Deck 23: Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary System

Question 1

If you are a male, what is another cause of painful urination in addition to a UTI

Answer 1

Because the penis is the terminus of both the urinary and reproductive systems in men, they may have a few more complications. Men may suffer from discharge from the penis that is not urine. Also the lymph nodes rectum, prostate, scrotum can all have inflammation and associated pain.

Question 2

Genital herpes transmission can be reduced or prevented by all of the following except

A) a condom.
B) abstinence.
C) the contraceptive pill.
D) a female condom.

Answer 2

Genital herpes transmission can be reduced or prevented by many types of treatment and practices. Both a condom and a female condom provide good protection, especially if they cover the site of the lesion. Abstinence obviously helps to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases especially during the appearance of active lesions. However, contraceptive pills ( c ) do not prevent the transmission of the disease.
Since condoms ( a ) do prevent the transmission of herpes, especially when they cover the site of a lesion, ( a ) is incorrect.
Since abstinence will prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections such as herpes, ( b ) is incorrect.
Female condoms do prevent the transmission of herpes especially if they cover the site of the lesions. For this reason ( d ) is incorrect.

Question 3

What are the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI)

Answer 3

Urinary tract infections have several signs and symptoms. One symptom is pain of the pubic area with constant urination urges. When urinating there is a burning pain. The urine many times is not clear because of the infection in the urine and the white blood cells there to fight it. Orange tinge to the urine is possible, Fevers and nausea is possible. The kidneys may be involved if back pain is present.

Question 4

Critical thinking is the ability to reason and solve problems using facts and concepts. These questions can be approached from a number of angles and, in most cases, they do not have a single correct answer.
Summarize how a laboratory technologist would identify a case of vaginosis versus a case of vaginitis from a vaginal swab specimen.

Question 5

Identify which of the preceding conditions can cause disease through vertical transmission.

Question 6

HPV Vaccine for All
In 2006, the FDA licensed Gardasil, a vaccine that protects against four strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause cervical cancer in women. In 2009, another vaccine, Cervarix, was licensed that protects against two strains of HPV that cause cervical cancer. In 2013, the CDC released data showing that the HPV infection rate among girls ages 14 to 19 has been reduced by 56% in the years since the vaccine was introduced. This was true even though only one-third of girls in the recommended age group had received their full set of vaccinations. The protection of unvaccinated women represents a type of herd immunity, but according to guidelines from the CDC, all women ages 11 to 26 should receive both vaccines to protect against cervical cancer.
The human papillomavirus is often associated with warts. How does it cause cervical cancer
Why should young women and preteens receive the HPV vaccines
What are the recommendations for males to receive the HPV vaccine(s)
Cervical cancer occurs as a result of longstanding infection with particular types of HPV. Cervical cancer can be insidious because often there are no outward signs or symptoms and the cancer can only be detected by a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear that examines cells scraped from the cervix for abnormalities.

Recent studies have shown that there has been a rise in oropharyngeal cancer linked to HPV in men. Usually oropharyngeal cancer is linked to alcohol and tobacco use, but researchers have recently found a 225% increase in oral cancer among men caused by HPV, mainly transmitted by oral sex. A CDC report showed that two-thirds of people ages 15 to 24 have engaged in oral sex before they have intercourse. Many young people consider oral sex a safe way to engage in sexual activity but may not realize the potential for transmission of disease through this activity. Studies have shown that oropharyngeal cancers caused by HPV in males are the same types that cause cervical cancer in females. For this reason and to reduce female exposure, the CDC recommends that boys and young men ages 11 to 21 also receive the HPV vaccine.
What are the HPV vaccination rates in the United States
Why might parents be reluctant to vaccinate their children against HPV

Question 7

Syphilis is caused by

A) Treponema pallidum.
B) Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
C) Trichomonas vaginalis.
D) Haemophilus ducreyi.

