Deck 11: General Conditions

Question 1

Discuss the development of upper- and lower-crossed syndromes.

Answer 1

The crossed syndromes are a type of conditions that affect the musculoskeletal system. These syndromes essentially disturb the alignment and the balance of the body. The two types of the crossed syndromes are the upper-crossed syndrome and the lower-crossed syndromes.
The upper-crossed syndrome affects the shoulder girdle or the proximal girdle. The skeletal parts that are affected by this condition are the C4-C5, C7-T1, T4-T5 and the glenohumeral joint. The typical cause of this syndrome is a chronic improper posture and will manifest as head position in front of the body, rounded shoulders and a curve at the neck region that is apparent.
The lower-crossed syndrome affects the pelvic girdle or the distal girdle. The skeletal parts that are affected by this condition are the L4-L5, L5-S1, the SI joint and the hip joint. The typical causes of this syndrome include weak gluteal and anterior abdominal wall muscles, tightening of the hip flexors and the extensor muscle of the lower back.

Question 2

What is the goal of correct posture?

Answer 2

Posture is defined as the body position when a person is upright, lying down, sitting or standing, where the body aligns to the center of gravity. Typically, the proper posture is facilitated by the structures of the musculoskeletal system.
Proper posture allows an individual to balance against the gravitational force in an effective manner. Such a balance will in turn facilitate the bipedal mode of lifestyle and will help in reducing the stress as can be induced by the gravitational force on the body structures.

Question 3

Describe why lateral ankle sprains are the most common.

Answer 3

The ankle joint is a type of synovial joint and is also refered to as talocrural articulation joint. The tibia, fibula and the talus of the foot articulate at the ankle joint which also includes the heel.
Although sprains can occur at several parts of the ankle, the lateral side of the ankle is the most commonly affect part. The calcaneofibular ligament, the anterior and the posterior talofibular ligaments that are located at the lateral side (outside) of the ankle are most prone to damages as induced by overuse or by excess load, causing the lateral ankle sprain as the most common type of ankle sprain.

Question 4

What are the two locations in which lordosis can occur?

Question 5

Discuss why syndesmotic ankle sprains are the most severe.

Question 6

What are the three presentations of kyphosis?

Question 7

Discuss the difference between tendonitis, tenosynovitis, and tendonosis.

Question 8

What is the difference between structural and nonstructural scoliosis?

Question 9

Discuss how the use of motion can help assess a bursa injury.

Question 10

Name the two types of hematomas that can occur from a contusion, and describe each.

Question 11

What is a FOOSH injury?

Question 12

Describe the three types of AC joint sprains.

Question 13

What is the function of the meniscus?

Question 14

What are the two mechanisms of osteochondral defect injuries?

Question 15

What is the purpose of a bursa?

Question 16

What is the difference between a neuropathy and a radiculopathy?