Deck 18: Prevention and Mental Health Promotion in the Community

Question 1

Katie's high school is involved in a special program designed to encourage the students to practice safe sex so as to reduce the likelihood of pregnancy and STDs.This program is an example of

A)a high-risk prevention program.
B)a universal prevention program.
C)a psychological secondary prevention program.
D)a biological primary prevention program.
E)an indicated high-risk program.

Answer 1

a universal prevention program.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a protective factor for mental health?

A)identification with competent role models
B)aspirations for the future
C)stable care from parents or other caregivers
D)attractiveness to peers and adults
E)an IQ over 100

Answer 2

an IQ over 100

Question 3

Community psychology is necessary for prevention for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A)No treatment will be 100% effective.
B)There are not enough trained professionals to treat all of those who need it.
C)Treatment services have not reduced rates of disease in the population.
D)For health in general,treatment services have not been effective in reducing rates of disease in a population.
E)Group therapy has been shown to be more effective than individual therapy.

Answer 3

Group therapy has been shown to be more effective than individual therapy.

Question 4

Curry and his parents live in East Harlem.Curry's parents do not allow him to hang out on the streets,he must complete his homework and be in by his curfew.Placing limits on Curry's behaviour is an example of

A)prevention.
B)altering exposure to risk.
C)an authoritarian parenting style.
D)a secure attachment.
E)parental involvement.

Question 5

All of the following are considered central mechanisms which can help people cope with adversity EXCEPT

A)promoting physical exercise as a means of dealing with stress.
B)creating opportunities for personal growth.
C)enhancing self-esteem and self-efficacy.
D)reducing the impact of risks.
E)helping individuals deal with stressful life events.

Question 6

The more general risk factors for poor mental health that an individual has,the more
An individual is to disorder.

A)handicapped
B)resilient
C)affected
D)protected
E)vulnerable

Question 7

Reducing stressors while preparing individual's to better cope with stressors is the focus of

A)clinical prevention.
B)health psychology.
C)public health promotion.
D)community intervention.
E)tertiary prevention.

Question 8

Suicide prevention hotlines is an example of an application that comes from

A)prevention theory.
B)primary prevention.
C)crisis theory.
D)tertiary prevention.
E)mental health promotion.

Question 9

All of the following distinguishes community psychology from clinical psychology EXCEPT

A)community psychologists stress the interdependence of the individual,family,and community.
B)community psychology takes an ecological approach.
C)community psychologists focus on treating groups rather than individuals.
D)community psychologists encourage the use of social support groups.
E)community psychology focuses on prevention.

Question 10

Community psychology had its roots in

A)clinical psychology.
B)sociological medicine.
C)organizational psychology.
D)developmental psychology.
E)ecological perspective.

Question 11

Prevention programs that target participants on the basis of known risk factors for certain mental health problems (which can be "internal" or external to the participant)are called

A)secondary,or indicated prevention programs.
B)selective prevention programs.
C)mental health promotion programs.
D)early intervention programs.
E)universal programs.

Question 12

The local high school has a program which attempts to provide teens with strategies to cope with peer pressures to drink and use drugs.This approach would be characteristic of

A)campaigning.
B)public health approach.
C)drug education.
D)secondary prevention.
E)tertiary prevention.

Question 13

Well-being tends to be the focus of mental health

A)primary prevention.
B)intervention.
C)prevention.
D)tertiary prevention.
E)promotion.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the key pathways towards mental health promotion?

A)empowerment
B)resources to cope with stress
C)competencies
D)physical environments
E)secure attachment

Question 15

The family and social network is a part of

A)the exosystem.
B)the microsystem.
C)the individual.
D)the macrosystem.
E)the culture.

Question 16

The public health approach is characterized by all of the following steps EXCEPT

A)identifying the disease and developing a reliable method of diagnosis.
B)developing prevention programs.
C)researchers tend to focus on the person,the environment,and the agent.
D)encouraging effective coping strategies.
E)developing a theory of the course of development taken by the disease.

Question 17

According to the ecological perspective,mental health problems can be viewed as having

A)singular etiologies.
B)multiple levels of analysis.
C)a concern with treating the individual.
D)impetus from the disease model.
E)an environmental explanation.

Question 18

Joshua was born with PKU,and was immediately placed on a special diet to prevent mental retardation.This is an example of

A)biological primary prevention.
B)biological tertiary prevention.
C)disease prevention.
D)reactive treatment.
E)biological secondary prevention.

Question 19

Primary prevention programs seek to,secondary prevention programs aim toand tertiary programs aim to.

A)eliminate disorders ; reduce the associated harms ; limit the duration of disorders
B)reduce incidence of disorder ; limit duration of a disorder ; reduce disability resulting from an established disorder
C)limit exposure to disorder ; block the mechanism of a disorder ; limit the severity of a disorder that has occurred
D)prevent entry of a pathogen into the country ; limit population exposure ; limit the transmission of a disorder
E)reduce incidence ; limit severity ; limit duration

Question 20

In developing a disease prevention program,researchers working from a Public Health approach tend to focus on three components of the disease: characteristics of the
,characteristics of theand finally,the,or manner by which the disease is transmitted.

