Deck 17: Therapies

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the current situation regarding prescription privileges for psychologists in Canada?

A)The CPA has not taken a stand on the issue of prescription privilege.
B)The CPA is in complete support of such privileges.
C)The CPA does not believe the extra costs and time needed for extra training is worth the privilege.
D)The CPA completely supports the American approach to reducing health care costs.
E)The Canadian Psychological Association (CPA)is vehemently opposed to allowing such privileges.

Answer 1

The CPA has not taken a stand on the issue of prescription privilege.

Question 2

You are a psychiatrist who is treating an elderly schizophrenic patient.You are worried about extrapyramidal effects and serious health risks,and would like to keep these at an absolute minimum.Which of the following drugs would you most likely prescribe?

A)clozapine
B)olanzapine
C)thioridazine
D)haloperidol
E)fluphenazine

Answer 2

olanzapine

Question 3

Electroconvulsive therapy

A)is ineffective in ameliorating severe depressive symptoms that have not responded to other treatments.
B)reduces depression by a very simple and clearly understood mechanism.
C)is quite often a medical practitioner's first choice for treating depression.
D)has been shown to work very well with older patients.
E)shows no evidence in reducing the likelihood of relapse.

Answer 3

shows no evidence in reducing the likelihood of relapse.

Question 4

Which of the following is true concerning anxiolytics?

A)Patients develop tolerance for barbiturates requiring larger doses to achieve the same effects.
B)Benzodiazepines are toxic at high levels.
C)Benzodiazepines show no addictive properties.
D)Anxiolytics increase activity in parts of the central nervous system.
E)They can be taken safely along with alcohol.

Question 5

Categories of psychoactive drugs described in the text are:

A)antipsychotic ; euphoric ; anxiolytic ; anti-maniacal ; and dopaminergic
B)antipsychotic ; antidepressant ; anxiolytic ; mood-altering ; and psycho-stimulant
C)antipsychotic ; antidepressant ; anxiolytic ; dopaminergic ; and amphetamines
D)anti-dopaminergic ; antidepressant ; benzodiazepine ; mood-altering
E)anticholinergic ; antidepressant ; antipsychotic ; mood-altering ; dopaminergic

Question 6

Which of the following cannot be used to treat hallucinations?

A)tricyclics
B)dibenzodiazepine
C)phenothiazines
D)butyrophenone
E)clozapine

Question 7

Which of the following is false?

A)The first treatments for psychological disorders were biological.
B)Practices such as bleeding were designed to correct biological imbalances.
C)In the latter part of the nineteenth century,very few physical strategies designed to calm disturbed behaviour existed.
D)Electroconvulsive treatment is the most controversial biological intervention used to treat disturbed behaviour.
E)Psychopharmacology is the most common biological intervention used to treat disturbed behaviour.

Question 8

The development of phenothiazines and related major tranquilizers did all of the following EXCEPT

A)helped formerly institutionalized patients to return to the community.
B)offered the possibility of reducing psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations.
C)were regarded as a major scientific breakthrough.
D)replaced psychological therapies as the most common type of treatment.
E)made possible the policy of deinstitutionalization.

Question 9

Dr.Jones is developing a drug to treat cancer.He observes that one of the side effects of this drug is that it elevates a person's mood.A year later,this drug becomes an important tool in the treatment of depression.Discoveries of this type in science are

A)very common because serendipitous discoveries never occur in science.
B)uncommon because in reality the ideal method for developing medications is first to understand the pathological process by which a disorder develops,then to identify an agent that will change in the process.
C)common because physicians carefully monitoring a patient's reaction to a drug have observed unanticipated benefits in other areas.
D)very common as most physicians routinely do this sort of research with their patients.
E)very uncommon because science has clearly established biochemical mechanisms that account for most psychological disorders.

Question 10

Recent research finds that the risk of adverse outcomes in older adults is greater for SSRIs than withand yet,with all factors considered,Canadian guidelines continue to recommend SSRIs as first line medication for depression in older adults.

A)monoamine oxidase inhibitors
B)benzodiazepines
C)stimulants
D)SNRIs
E)tricyclics

Question 11

Which of the following best summarizes the current status of psychoactive medication?

