Deck 8: Depressive Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

The incidence of MDD amongis growing faster than in any other age group.

A)toddlers
B)young children
C)adolescents
D)young adults
E)the elderly

Answer 1

adolescents

Question 2

Freud's concept ofis analogous to Beck's notion of.

A)unmet oral needs; jumping to conclusions
B)oedipal fixation; all or nothing thinking
C)imagined loss; magnification / catastrophizing
D)unmet oral needs; overgeneralization
E)imagined loss; jumping to conclusions

Answer 2

imagined loss; magnification / catastrophizing

Question 3

It is estimated that about% of Canadians suffer from depression.

A)1.5
B)5
C)15
D)10
E).5

Answer 3

5

Question 4

A person diagnosed withmanifests many of the same symptoms as major depression,except that they are less severe and must persist for at least two years.

A)persistent depressive disorder
B)melancholia
C)bipolar disorder
D)schizoaffective disorder
E)anhedonia

Question 5

Which of the following was mentioned by the text as one of the two important criteria for a diagnosis of a clinical mood disorder?

A)substance abuse
B)chemical imbalance in the brain
C)implications
D)presence of dependent personality disorder
E)duration

Question 6

Which of the following words is most descriptive of manic episodes?

A)calm
B)content
C)restrained
D)pensive
E)flamboyant

Question 7

With regard to bipolar disorder,DSM-5 requires the clinician to specify

A)the current or most recent episode - as manic vs.hypomanic vs.depressed.
B)the nature and severity of sleep disturbance during depressive and manic episodes.
C)whether there is insight and distress about manic symptoms.
D)the severity of the most recent manic episode.
E)the nature and degree of social dysfunction during most recent manic episode.

Question 8

Of the nine symptoms of MDD,must be present for a diagnosis.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5
E)6

Question 9

In Hippocrates' time,depression was thought to result from an excess of-------------from the spleen.

A)yellow bile
B)phlegm
C)blood
D)black bile
E)orange bile

Question 10

Which of the following words is NOT a type of course of depression?

A)single episode with full inter-episode recovery
B)double episode with partial inter-episode recovery
C)recurrent with full inter-episode recovery
D)chronic
E)recurrent,without full inter-episode recovery,superimposed on persistent depressive disorder

Question 11

Relative to other disorders,is rare.

A)unipolar mania
B)bipolar mood disorder
C)unipolar mood disorder
D)major depressive disorder
E)persistent depressive disorder

Question 12

Individuals withare less likely to respond to standard treatment than other forms of depression.

A)chronic depression
B)catatonic
C)hypomania
D)melancholic
E)episodic major depression

Question 13

The most frequent comorbid condition with depression is

A)anxiety.
B)histrionic personality disorder.
C)schizophrenia.
D)substance abuse.
E)borderline personality disorder.

Question 14

Though the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode require that the episode last at least,most usually last much longer.

A)2 days
B)2 weeks
C)2 months
D)4 years
E)2 years

Question 15

As a form of treatment,Joanne receives phototherapy,in which she sits in front of a light box for a few hours a day every morning.Judging from this treatment,Joanne most likely suffers from

A)seasonal affective disorder.
B)schizoaffective disorder.
C)bipolar depression.
D)unipolar depression.

Question 16

The hormone,secreted by the pineal gland,has been implicated in seasonal affective disorder.

A)lanin
B)progesterone
C)melatonin
D)serotonin

Question 17

Freud and his student Abraham put forward a type ofmodel of depression,where vulnerability for depression is created by unmet oral needs,and depression is triggered by.

A)biopsyhosocial; uncontrollable stress
B)dual factor; loss of a loved one
C)diathesis-stress; low self-esteem
D)dual factor; low self-esteem
E)diathesis-stress; loss of a loved one

Question 18

---------------coined the term manic-depression and his descriptions formed the basis for the definition of mood disorders today.

