Deck 13: social Psychology

Question 1

Social cognition refers to how people perceive and interpret themselves and others in their social world.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.

Answer 2

-Attitudes are relatively stable and enduring evaluations of things and people.According to the ABC model,they have affective,behavioural,and cognitive components.
-Parents play a major role in shaping children's attitudes.In older children,peers,teachers,and the media also exert an influence.
-Leon Festinger proposed that people change their attitudes when they experience cognitive dissonance-a state of emotional discomfort that arises when a person holds two contradictory beliefs or holds a belief inconsistent with his behaviour.
-The self-perception theory of attitude change minimizes the role of emotional discomfort and suggests that people simply infer what their attitudes are by observing their own behaviour.
-The attitudes people express are not necessarily related to their behaviour.In part,this is because people sometimes misrepresent their attitudes.They may wish to express socially desirable attitudes,or they may not be aware of what their implicit attitudes really are.
-Stereotypes and prejudice arise in part from the human tendency to identify with a group.Various explanations of prejudice come from evolutionary theories,realistic conflict theory,and social identity theory.
-People use persuasion techniques to try to influence the attitudes of others.The central route to persuasion emphasizes the content of the message,while the peripheral route depends on more superficial appeals,such as the appearance of the spokesperson.

Question 3

Attitudes are NOT necessarily related to behaviours.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

To explain group facilitation,researchers now focus more on reactions to and interpretations of others' presence rather than presence itself.

Question 5

Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.

Question 6

Describe the major findings of social neuroscience about regions of the brain particularly important to our social functioning.

Question 7

When we assume the "actor" role,we tend to make situational attributions about our own behaviours.

Question 8

The central route of persuasion emphasizes the content of the message by using logical arguments to persuade.

Question 9

Group dynamics refer to how belonging to a group influences our thoughts and behaviours.

Question 10

During groupthink,members experience an illusion of invulnerability and inherent morality.

Question 11

Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people's behaviour.

Question 12

The presence of one dissenting group member may reduce the likelihood of conformity.

Question 13

Situational attributions focus on people's traits as a cause of their behaviour.

Question 14

Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics,helping behaviour,aggression,and interpersonal attraction.
ren,adults display three types of attachment in love relationships: secure.

Question 15

Implicit attitudes are NOT predictive of overt acts of racism.

Question 16

Some social norms may NOT be openly stated,but we are aware of them.

Question 17

Communal gender roles are associated with aggression and control.

Question 18

When faced with the behaviour of others,we see them as having rich,adaptive personalities.

Question 19

Due to its ethical implications,Milgram's study would likely NOT be allowed to be replicated today.

Question 20

Social facilitation refers to the emotional discomfort we feel when we hold two contradictory beliefs.

Question 21

When Zain is asked what he thinks about abortion,he says that he thinks it is a very difficult decision for anyone to end your child's life,but he also thinks that in some cases it is maybe the best thing,and that women should at least have the choice.Without choice,he says much uglier things happen to children than abortion.Which component of an attitude is Zain making apparent?

A) affective
B) cognitive
C) emotional
D) behavioural

Question 22

Social cognition is best defined as

A) the way in which people perceive and interpret themselves and others.
B) the relatively stable and enduring ways that we evaluate things and people.
C) the beliefs that people hold that is independent of emotions and behaviour.
D) the evaluations we have about others based on their inclusion in a group.

Question 23

When Stella sees a homeless person on the street she feels nothing but pity.Which attitude component is this an example of?

A) affective
B) behavioural
C) cognitive
D) acquisition

Question 24

The insula located beneath the frontal cortex is involved in empathy.

Question 25

Lola recently attended a student rights rally at the university.A few days later,after carefully thinking about the presenter's speech,Lola feels strongly enough about the issues facing students that she decides to run for President of the students' association.The strengthening of Lola's attitude could probably be attributed to the ___.

A) attitude polarization effect
B) speaker persuasion effect
C) mere thought effect
D) peripheral persuasion effect

Question 26

When someone holds a belief that contradicts their behaviour,this is called

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) a stereotype.