Question 8

Critical thinking is the ability to reason and solve problems using facts and concepts. These questions can be approached from a number of angles and, in most cases, they do not have a single correct answer.
Provide evidence in support of or refuting the following statement: An HPV screening test is readily available for men today and involves analysis of a urine specimen.

Question 9

Appendix D provides guidance for working with concept maps.
Using the words that follow, please create a concept map illustrating the relationships among these key terms from chapter 23.
genital warts
discharge
herpes
chancroid
bacterium
molluscum contagiosum
virus
curable
ulcers
warts
syphilis
incurable
cancer

Question 10

Summarize how the microbiome of the female reproductive tract changes over time.

Question 11

The drug Flagyl can be used to treat the protozoan infection

A) Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
B) Chlamydia trachomatis.
C) Treponema pallidum.
D) Trichomonas vaginalis.

Question 12

Critical thinking is the ability to reason and solve problems using facts and concepts. These questions can be approached from a number of angles and, in most cases, they do not have a single correct answer.
Because the acidic vaginal pH is maintained in part by normal biota during reproductive years to prevent microbial infection, describe how sperm are capable of gaining entrance into the uterus on their way to fertilizing an ovum.

Question 13

What are the likely causative organisms and the subsequent infections if there is discharge associated with painful urination

Question 14

Distinguish between vaginitis and vaginosis.

Question 15

Cystitis is an infection of the

A) bladder.
B) urethra.
C) kidney.
D) vagina.

Question 16

Critical thinking is the ability to reason and solve problems using facts and concepts. These questions can be approached from a number of angles and, in most cases, they do not have a single correct answer.
a. Describe the main characteristics of PID, and list the two microorganisms that are most commonly associated with this disease.
b. Conduct additional research on current drug-resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae and create a map showing their worldwide distribution today.

Question 17

Critical thinking is the ability to reason and solve problems using facts and concepts. These questions can be approached from a number of angles and, in most cases, they do not have a single correct answer.
Why are urinary tract infections such common healthcareassociated infections Conduct additional research and provide an update on the significance of VRE, CRE, and E. coli ST131 infections today.

Question 18

Draw or describe the anatomical features of the genitourinary tracts of both genders.

Question 19

"Yeast infections" are caused by

A) Candida albicans.
B) group B Streptococcus.
C) Trichomonas.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Question 20

Which group(s) should be vaccinated for HPV infection

A) female college students who were not vaccinated at age 11 or 12
B) male college students who were not vaccinated at age 11 or 12
C) baby boomers who were not vaccinated at age 11 or 12
D) two of the above

Question 21

From chapters 20 and 23, figures 20.16 and 23.13 a. Compare these two rashes. What kind of information wouldhelp you determine the diagnosis in both cases
b. Now compare both of these to the rashes summarized in Disease Table 18.7 (p. 532-533). Which of the diseases in Disease Table 18.7 most resembles the rashes in the preceding question, and how would you distinguish among it, the rash from figure 20.16, and the one from figure 23.13 a
Figure 20.16: The rash in RMSF. This case occurred in a child several days after the onset of fever. Also pictured is an example of the hard ticks that transmit the infection.

Figure 23.13 a : Symptom of secondary syphilis. The skin rash in secondary syphilis can form on the trunk, arms, and even palms and soles (these latter locations are particularly diagnostic). The rash does not hurt or itch and can persist for months.

Disease Table 18.7: Maculopapular Rash Diseases

Question 22

List the possible causative agents for each type of urinary tract infection: cystitis/pyelonephritis, leptospirosis, and schistosomiasis.

Question 23

Summarize important aspects of prostatitis.

Question 24

What organisms are the likely causes of a UTI

Question 25

What are the possible treatments of these infections What are the treatment options if an organism is resistant to antibiotics

Question 26

Discuss pelvic inflammatory disease, and identify which organisms are most likely to cause it.

Question 27

Critical thinking is the ability to reason and solve problems using facts and concepts. These questions can be approached from a number of angles and, in most cases, they do not have a single correct answer.
a. Urine in the bladder has always been thought to be a sterile fluid. Describe the diversity of microbes being identified in urine today, and explain why previous studies did not detect these microbes in the past.
b. Describe how ExPEC strains of E. coli are able to cause disease at a site distant from the area of the body they normally colonize.