A)It is most effective for certain types of people suffering from particular types of disorders.
B)It effectively guards against relapse and chronic disorder.
C)It has excellent curative properties.
D)It is generally highly inefficient.
E)It is effective for symptom control.

Question 12

consist of strange muscular movements such as eye-twitching and tongue thrusting,whereasinclude stooped posture,muscular rigidity,a distinctive shuffling gait,and occasional drooling.

A)Parkinsonian effects; extrapyramidal effects
B)Extrapyramidal effects; tardive dyskinesia
C)anti-Parkinsonian effects; anti-pyramidal effects
D)Parkinsonian effects; tardive dyskinesia
E)Tardive dyskinesia; Parkinsonian effects

Question 13

Jimmy is a university student with attention deficit disorder who regularly takes Ritalin.He is taking a math exam on Monday at noon.To ensure peak clinical effectiveness of the Ritalin for his exam,what time would be best for Jimmy to take his medication?

A)between 7:00 and 11:00 the morning of the exam
B)between 11:00 and 12:00 the morning of the exam
C)right at the beginning of the exam
D)24 hours before the time of the exam
E)the night before the exam

Question 14

Which of the following taken in combination with the enzyme tyramine (found in yeast,chocolate and beer)can cause a life-threatening increase in blood pressure?

A)monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
B)Prozac
C)tricyclics (TCAs)
D)selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
E)lithium

Question 15

Electroconvulsive therapy

A)is no longer used in any form to treat any mental illness.
B)identifies cardiac failure as its most prominent side effect.
C)has only recently chosen to apply higher and more intense currents during treatment.
D)has recently opted for shorter courses of treatment.
E)was first used to in the 1930s to treat severe depression only.

Question 16

Ken has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.As a psychiatrist,what can you prescribe to treat him?

A)anxiolytics
B)stimulants
C)mood stabilizers
D)antipsychotics
E)antidepressants

Question 17

Lithium most clearly appears to help the treatment of bipolar disorder by.

A)increasing overall positive mood
B)decreasing the frequency of negative mood states
C)reducing the intensity of manic states
D)blocking the emergence of manic episodes
E)reducing the probability of depressive episodes

Question 18

Ken argues that it might be more cost effective for psychologists to prescribe medicine for their patients rather than referring to psychiatrists or physicians.Which of the following arguments would best serve as a rebuttal to Ken's argument?

A)Absolutely not,because psychologists do not believe in the efficacy of drug therapy and do not want prescription privileges.
B)Absolutely.The provision of education required to competently prescribe would not occur at the expense of training in psychological assessments and interventions making adequate prescription training possible.
C)Maybe,but undeserved groups such as the elderly,the chronically mentally ill and those living in rural areas would benefit very little from such a service.
D)Maybe,but many major mental disorders (such as schizophrenia)are best treated with psychotherapy,so why prescribe medication.
E)One has to be careful when allocating prescription privileges because the biological and pharmaceutical training required of psychologists may be inadequate.

Question 19

John has been seeing a psychotherapist for the past six months.Although the service provided has been average,John finds out that his psychotherapist has little or no professional training.What can he do to rectify his situation?

A)He can't do anything.He should have inquired into the training and background of his psychotherapist before signing on as a client.
B)He can ensure that the psychotherapist in question can no longer practice again.
C)He can take legal action if he wishes.
D)He can ask that the therapy be started over again with the therapist.
E)He can obtain a full refund of his expenses.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding first vs.second-generation anti- psychotics?

A)first generation anti-psychotic medications have more extrapyramidal side effects
B)second generation anti-psychotic medications are more strongly associated with weight gain side effects
C)second generation anti-psychotic medications have mood stabilizing properties,making them desirable in the treatment of mania with psychosis
D)first generation anti-psychotic medications are more expensive than second generation antipsychotics
E)choice of antipsychotic should be based on the impact of side effects on the individual patient

Question 21

"I feel that sexual and aggressive instincts are less important than the individual's striving to overcome personal weakness." Which of the following therapists would be most likely to say this?