Question 27

Cognitive dissonance theory states that

A) when we are unaware of what our true attitudes are, we infer them by observing our own behaviour.
B) when an inconsistency between attitude and behaviour exists, it is unpleasant, and we are motivated to reduce or eliminate it.
C) we are more likely to repeat a behaviour if it has been previously associated with a positive outcome.
D) we are more likely to respond to another person's request when that person is an authority figure than when they are not.

Question 28

A relatively stable and enduring evaluation of things and people is

A) an attitude.
B) a social cognition.
C) a schema.
D) an opinion.

Question 29

In emergency situations,help is most likely to occur when large numbers of people are present.

Question 30

Jonathon suffered brain damage in a motor vehicle accident.He now has difficulty making social and moral assessments and decisions.Jonathon likely suffered damage to his orbitofrontal cortex.

Question 31

Cognitive dissonance theory was proposed by

A) Bem.
B) Milgram.
C) Eagly and Chaiken.
D) Festinger and Carlsmith.

Question 32

Festinger and Carlsmith attempted to determine

A) how far people would go in obeying an authority figure.
B) whether an inconsistency between attitude and behaviour would cause people to change their attitudes.
C) whether we infer our attitudes by observing our own behaviour.
D) whether we will change our attitudes and behaviours in response to real or perceived group pressure.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of an attitude?

A) behavioural
B) physiological
C) affective
D) cognitive

Question 34

When Darien meets a homeless man on the street,he turns his head away and quickly walks past him.Which attitude component is this an example of?

A) affective
B) behavioural
C) cognitive
D) acquisition

Question 35

The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in social reason,reward evaluation,and reading other people.

Question 36

Ha-eun is listening to a discussion on the news about the legalization of marijuana and she is furious with the idea.What component of her attitude toward legalizing marijuana is Ha-eun displaying?

A) affective
B) behavioural
C) physiological
D) cognitive

Question 37

Leonardo felt cheated by the used car salesperson who sold him a 1997 Honda Accord several years ago.Ever since then,he assumes the worst when it comes to dealing with salespeople.Which attitude component is this an example of?

A) affective
B) behavioural
C) cognitive
D) acquisition

Question 38

A shared humorous experience is a powerful means to forge closeness with a stranger.

Question 39

Which of the following statement about attitudes is NOT true?

A) Attitudes develop, in part, due to genetics.
B) Children learn attitudes through vicarious learning.
C) Individual shape their own attitudes.
D) The way we behave often does not reflect our attitudes.

Question 40

Miriam,a major in gender studies,was in an abusive relationship with Don.She experienced emotional discomfort because her beliefs about equal rights and respect in a relationship were contradicted every time she tolerated Don's abusive behaviour.Which of the following best describes the discomfort Miriam experienced?

A) attitude specificity
B) cognitive dissonance
C) associative dissonance
D) all of the above

Question 41

Zach worked for an IT company making $50 an hour when he made a lateral career change and began working for a different company.After his departure,there was a strike at his old workplace and everyone got a pay raise.Mac took Zach's place after the strike and ended up making $100 an hour for doing the same work.If Zach and Mac are each asked how much they like their jobs at each of their companies,what would cognitive dissonance theory predict they will say?

A) Both Mac and Zach will say they dislike their jobs to the same degree at this company.
B) Mac will rate his job at this company as better than Zach.
C) Zach will rate his job at this company as better than Mac.
D) Both Mac and Zach will say they like their jobs to the same degree at this company.

Question 42

In Richard LaPiere's field study where he travelled across the United States with a Chinese couple in the 1930s,he found that

A) most of the people who indicated that they did not want Chinese guests refused to serve them.
B) most establishments served them, but did so unwillingly and with poor service.
C) most establishments held positive attitudes toward Chinese guests and offered them good service.
D) even though most establishments did not want Chinese guests, only establishment one refused service.

Question 43

According to cognitive dissonance theory,which of the following people is most likely to change his attitude?