A)Hippocrates
B)Kraeplin
C)Burton
D)Cicero
E)Freud

Question 19

refers to a loss of pleasure or interest in almost all activities or a lack of reactivity to usually pleasurable events.

A)Melancholia
B)Libido
C)Dystonia
D)Catatonia
E)Anhedonia

Question 20

Less severe or brief episodes of mania are referred to as

A)automanic.
B)hypermanic.
C)schizo-manic.
D)petit-manic.
E)hypomanic.

Question 21

Psychodynamic theorists no longer relate depression to unmet needs during the oral stage of development but do still emphasize therelationship and evidence thatconfers increased risk for depression.

A)primary; loss of that relationship
B)parent-child; neglectful or abusive parenting
C)mother-child; dismissing attachment style
D)mother-child; early modeling of aggressive behavior
E)parent-child; difficult temperament at age 18 months

Question 22

Nearlypercent of people with major depression have suffered at least one severe loss event prior to onset of their depression.

A)10
B)25
C)50
D)75
E)90

Question 23

Which of the following is not one of Beck's cognitive distortions described in the text?

A)All-or-none thinking
B)Negative feedback seeking
C)Overgeneralizations
D)Magnification
E)Jumping to conclusions

Question 24

Along with a 4 percent infanticide rate,postpartum psychosis has apercent suicide rate.

A)5
B)6
C)4
D)2
E)3

Question 25

In Bipolardisorder,there are one or more manic episodes and usually one or more depressive episode.

A)4
B)5
C)1
D)2
E)3

Question 26

Beck's greatest insight with regard to depression is that

A)one's emotional response is determined by one's cognitive abilities and type.
B)the effectiveness of coping depends on confidence and levels of self-esteem.
C)the effectiveness of coping depends on accuracy of cognitive schemata.
D)one's emotional response is determined by one's appraisal and evaluation.
E)one's emotional response is determined by one's learning history with that stressor.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT true of rapid cycling depression/mania?

A)As many as 10-20% of patients with bipolar disorder may display rapid cycling.
B)Rapid cycling is linked to a longer and more severe course for bipolar disorders.
C)In some patients standard pharmacotherapy can induce rapid cycling.
D)Those suffering from it do not respond strongly to pharmacotherapy.
E)It is more common in men than in women.

Question 28

In Beck's model of depression,the diathesis is

A)a stressful life event.
B)a negative cognitive schema.
C)a genetic predisposition.
D)a localized brain dysfunction.
E)a neurotransmitter imbalance.

Question 29

Bipolar disorder has been classified intotype(s).

A)3
B)1
C)2
D)4
E)5

Question 30

Research findings that depressed individuals actually contribute to the occurrence of interpersonal conflict through maladaptive interpersonal behaviors supports the

A)negative feedback hypothesis.
B)conflict generation hypothesis.
C)persistent depressive disorder.
D)life stress perspective.
E)stress generation hypothesis.

Question 31

Approximatelypercent of the 70 percent of new mothers who experience depression and mood swings after childbirth is diagnosed with mood disorder with postpartum onset.

A)5-10
B)10-15
C)15-20
D)20-25

Question 32

Beck referred to the negative thoughts depressed people often have about the future,the world and themselves as a

A)negative cognitive triangle.
B)distorted cognitive triad.
C)depressive cognitive triangle.
D)negative cognitive triad.
E)triple negative triad.

Question 33

The prevalence of seasonal affective disorder is greater where there

A)are long summers.
B)is less seasonal variation in hours of sunlight.
C)is more seasonal variation in hours of sunlight.
D)is very little snow.
E)are colder temperatures.

Question 34

After an argument,Jane continues to ask her husband if he still loves her.This is an example of

A)negative feedback seeking.
B)stress generation.
C)excessive reassurance seeking.
D)all-or-none thinking.
E)magnification.

Question 35

The criteria for the diagnosis ofinclude a duration of at least two years with recurrent periods of mild depression alternating with hypomania.