A)host ; environment ; agent
B)germ ; environment ; agent
C)pathogen ; environment ; agent
D)host ; mechanism ; acquisition process
E)germ ; environment ; pathogenesis

Question 21

Researchers have found that the most positive and long-lasting impacts of prevention programs occur when

A)the programs are long and intensive.
B)the programs include free access to psychological help.
C)the programs are brief and simple.
D)the programs have a follow-up five to ten years later.
E)the programs last for one to two years.

Question 22

Better Beginnings,Better Futures differs from most prevention projects in that

A)it was designed to address child,family,and community development.
B)a home-visiting component is included.
C)funding was provided by the community members themselves.
D)community psychologists are responsible for most decisions.
E)it only focused on families falling below the poverty line.

Question 23

In a recent review of Canadian programs,Waddell et al.(2007)found that only
Has demonstrated positive mental health outcomes for children.

A)the Community Action Program for Children (CAPC)
B)the Better Beginnings project
C)the Early Head Start project
D)The Perry Preschool project
E)the Prenatal Early Infancy project

Question 24

The future focus of prevention/promotion programs should be

A)documenting outcomes.
B)successful implementation.
C)children and youth.
D)developing more effective programs.
E)determining which groups most need help.

Question 25

The four key characteristics of mental health promotion,identified by Cowen (1996)are:

A)proactive ; population-focus ; multi-dimensional ; ongoing
B)reactive ; targeted ; multi-dimensional ; ongoing
C)proactive ; targeted ; focused ; ongoing
D)reactive ; population focused ; focused ; ongoing
E)proactive ; population-focus ; bi-dimensional ; appropriately timed

Question 26

In the Early Infancy Prenatal Program,nurse-visited women showed all of the following EXCEPT

A)improvement in the quality of their diets.
B)fewer kidney infections.
C)fewer preterm deliveries.
D)abusive behaviour toward their children.
E)more informal support and greater use of community services.

Question 27

Which of the following is true of Canada?

A)Canada is ahead of many Western European countries in social policies that support families.
B)Canada has dramatically reduced rates of child poverty.
C)Canada's national mental health strategy focuses too little on prevention or promotion.
D)Beginning in the late 1980s,the federal government increased transfer payments to the provinces.
E)There are very few national and provincial early childhood education initiatives.

Question 28

Conduct Disorder has an incidence of 6% among children exposed to (one of)risk factors A,B,or C,but an incidence of 15% when persons are exposed to two of these risk factors,and 26% when exposed to all three.This is most consistent with

A)impact of risk at the macrosystem level.
B)impact of risk at the microsystem level.
C)the impact of cumulative risk.
D)the need for an ecological approach to MHP.
E)the need for mental health promotion vs.prevention.

Question 29

Outcome failures of a prevention program might be due to poor implementation.On the basis of their research,On the basis of Durlak and DuPre's (2008)research,the Chapter concludes thatandare related to positive outcomes.

A)fidelity ; dosage or intensity
B)dosage ; intensity
C)positivity ; dosage or intensity
D)fidelity with appropriate adaptation ; positivity
E)fidelity with appropriate adaptation ; dosage or intensity

Question 30

Prevention programs have been used to deal with all of the following problems EXCEPT

A)problems of children and youth.
B)adult illiteracy.
C)criminal behaviour and conduct disorder.
D)depression.
E)violence against women.

Question 31

Old's Prenatal Early Infancy Project was

A)a support group implemented by pregnant women who were at risk for poor outcomes.
B)a universal prevention program designed to assist single women who were pregnant for the first time.
C)a prevention program designed for pregnant alcoholic women.
D)a home-visitation project designed to improve maternal and child functioning.
E)a hospital-based health program designed to increase maternal well-being and health.

Question 32

What is true regarding the Canadian provinces' reaction to prevention?

A)Funding for prevention programs appears to be greatest in the Western provinces.
B)There has been an increase in funding to prevention projects.
C)Various programs are proposed,yet funding is not provided to prevention.
D)Prevention programs are wholeheartedly supported.
E)Funding for prevention programs appears to be lagging in the Atlantic provinces.

Question 33

Studies that have investigated the return on investment (ROI)of early intervention programs have found that the savings obtained come in the form of all of the following EXCEPT

A)reduced attendance in costly special education programs.
B)less contact with expensive social services.
C)fewer tax dollars allocated to treatment and rehabilitation.
D)lower rates of incarceration and delinquency.
E)increased tax contributions through steady employment.

Question 34

Which of the following was NOT one of the long-term benefits of the Early Infancy Prenatal Program?

A)Fourteen percent of the poor,unmarried teenage mothers in the control group abused their children,compared to 4% in the nurse-visited group.
B)The children in the nurse-visited group showed a better academic outcome than children in the control group.
C)Nurse-visited women had lower rates of substance abuse.
D)Nurse-visited women had higher rates of employment.
E)The children in the nurse-visited group were less likely to visit a physician for injuries or ingestion.