A) Emil, who is a long-time political conservative who argues in favour of liberal policies as part of a required class assignment
B) Sam, who is paid $100 to tell people how interesting a particular experiment is
C) Ethan, who makes his living telling people why satellite is better than cable
D) Cinar, who opposes unions, but makes up a pro-union argument just to annoy his parents

Question 44

Which of the following people is most likely to change her attitude?

A) Arlet, who gets paid $1 to help an experimenter recruit people for an interesting task
B) Ji-yoo, who gets paid $20 to help an experimenter recruit people for an interesting task
C) Mary, who gets paid $1 to help an experimenter recruit people for a boring task
D) Esme, who gets paid $20 to help an experimenter recruit people for a boring task

Question 45

Nick has been working hard all week.On Sunday morning,he wakes up and realizes that he has just slept 10 hours.He says to himself,"Wow,I guess I was more tired than I thought." Nick's sudden insight would be of greatest interest to ___.

A) Asch
B) LaPiere
C) Festinger
D) Bem

Question 46

In social psychology,a confederate is someone who

A) conforms to the group norm.
B) defies conformity pressures.
C) takes on a leadership role in a group.
D) is secretly part of the experiment.

Question 47

In cognitive dissonance theory,the term "insufficient justification" refers to the idea that

A) the less appealing the reward for something, the less likely we are to do it.
B) we are more likely to blame ourselves for our bad behaviour if we believe it was unjustified.
C) we are more likely to experience a state of unpleasantness when we do not have an external reason for an inconsistency between our attitudes and our behaviour.
D) we are more likely to judge other people negatively if we believe that their behaviour was unjustified.

Question 48

Mick did NOT believe himself to be homophobic.In one class the student sitting next to him identified as homosexual to the rest of the class.Following this,the next time the class met,Mick moved because he said,and believed,that the seat he was in earlier was too distracting because he could see out of the window to people relaxing outside.What type of attitude is being described here?

A) affective
B) behavioural
C) explicit
D) implicit

Question 49

Ralph is a member of Greenpeace but accepts advertising money for his new store from a lumber company.Wanda is a busy graduate student who goes to bed because she starts yawning.Ralph is likely to experience ___ and Wanda is likely to experience ___.

A) cognitive dissonance; cognitive dissonance
B) cognitive dissonance; self-perception
C) self-perception; cognitive dissonance
D) self-perception; self-perception

Question 50

Ava is sitting in a lecture about Art History with her new boyfriend when he turns to her and asks with a sparkle in his eye whether she finds the lecture fascinating.She answers that she's NOT sure yet,and that she needs to hear more.But then she feels a yawn coming on.She manages to stifle it,but it makes her realize that she is bored to tears in this lecture.Which theory would agree the most with Ava's conclusion?

A) cognitive dissonance theory
B) self-perception theory
C) ABC theory
D) social identity theory

Question 51

Which of the following people's actions are most consistent with self-perception theory?

A) Arina suddenly realizes that she is humming a tune and concludes that she is happy.
B) George sees his classmates get rewarded for good grades and decides to study harder.
C) Xiu feels uncomfortable when she catches herself behaving hypocritically and changes her behaviour.
D) Magnus realized that his behaviour as a telephone solicitor is inconsistent with his dislike of calling strangers, but justifies it because he has to pay his rent.

Question 52

Which of the following statements about the relationship between attitudes and behaviours is FALSE?

A) One of the leading factors in determining whether the attitude will predict the behaviour is attitude specificity.
B) Stronger attitudes are better predictors of behaviour than are weak attitudes.
C) General attitudes do an excellent job of predicting behaviour.
D) If we know someone's attitude, we cannot necessarily predict how they will behave.

Question 53

Hae honestly believes that all races are equal and that discrimination is bad.However,when Hae is talking to a person of another race,she is less likely to make eye contact,and she makes more grammatical errors.What issue would social psychologists most likely say applies to Hae?

A) Hae has explicit racial attitudes.
B) Hae is experiencing cognitive dissonance.
C) Hae is not entirely aware of her racial attitudes.
D) Hae is a hypocrite.