A)rapid cycling depression/mania
B)hypomania
C)unipolar depression
D)bipolar depression
E)cyclothymia

Question 36

Dividing events into a dichotomy of either all bad or all good is example of which cognitive distortion found in depressed people?

A)arbitrary inference
B)all-or-none thinking
C)selective abstraction
D)negative bias
E)overgeneralization

Question 37

Clara moves very quickly in and out of depressive and manic episodes,commonly having 5 or more episodes of mania and depression in one year.Of the following disorders,which is Clara most likely suffering from?

A)bipolar 1 disorder
B)rapid cycling bipolar disorder
C)major depression
D)bipolar 2 disorder
E)cyclothymia

Question 38

Canadian psychodynamic theorist Sidney Blatt discusses two personality patterns:
Andwhich have been shown to be predictors of depression in the face of stress.

A)dependency and self-criticism
B)aggression-hostility; obsessionality
C)pessimism; listlessness
D)brooding; critical / blaming
E)gloominess; listlessness

Question 39

In Bipolardisorder,there are at least one hypomanic episode and one or more depressive episode.

A)4
B)3
C)1
D)2
E)5

Question 40

A strong family link is especially evident in the development of

A)major depression.
B)melancholic depression.
C)persistent depressive disorder.
D)bipolar disorder.
E)cyclothymia.

Question 41

The main adverse effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy is

A)temporary speech difficulties.
B)psychotic phases.
C)depression.
D)memory impairment.
E)mania.

Question 42

Which of the following approaches to treatments emphasizes role transitions (e.g.,leaving home for university,becoming a parent)?

A)behavioural
B)cognitive
C)cognitive-behavioural
D)interpersonal
E)psychodynamic

Question 43

Pharmacotherapy is generally considered effective for aboutpercent of people.

A)10
B)50
C)20
D)30
E)40

Question 44

It has been found that when depressed patients respond to antidepressant medication,they also

A)experience less slow-wave sleep.
B)spend more time in REM sleep.
C)show an increase in rapid eye movements.
D)return to normal levels of REM sleep.
E)spend almost no time in REM sleep .

Question 45

One explanation as to why women are more often diagnosed with depression than men is that

A)they are more willing to seek for their symptoms.
B)they also show more symptoms associated with bipolar disorder than do men.
C)in many cultures women experience role strain.
D)the HPA axis is less active in women than it is in men.
E)women report higher levels of stressful life events than men.

Question 46

Smaller hippocampal volume in depressed individuals has been linked to

A)cortisol hypersecretion.
B)reduced cortisol secretion.
C)positive feedback excitation of the HPA axis.
D)acute stress.
E)reduced ACTH secretion from the pituitary gland.

Question 47

The discovery of drugs with antidepressant properties occurred through accidental observation that certain forms of medication used to treatinduced depression-like symptoms in patients.

A)cancer
B)hypertension
C)diabetes
D)tuberculosis
E)AIDS

Question 48

therapy emphasizes that depression often arises as a result of disruptions in an individual's social adjustment.

A)Behavioural
B)Cognitive-behavioural
C)Cognitive
D)Interpersonal
E)Psychodynamic

Question 49

The Canadian Psychiatric Association currently recommendsas the first- line treatment for SAD.

A)lithium
B)ECT
C)TMS
D)light therapy
E)SSRI's

Question 50

Brain imaging techniques have shown that depressed individuals have fewer

A)5-HT receptors.
B)DA receptors.
C)NE receptors.
D)HTT receptors.
E)CRH receptors.

Question 51

An effective treatment that helps clients change their attitude towards unhelpful thought patterns (rather than changing the thoughts themselves)is termed

A)interpersonal therapy.
B)cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C)behavioral therapy.
D)rational-emotive psychotherapy.
E)mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

Question 52

Christine is a therapist who takes as her starting point concerning depression that a person's emotional reactions are determined in part by what he or she thinks.Based on this,Christine is most likely to usetherapy to treat her clients.