Question 28

Critical thinking is the ability to reason and solve problems using facts and concepts. These questions can be approached from a number of angles and, in most cases, they do not have a single correct answer.
a. Explain why microscopic analysis of a urine specimen is more accurate for Chlamydia screening in males than in females.
b. Describe the life cycle of Chlamydia, and explain how it plays a direct role in the pathogen's ability to cause pelvic inflammatory disease.

Question 29

If the statement is true, leave as is. If it is false, correct it by rewriting the sentence.
Genital herpes can be treated with acyclovir.

Question 30

A form of vaginitis is caused by

A) Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
B) Chlamydia trachomatis.
C) Treponema pallidum.
D) Trichomonas vaginalis.

Question 31

This dimorphic fungus is a common cause of vaginitis.

A) Candida albicans
B) Gardnerella
C) Trichomonas
D) all of the above

Question 32

Provide some detail about HPV vaccination.

Question 33

List the natural defenses present in the genitourinary tracts.

Question 34

Discuss the epidemiology of the three types of urinary tract infection.

Question 35

If the statement is true, leave as is. If it is false, correct it by rewriting the sentence.
Chancroid is caused by a fungus.

Question 36

What are the likely treatments of a UTI

Question 37

Critical thinking is the ability to reason and solve problems using facts and concepts. These questions can be approached from a number of angles and, in most cases, they do not have a single correct answer.
a. A young man presents to his primary care physician with genital lesions and he is told that he has herpes. He refuses to believe this diagnosis because he is in a long-standing relationship with a woman who clearly has never shown signs of vaginal herpes lesions. Construct an informative response to this patient based upon the information in this chapter.
b. Thinking about the previous question, explain why the actual number of people in the United States who have genital herpes may be a lot higher than official statistics depict.

Question 38

Identify the most important risk group for group B Streptococcus infection, and discuss why these infections are so dangerous in this population.

Question 39

Critical thinking is the ability to reason and solve problems using facts and concepts. These questions can be approached from a number of angles and, in most cases, they do not have a single correct answer.
A 38-year-old male living in Hawaii tried to rescue some of the family's belongings as the basement filled with water from nearby stream flooding. Within a few days, he developed flulike symptoms, but these symptoms rapidly cleared on their own. Several weeks later, however, he developed a painful headache and jaundice; at this point, he immediately sought medical attention. Urinalysis revealed the signs of a distinct pathogen, and serology showed he had increasing levels of IgM antibody. Explain what disease you think this man was suffering from and describe the causative agent.

Question 40

There are estimates that approximately __________ % of adult Americans have genital herpes.

A) 2
B) 10
C) 20
D) 50

Question 41

If the statement is true, leave as is. If it is false, correct it by rewriting the sentence.
The vast majority of cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus.

Question 42

Leptospirosis transmission to humans is

A) person to person.
B) by fomites.
C) by mosquitoes.
D) by contaminated soil or water.

Question 43

List the possible causative agents for each of the following infectious reproductive tract conditions: vaginitis, vaginosis, prostatitis, genital discharge diseases, genital ulcer diseases, and wart diseases.

Question 44

If the statement is true, leave as is. If it is false, correct it by rewriting the sentence.
Chlamydia infection is the most common STI in the United States.

Question 45

List the types of normal biota presently known to occupy the genitourinary tracts of both genders.

Question 46

Critical thinking is the ability to reason and solve problems using facts and concepts. These questions can be approached from a number of angles and, in most cases, they do not have a single correct answer.
Summarize the clinical stages of syphilis. Suggest reasons for the observed increase in the number of syphilis cases identified in recent years in the United States and abroad.

Question 47

If the statement is true, leave as is. If it is false, correct it by rewriting the sentence.
Group B Streptococcus infection is generally silent in adult females.