A)Harry Stack Sullivan
B)Karen Horney
C)Erik Erikson
D)Alfred Adler
E)Sigmund Freud

Question 22

Whereas psychodynamic approaches focus on the person's,humanistic and experiential approaches focus on the person's.

A)unconscious processes; past experiences
B)subjective experiences; unconscious processes
C)unconscious processes; subjective experiences
D)current experiences; past experiences
E)conscious processes; unconscious processes

Question 23

A new cognitive-behavioral therapy has shifted focus away from challenging the content of thoughts,and towards.

A)challenging the nature of one's emotions
B)questioning one's behavioral responses
C)attending to and accepting the presence of one's thoughts
D)identifying repetitive themes in one's thoughts and responses to the therapist
E)engaging in behavioral experiments with the client

Question 24

Dave is hostile towards everyone.His therapist provides him with feedback indicating that his interpersonal style is perpetuating and provoking conflicts.He teaches Dave to interact with others in a more flexible and positive way.Which type of psychotherapy is Dave's therapist using?

A)ego analysis
B)time limited dynamic psychotherapy
C)interpersonal psychodynamic therapy
D)aversion therapy
E)brief psychodynamic psychotherapy

Question 25

You are an existential therapist.Which of the following potential clients would be least suited for your type of therapy?

A)a juvenile delinquent who has antisocial personality disorder and frequently engages in suicidal behaviour
B)a high school student who feels no sense of belonging and has become disillusioned with his studies
C)a young lawyer who frequently has panic and anxiety attacks before important cases
D)a schizophrenic patient who never takes his medication
E)a young mother with dependent personality disorder and recently divorced

Question 26

"Goals are concrete,conversation replaces free association,therapists are emphatic rather than emotionally detached,and interpretations focus on current life events rather than childhood fears and conflicts." Which type of psychotherapy is being described here?

A)Adler's individual psychology
B)time-limited dynamic psychotherapy
C)interpersonal psychodynamic therapy
D)brief psychodynamic psychotherapy
E)ego analysis

Question 27

Behaviour therapy originally arose as a treatment approach for

A)alcoholics.
B)neurotic patients.
C)psychotic patients.
D)patients suffering from anxiety and related disorders.
E)patients suffering from depression.

Question 28

Mindfulness approaches are based on the premise that

A)self-management and successful coping is facilitated by open awareness of one's experience in the present moment.
B)gradual mindful exposure can be just as effective as in vivo exposure.
C)assertiveness can be practiced in session and then generalized to real-world interaction.
D)attending to distorted interpretation and attributions results in replacement with more reasonable cognitions.
E)awareness of one's thoughts facilitates self-reinforcement for appropriate cognitions.

Question 29

A child that is taught how to tie his shoes gradually is learning this skill through

A)problem solving.
B)exposure.
C)response shaping.
D)reinforcement.
E)behavioural activation.

Question 30

Jane has a fear of dogs.Her therapist decides to gradually let her interact with some dogs in his presence until her fear disappears.This technique is known as

A)behavioural activation.
B)reinforcement.
C)response shaping.
D)exposure therapy.
E)systematic desensitization.

Question 31

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Gestalt therapy?

A)It often interprets clients dreams.
B)It integrates clients' inner feelings and their external environments.
C)It encourages clients to talk freely about other people.
D)It helps clients become aware of feelings and needs that have been ignored or distorted.
E)It often employs the empty chair technique.

Question 32

Perhaps the greatest contribution of the humanistic approaches has been

A)the experiential approach developed by Al Mahrer at the University of Ottawa.
B)the process experiential approach developed by Les Greenberg and his colleagues at York University in Toronto.
C)the emphasis that this approach places on the unconscious processes of the client.
D)the emphasis that this approach places on the human qualities of the therapist.
E)the empty chair technique developed by Fritz Perls.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic techniques of psychoanalysis?