A)humanistic
B)neo-psychoanalytic
C)Freudian
D)cognitive-behavioural
E)interpersonal

Question 53

Research suggests that the effect of a gene (HTT)

A)directly causes depression.
B)heightens reactivity to stress.
C)lowers levels of serotonin neurotransmitter.
D)causes damage to a brain region associated with mood.
E)causes damage to a brain region involved with perception.

Question 54

Depressed individuals have been shown to have increased activity in the
Leading to continuous processing of negative emotional information.

A)hippocampus
B)hypothalamus
C)cingulated cortex
D)amygdala
E)pituitary gland

Question 55

It is estimated that for every completed suicide,there aresuicide attempts.

A)2-3
B)5-7
C)18-20
D)8-10
E)12-15

Question 56

Currently,the most popular class of antidepressants are the

A)selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
B)monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
C)benzodiazepines.
D)bicyclics.
E)tricyclics.

Question 57

Which of the following was NOT discussed in the text as a method in cognitive- behavioural therapy for depression?

A)thought records
B)activity scheduling
C)testing beliefs through behavioural experiments
D)interpersonal psychotherpay
E)hypnotic sessions

Question 58

Traditionally,is the treatment for bipolar disorder.

A)lithium
B)Celexa
C)Prozac
D)Elavil
E)clomipramine

Question 59

One controversial meta-analysis found that anti-depressant medication was

A)only effective for about 20% of persons with mild to moderate depression.
B)not effective for severe depression.
C)no more effective than placebo for mild to moderate depression.
D)only effective for about 40% of persons with severe depression.
E)only effective for about 40% of persons with mild to moderate depression.

Question 60

An experimental procedure that uses magnetic fields to alter brain activity is called

A)ECT.
B)VNS.
C)CBT.
D)FFT.
E)TMS.

Question 61

Recent biochemical theories of depression have examined the role of the postsynaptic receptor in the etiology of depression.

Question 62

It is common for an individual to experience an episode of mania without an accompanying depression at some point in their life.

Question 63

Up topercent of people who completed suicide suffered from major depression.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)50
E)70

Question 64

The goal of cognitive-behavioural treatment for depression is to identify and resolve unconscious conflict.

Question 65

Research showing that there is nothing special about five (DSM)symptoms rather than four or two weeks duration rather than three supports a dimensional model of depression.

Question 66

After mood disorders,is the second most common factor in suicide.

A)geographic location
B)gender
C)alcohol and substance abuse
D)age
E)contagion

Question 67

In a number of comparative studies,interpersonal therapy has been shown to be more effective than antidepressant medication.

Question 68

A manic episode must be at least one week long,and does not typically last much longer than this.

Question 69

Research findings are consistent in showing that Seasonal Affective Disorder is caused by melatonin dysregulation.

Question 70

Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy (1621)described psychological and social causes for depression.

Question 71

Research suggests that those with the highest genetic risk for depression are more than twice as likely to develop depression in the face of stress than those at a lower genetic risk.

Question 72

Freud's concept of imagined loss posits that predisposed individuals develop unconsciously interpret other types of events as severe loss events.

Question 73

The strongest risk factor for completed suicide is

A)being male.
B)being female.
C)being male between the ages of 50 and 70.
D)being female between the ages of 50 and 70.
E)being an adolescent female.

Question 74

Brown and Harris found that early childhood loss,such as the loss of a parent before age twelve,is a powerful predictor of depression in adulthood.

Question 75

Bipolar disorder is more common than major depression.

Question 76

The most enduring cognitive theory of the mood disorders was developed by Beck.

Question 77

Post-partum depression appears to be a predominantly Western phenomenon.

Question 78

The Roman physician Hippocrates was the among first to extend the ideas on the relationship between emotional temperament (such as depression)and bodily fluids called humours first proposed by Galen.

Question 79

Tricyclic antidepressants work by delaying the process of reuptake of serotonin.

Question 80

Post-mortem studies of people who have committed suicide have found consistent evidence for a hypoactivesystem.

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)norepinephrine
D)melatonin
E)epinephrine