenty-year-old Sasha smokes and drinks a lot,and tends to be verbally aggressive and sarcastic.Sasha is most likely fixated at the ___ stage.

A) anal
B) genital
C) phallic
D) oral

Question 68

According to Freud,defence mechanisms are used to

A) protect us from anxiety.
B) resolve conflicts between the id and the superego.
C) prevent us from becoming fixated at various stages.
D) help us resolve our unconscious conflicts.

Question 69

Adler believed that

A) humans have not only a personal unconscious, but also a collective unconscious.
B) Freud's concept of penis envy was more accurately described as social envy.
C) conscious thoughts were more important to human behaviour than sexual needs.
D) humans are basically good and work toward self-actualization.

Question 70

Which of the following statements describes a key weakness of psychoanalytic theory?

A) None of Freud's patients were ever helped.
B) It generalizes to everyone.
C) It is derived from Freud's dated sexist beliefs.
D) It lacks predictive power.

Question 71

Dirk is embarrassed about his arrest as a teenager for being a "peeping Tom." If Dirk were to use a defence mechanism to overcome his anxiety over the event,which pair would be correctly matched?

A) priest or minister; sublimation
B) manager of an "adult entertainment" bar; repression
C) human sexuality researcher; displacement
D) prosecuting attorney for sex crimes; projection

Question 72

Madhu forgot her dentist appointment,even though the dentist's office reminded her the day before.Madhu is most clearly using

A) repression.
B) intellectualization.
C) denial.
D) rationalization.

Question 73

Which of the following people is most clearly using the defence mechanism projection?

A) Colette, who yells at her husband after she had a difficult day at work
B) Cody, who justifies his problem drinking by saying, "I'm just being sociable"
C) Biren, who is wrestling with his own sexual identity and makes derogatory remarks about any man he suspects of being gay
D) Liang, who yells and gestures at other drivers who are "in her way"

Question 74

According to Freud,a defence mechanism that involves refusing to acknowledge something unpleasant is called

A) repression.
B) rationalization.
C) displacement.
D) denial.

Question 75

Much of the current criticism of Freud's theory stems from the fact that

A) he spent too much time talking about sexual issues.
B) his theory is difficult to test.
C) Freud overestimated how much influence parents had on child development.
D) most psychologists do not believe in unconscious processes.

Question 76

George and Harry were two little boys who took pleasure in tormenting little creatures.As adults,George becomes an exterminator and Harry goes to work for an animal activist organization.As adults,George is using the defence mechanism ___ and Harry is using the defence mechanism ___.

A) repression; reaction formation
B) denial; sublimation
C) sublimation; rationalization
D) sublimation; reaction formation

Question 77

Lucy just found out that she has cancer in her spine.When she tells her family about it,she is completely unemotional,and just explains her situations in medical terms only,including her symptoms and treatment.What defence mechanism is Lucy likely using?

A) projection
B) intellectualization
C) regression
D) identification

Question 78

Larissa has hostile impulses and expresses them by becoming a reporter who ruins the careers of others with the stories that she writes.Larissa's defence mechanism is called

A) reaction formation.
B) denial.
C) projection.
D) sublimation.

Question 79

Felix finds a wallet with $350.00 in it.Although the wallet has the owner's identification inside,Felix decides to keep the money because he tells himself that it is the owner's fault for losing the wallet.After all,the owner should NOT have been so careless.Felix's behaviour is an example of which defence mechanism?

A) sublimation
B) denial
C) rationalization
D) reaction formation

Question 80

Gracie is pregnant,but her boyfriend has deserted her.She really doesn't want this baby,but she has the baby and keeps it.After the baby is born,Gracie turns into "supermom" and spends all her energies on the baby,and tells everyone she meets how much she loves her child.Which defence mechanism is Gracie using?

A) displacement
B) reaction formation
C) denial
D) regression