A)free association
B)dream interpretation
C)analysis of resistance
D)guided imagery
E)analysis of transference

Question 34

Carl Rogers developed client-centred therapy in the 1940s as an alternative to

A)drug therapy.
B)humanistic and experiential approaches.
C)existential therapy.
D)psychoanalysis.
E)cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Question 35

A father has just started teaching his young son to shoot a basketball.Although he is very eager to see him progress,the father comes down hard on his son every time he misses a shot.According to Albert Bandura,how should the father modify his approach?

A)He shouldn't change anything.Mastery and self-efficacy will develop even better with criticism.
B)He should reward his son with money every time he makes a shot.
C)He should maintain a similar standard of criticism even once the behaviour has been mastered.
D)He should encourage his son for persistence and effort,even if he is missing shots.
E)He shouldn't change anything.By being a harsh critic,the father will help his son develop high standards for the future.

Question 36

We can trace the roots of psychodynamic therapy to which of the following individuals?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Erik Erikson
C)Carl Jung
D)Carl Rogers
E)Karen Horney

Question 37

A patient who experienced her father as controlling will likely experience the therapist as controlling.According to psychoanalysis,which phenomenon is occurring here?

A)resistance
B)free association
C)denial
D)countertransference
E)transference

Question 38

Which of the following does not take place during client-centered therapy?

A)A client is given "unconditional positive regard".
B)A client is valued as a unique individual.
C)A client is welcomed into an environment of acceptance.
D)A client is diagnosed.
E)A client is treated by a therapist who is genuine and empathic.

Question 39

Albert Ellis' rational-emotive therapy can be described as a

A)cognitive-behavioural approach.
B)fundamentally humanistic approach.
C)psychoanalytic approach.
D)purely cognitive approach.
E)purely behavioural approach.

Question 40

Dr.Smith is employing a psychoanalytic approach to treat her client.During their first session,Dr.Smith encourages her client to say anything that comes to his mind.After the session is done,Dr.Smith analyzes what was said by focusing specifically on slips of the tongue and numerous incidents of forgetfulness.During the second session,Dr.Smith focuses on the fact that her patient is unwilling to discuss certain topics and has a tendency to remain quiet.Which three psychoanalytic techniques were most likely used by Dr.Smith during the two treatment sessions?

A)free association; analysis of transference; and interpretation
B)free association; interpretation; and analysis of transference
C)free association; analysis of resistance; and analysis of transference
D)free association; dream interpretation; and analysis of resistance
E)free association; interpretation; and analysis of resistance

Question 41

The process of addressing ambivalence to adopt lifestyle changes is termed

A)induction of insight.
B)cognitive restructuring.
C)cognitive therapy.
D)motivational interviewing.
E)self-regulation.

Question 42

What is the most beneficial treatment for mildly to moderately distressed couples?

A)behavioural marital therapy
B)emotionally focused marital therapy
C)psychodynamic marital therapy
D)marital sex therapy
E)cognitive marital therapy

Question 43

While researchers have improved their studies by increasingvalidity,there has been a corresponding reduction invalidity.

A)external; internal
B)face; criterion
C)internal; external
D)construct; criterion
E)internal; predictive

Question 44

Jerome Frank identifies three essential ingredients in psychotherapeutic healing:
,,and.

A)hope ; gaining awareness of one's own thought process ; gaining awareness of how one is perceived by others
B)hope ; an alternative explanation for the problem ; a prescription that the client think,feel,or act in a different way
C)calm ; gaining awareness of one's own thought process ; gaining awareness of how one is perceived by others
D)calm ; an alternative explanation for the problem ; a prescription that the client think,feel,or act in a different way
E)trust ; an alternative explanation for the problem; a prescription that the client think,feel,or act in a different way

Question 45

Which of the following online or smartphone therapies is NOT identified in the text as having research support for its efficacy?

A)interventions for anxiety and related disorders
B)smoking cessation therapy
C)parenting interventions
D)post-traumatic stress disorder therapy
E)DBT for intense negative emotionality and maladaptive behaviors

Question 46

In his 1952 article,Hans Eysenck

A)compiled extensive evidence outlining the strong suits of psychotherapy.
B)constructively analyzed the pros and cons of psychotherapy.
C)was unable to take a specific stance on psychotherapy.
D)that drug therapy was for most people far superior to any of the psychotherapies.
E)argued that there was no evidence that psychotherapy had any demonstrable effect.