Question 54

The "bogus pipeline" technique is designed to

A) help people identify what their true attitudes are.
B) encourage people to give truthful answers instead of giving socially desirable answers.
C) determine which people are the most prejudiced.
D) create situations in which people will be exposed to cognitive dissonance.

Question 55

Which of the following techniques is used to overcome social desirability in research on attitudes?

A) lie detector technique
B) lie pipeline technique
C) bogus pipeline technique
D) bogus lie technique

Question 56

Aina and Josefa want to encourage their children to do well in school and develop an internal sense of academic pride.Which of the following is most likely to produce that result?

A) Tell their children that they will get $10 for every "A" that they produce and $5 for every "B."
B) Allow them to watch TV after they have finished their homework.
C) Punish them for getting bad grades.
D) Give them a reasonable amount of praise when they bring home a good report card.

Question 57

Which of the following people is most likely to display a behaviour that corresponds to their attitude?

A) Ying, who loves animals and is asked to contribute money to the local animal shelter's expansion fund
B) Brittany, who is an extrovert and is asked to donate to overseas relief efforts
C) Boris, who rarely follows the news and is asked to donate money to hurricane relief in a country he's never heard of before
D) Levi, who has lots of money and is asked to make a donation to the United Way

Question 58

In which situation is self-perception theory particularly relevant?

A) when we behave in ways that are slightly out of character
B) when we behave in ways that are strikingly out of character
C) when we behave in ways that are most familiar to us
D) when we behave in ways that are unfamiliar to us

Question 59

In Festinger and Carlsmith's famous study on cognitive dissonance,which group of participants rated the boring task as the most fun?

A) the control group
B) The group paid $20 for telling the truth about the task.
C) The group paid $20 for praising the task.
D) The group paid $1 for praising the task.

Question 60

Which of the following cases is the best example of self-perception theory?

A) Minnie realizes that she really likes her job after she stays late to finish a project.
B) Marti works overtime to make extra money to take a vacation.
C) Violette is retired with a good pension, but takes a part-time job to keep busy.
D) Arnau starts working harder because he realizes that he has been slacking off.

Question 61

Dr.Redanka is an evolutionary psychologist who studies stereotypes and prejudice.Which of the following would best describe Dr.Redanka's belief?

A) We view people who are different from us as not achieving their full potential.
B) We are prewired to perceive people who are different from us as inferior, so we can justify excluding them.
C) We develop stereotypes because we are competing for scarce resources and feel rewarded when we have more than those in the out-group.
D) We are classically conditioned to stick to people who are the same as us.

Question 62

Which of the following products is most likely to use the peripheral route to persuasion?

A) computers
B) furniture
C) toilet paper
D) DVD players

Question 63

A stereotype is

A) a persistent negative attitude about a group of people.
B) positive, while prejudice is negative.
C) a generalized impression about a group of people.
D) an attitude that is used to justify discrimination.

Question 64

According to realistic conflict theory,which of the following would result in the highest levels of gender discrimination?

A) A male supervisor doubts that women can be good mechanics.
B) A female executive believes that if she can be successful, all women can.
C) A male shop owner worries about what his wife might think if he hires an attractive woman employee.
D) A male worker in a factory is worried about possible layoffs.

Question 65

What is the difference between self-perception theory and cognitive dissonance theory of attitude change?

A) Self-perception theory assumes that our attitudes were not clear to begin with, whereas cognitive dissonance theory assumes that they are.
B) Self-perception theory argues that we see ourselves as other see us, whereas cognitive dissonance theory argues that we can easily change what we see in ourselves and others.
C) Self-perception theory assumes that we have implicit attitudes, whereas cognitive dissonance theory assumes that we are fully aware of all our attitudes.
D) Self-perception theory believes that our attitudes influence our behaviours, whereas cognitive dissonance theory believes that our behaviours influence our attitudes.

Question 66

In the Robber's Cave experiment,which of the following best describes the outcome when one group of boys were required to compete against the other?

A) They were competitive, but they attempted to make friends on every opportunity.
B) They began to call each other names and refused to eat in the same room.
C) They realized that, if they were less competitive, everybody would succeed.
D) They found common ground and worked together to achieve the same goal.