Question 35

The main focus of the Prenatal Early Infancy Project is to

A)assist the mother's in having regular medical check-ups.
B)study children from before birth until late adolescence.
C)ensure that the mother's maintained optimal health.
D)prevent child abuse and neglect.
E)ensure that the mother's did not consume drugs or alcohol during the pregnancy.

Question 36

In Ontario,Ontario Early Years Centers have been developed as a result of a report entitled

A)The Kirby report.
B)A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians.
C)Achieving Health for All.
D)Reversing the Real Brain Drain: Early Years Study - Final Report.
E)Mental Health for Canadians: Striking a Balance.

Question 37

Which statement best describes the results of the Perry Preschool Project?

A)Children at high-risk are better able to complete their academic careers.
B)This program is more beneficial to girls than boys.
C)Although there were long -term benefits of this program,there were no immediate benefits.
D)The short-term benefits appeared to disappear after a couple of years.
E)The long-term benefits of the program are unclear.

Question 38

Although poorer people are more likely to have severe psychological problems,our culture

A)concentrates on individual persons rather than on systems.
B)emphasizes systemic problems such as child poverty.
C)blames the government for all problems.
D)provides services only to those who can afford them.
E)is attempting to involve lower SES groups in intervention efforts.

Question 39

Return on investment studies have computed economic returns for a variety of early intervention programs with families and children at risk.These studies have generated estimates ranging fromtoreturn on every dollar invested.

A)$0.25 ; $1.75
B)$0.75 ; $3.50
C)$1.00 ; $12.00
D)$1.50 ; $17.00
E)$2.50 ; $29.00

Question 40

The Canadian Institute for Health Information recommends an ecological approach to mental health promotion,encouraging government to

A)address a broad range of risk factors.
B)circumvent the most well-established risk factors.
C)implement strategies at individual,community and societal levels.
D)implement strategies at the ecological level of analysis.
E)treat mental health promotion as a non-reducible ecological system.

Question 41

Primary prevention focuses on reducing mental health problems and enhancing functioning.

Question 42

From the view of mental health promotion,mental health is the absence of mental disorder.

Question 43

The only way to reduce the impact of a risk factor is to remove that risk factor from the individual's environment.

Question 44

High risk programs always attempt to involve communities that are at risk for particular reasons (i.e.,low SES,crime-infested,etc.).

Question 45

Specific risk factors are responsible for certain types of mental health problems,and if we intervene early enough,we could prevent specific problems in groups of people.

Question 46

Recently,some provinces have begun prevention initiatives.

Question 47

A community psychologist would be responsible for diagnosing and treating those of lower socioeconomic status.

Question 48

The Canadian government has been extremely supportive of prevention efforts,and funding for prevention programs is becoming increasingly available.

Question 49

Distinguish community psychology from clinical psychology.

Question 50

Generally,early childhood intervention programs have not been found to a high return on investment (ROI).

Question 51

Although a community psychologist will advise and urge the individual to involve others in an intervention or to obtain social supports,s/he will not actively make those contacts for the client.

Question 52

The Perry Preschool Program and the Prenatal Early Infancy project are examples of high-risk programs because they focus on individuals who are already at a disadvantage for having problems (due to low SES,unemployment,etc.).

Question 53

The ecological perspective focuses on the individual,his or her family and social network,schools and workplaces,and social norms and policies.

Question 54

Community psychology emphasizes the ecological perspective and the inter- dependence of the individual,the family,the community and society.

Question 55

According to the crisis theory of Lindemann and Caplan,people in a state of crisis are more open to accepting assistance.

Question 56

The Better Beginnings,Better Futures project could be considered universal,since it was offered to all children and their families in a given age range.

Question 57

Define the three types of prevention

Question 58

In order to be more successful,community psychology should allow community members to be responsible for the planning and implementation of prevention projects.

Question 59

Indicated prevention programs are functionally very similar with early intervention programs.

Question 60

Traditionally,health and human services have focused on persons' deficits and weaknesses.

Question 61

Highlight the three major goals of the Better Beginnings,Better Futures project.

Question 62

Briefly outline the prevention and promotion policy in Canada.

Question 63

Prilleltensky (2005)shows that it is helpful to plot the timing of an MHP / prevention program (i.e.,universal prevention vs.indicated prevention / early intervention for problems that have already started)against the ecological level of implementation (i.e.,micro vs.macro levels),creating four quadrants.Describe these quadrants and identify examples of MHP interventions for each.

Question 64

What are the elements of the Better Beginnings Program? Is this a true example of an ecological approach to mental health promotion?

Question 65

List five categories of general risk factors for poor mental health and identify some general protective factors.

Question 66

Briefly describe Old's Prenatal Early Infancy Project; focus on results.

Question 67

Compare and contrast the high-risk vs.the universal approach to promotion/prevention programs.

Question 68

Briefly outline future directions for prevention and promotion.