Question 47

Jack is concerned that he is not getting the most out of his psychotherapy.He no longer feels depressed yet has only been to seven sessions.As an expert on treatment length,what would be the best advice you could give him?

A)You should tell him to sign on with a new therapist because premature termination most likely is an indication of treatment failure.
B)You should tell him that if he truly feels better,he need not continue psychotherapy,as the number of therapy sessions attended is not necessarily related to whether the client's condition has improved.
C)You should tell him that even though he feels cured he should continue to attend therapy sessions for a minimum of 13 to 20 sessions,as he will otherwise receive less than optimal benefit from therapy.
D)You should point out that without further therapy sessions,relapse will be inevitable.
E)You should remind him of the cost of psychotherapy and that dropping out now would be a waste of his money.

Question 48

Canadian psychologists Sue Johnson and Les Greenberg developed and evaluated an experiential approach to couples therapy called

A)emotion focused therapy.
B)group therapy.
C)problem focused therapy.
D)dynamic therapy.
E)family therapy.

Question 49

Clinical psychologists are among the main providers of psychotherapy.The most commonly endorsed orientation is

A)humanistic-experiential.
B)eclectic.
C)psychodynamic.
D)neo-Freudian.
E)cognitive-behavioural.

Question 50

Which of the following is true?

A)Methodological limitations,such as small sample size,have rarely if ever been an issue in studies comparing treatments.
B)The so-called verbal therapies are correctly categorized together as they share much in common.
C)The manner by which a researcher chooses to categorize therapies does not appear to affect the conclusions drawn from a study comparing those therapies.
D)Using meta-analytic approaches,a number of investigators are now finding significant differences between treatments.
E)Kazdin and Bass (1989)found that most studies that found no differences between treatments had a large enough sample size to draw solid conclusions.

Question 51

Although research does exist on the effectiveness of psychotherapy,one has to be careful when generalizing these findings to the real world because

A)most studies are conducted without the consent of the patients.
B)researchers do not have to meet the standards of experimental criteria when comparing therapies.
C)researchers do not know or have any control over the participants in their studies.
D)most studies are conducted in a research context.
E)most studies are conducted without the participation of the therapists.

Question 52

According to Jerome Frank,the first ingredient in healing is

A)awareness.
B)an alternative explanation for the problem.
C)coming to terms with the less desirable aspects of one's personality.
D)the client is supposed to think,feel,or act in a different way.
E)hope.

Question 53

Dr.Brown is a firm supporter of cognitive-behavioural treatments.His patient Peter has a fear of dogs.During their first therapy session,Dr.Brown actively challenges Peter's beliefs regarding dogs and subjects Peter to many of the symptoms usually experienced in a panic disorder.In this case,Dr.Brown is using the principles of

A)aversion therapy and extinction.
B)cognitive restructuring and interoceptive exposure.
C)extinction and systematic desensitization.
D)cognitive restructuring and systematic desensitization.
E)exposure therapy and behavioural activation.

Question 54

Evidence indicates that fewer thanpercent of treated couples will be able to maintain happy marriages in the years following treatment.

A)40
B)50
C)20
D)30
E)10

Question 55

"Everybody has won,and all must have prizes." This line from Alice in Wonderland
Best conforms with which psychological principle?

A)the multiple placebo effect
B)emotion focused therapy
C)the ripple effect
D)the dodo bird verdict
E)systematic desensitization

Question 56

Which of the following is false regarding psychotherapy?

A)Many of those most in need of help never seek it.
B)People may seek therapy for advice and assistance in coping with social roles.
C)The Canadian government ensures that all those who are most in need of psychotherapy,adequately receive such a service.
D)The majority of people seeking psychotherapy are young-to-middle-aged adults.
E)Women are twice as likely as men to consult a psychologist.

Question 57

Which of the following is true?