Question 67

What does the social desirability bias and implicit attitudes have in common?

A) They're both very difficult to measure in the lab.
B) They're both means of attitude change.
C) They're both techniques of persuasion.
D) They're both ways in which our true attitudes are not represented.

Question 68

Jelena,an immigrant from Serbia living in Canada,is taking her friend Farida who is visiting from,India,to a new restaurant for lunch.After lunch,they order chocolate cake for dessert.Like Jelena the server is also Serbian.Based on social identity theory,what is the most likely possible outcome?

A) The server wants to welcome Farida to Canada and, therefore, will give her a larger piece of cake.
B) The server will honour Farida's culture by giving her a larger piece of cake.
C) The server will exhibit in-group bias and give Jelena the larger piece.
D) The server will want to avoid the appearance of bias, so both women will receive equal portions of cake.

Question 69

Mrs.Julliard is a grade six teacher.She has just overheard one of her students make a racist comment to another student.Based on the Robber's Cave experiment,what might be the best way for Mrs.Julliard to overcome the racist attitude of her student?

A) Keep the two students separated.
B) Talk to the racist student about his/her attitude.
C) Have the two students work together on a project.
D) There is little the teacher can do to change the student's racist attitude.

Question 70

Which of the following products is most likely to be marketed using the central route to persuasion?

A) ice cream
B) cars
C) paper towels
D) clothing

Question 71

The Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A) is used to make people believe that they are hooked up to a lie detector.
B) uses people's implicit attitudes to predict future behaviour.
C) is used to reduce the social desirability effect.
D) uses a person's reaction times to help gauge his or her implicit attitudes.

Question 72

An in-group is

A) a popular or dominant group.
B) a group about whom we have positive attitudes.
C) a group of other people whom we identify as belonging together, and who are different from us.
D) a group that we believe shares our own characteristics.

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of social identity theory?

A) social categorization
B) social identity
C) social schema
D) social comparison

Question 74

In the Robber's Cave experiment,which of the following best describes the outcome when the two groups of boys were required to work together toward a common goal?

A) They started the task cooperatively but soon become competitive and aggressive with each other.
B) They formed their own in-groups and out-groups which led to fighting.
C) They overcame their animosity to work together on the challenges they faced.
D) They worked as individuals refusing to speak or socialize with each other.

Question 75

According to Gawronski,which of the following elements has the greatest effect on reducing prejudice?

A) listening to persuasive messages against prejudice
B) having people write arguments against prejudice
C) present information about a specific group in neutral or non-affective situations
D) all of the above used together are most effective

Question 76

Adam doesn't dislike Hispanic people,but he feels uncomfortable interacting with his Hispanic co-worker because he isn't sure how to act.Which of the following is most relevant to Adam's situation?

A) social identity theory
B) realistic conflict theory
C) cognitive dissonance theory
D) self-perception theory

Question 77

Jim is a white male who believes that he is having difficulty finding a job because of affirmative action in hiring.Which of the following theories is most relevant to Jim's belief?

A) social identity theory
B) realistic conflict theory
C) in-group bias
D) social comparison theory

Question 78

Which of the following statements is generally true about racial attitudes in Canada and the United States today?

A) Only the most extreme members of society still hold negative racial attitudes.
B) Prejudice is still strong, as revealed through the bogus pipeline technique.
C) Discrimination is lower, but prejudice remains largely unchanged.
D) Discrimination is lower, but subtle degrees of prejudice remain.

Question 79

Larissa is taking a test that presents her with several words and she has to identify i)if they are related to the word "old" or the word "young" and ii)if the word is pleasant or unpleasant.It is likely that Larissa is taking the ___.

A) BPT (Bogus Pipeline Test)
B) TDT (Thematic Discrimination Test)
C) IAT (Implicit Attitudes Test)
D) UMT (Unambiguous Mindset Test)

Question 80

Prejudice is to ___ as discrimination is to ___.

A) attitude; attitude
B) attitude; behaviour
C) behaviour; attitude
D) behaviour; behaviour