A)Cognitive therapy has shown no effectiveness in treating depression in the elderly.
B)Antidepressants and some form of psychotherapy can be more efficacious than either treatment alone,especially for chronic depression.
C)Cognitive-behaviour therapy has not been shown to be effective in treating anxiety and related disorders in children.
D)Cognitive-behavioural therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy have both proven ineffective in treating bulimia.
E)In searching for the active ingredient of cognitive therapy for depression researchers examined three treatments which were each found to significantly differ from the other two.

Question 58

Based on the research by Weiss and Weisz (1995)all of the following are accurate EXCEPT

A)cognitive-behavioural therapies are always the most effective.
B)was ultimately deemed to be inconclusive regarding the overall effectiveness of behavioural versus non-behavioural treatments.
C)found that the nonbehavioural treatments had an effect size of 0.42.
D)found that the behavioural treatments had an effect size of 0.85.
E)there is more evidence to support the efficacy of cognitive-behaviour therapies than other treatments.

Question 59

Cohen and colleagues (2008)found that the majority of Canadian clinical psychologists they surveyed identified themselves as.

A)psychodynamic
B)humanistic-existential
C)biological
D)cognitive-behavioural
E)gestalt

Question 60

The goal of emotionally focused couples therapy is to

A)help members of the couple identify the emotions that trigger unhelpful behaviors.
B)help each member of the couple identify the cognitions that give rise to the intense emotions and maladaptive behaviors.
C)help each member of the couple to identify the early parent-child interaction patterns that are re-surfacing in the current relationship.
D)modify the distressed couples' constricted interaction patterns and emotional responses by fostering the development of a secure emotional bond.
E)help the distressed couple to reflect upon and communicate the needs that are not being met in the relationship.

Question 61

According to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE),a person suffering from mild depression for the first time and seeking treatment should

A)be prescribed an SSRI.
B)take a test to determine whether antidepressants or cognitive-behaviour therapy would work best.
C)wait six months to determine if the depression warrants professional intervention.
D)be prescribed an SSRI along with CBT.
E)be offered brief CBT.

Question 62

ECT side effects include memory loss and disorientation.

Question 63

In systematic desensitization,fear-inducing stimuli are arranged in a hierarchy and presented to the client,in hopes of reducing unwanted behaviour.

Question 64

Research has shown that clinical psychologists with more extensive training and years of experience are more effective.

Question 65

Eysenck determined that clients often improve without psychotherapy; there was no evidence that psychotherapy had any demonstrable effect.

Question 66

ECT was originally used to treat schizophrenia and then later was used to treat depression.

Question 67

Often,those most in need of psychological help are not the ones to receive it.

Question 68

Systematic desensitization is currently the treatment of choice for phobias,since it has been found to be more effective than in vivo treatment and treatments without the relaxation component.

Question 69

Stimulants are used to treat children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder.

Question 70

Antipsychotic medications are the only class of medications that can cure schizophrenia at this time.

Question 71

Many of the current psychotherapies are long-term,since clients often face extensive problems and may require years of therapy.

Question 72

Cognitive restructuring requires people to first become aware of their emotions when they are having distorted thoughts.

Question 73

Extrapyramidal effects include symptoms similar to those found in Parkinson's disease.

Question 74

In family therapy,the focus is placed on reframing the problem so that family can work on tasks designed to change their ways of interacting with one another.

Question 75

Electroconvulsive therapy is used for disorders like schizophrenia,depressive disorders,and anxiety related disorders,especially when medication does not work.

Question 76

Which of the following is not an example of criteria for designation as an empirically supported therapy?

A)At least ten single-case-design studies demonstrating efficacy.
B)The treatment effects must have been found by at least five different researchers or research teams.
C)At least two group design studies demonstrating efficacy by being superior to pill,psychological placebo,or another treatment.
D)Studies must be conducted with treatment manuals.
E)The characteristics of the participants must be clearly described.

Question 77

Couples treatment has been found effective for problems such as depression or alcoholism in adults and conduct disorder in children.

Question 78

Lithium has been shown to have antidepressant effects.

Question 79

The main goal of Freudian psychoanalysis is to overcome defense mechanisms which the client has developed.

Question 80

The main problem with many of the antidepressant drugs is that large doses are highly toxic.