Deck 9: Sex and Gender

Question 1

Regarding sexual harassment,

A) formal charges, but not informal complaints, should be promptly investigated.
B) men and women view sexual behaviors at work similarly.
C) regular training is expensive and not very effective in increasing understanding of what constitutes harassment.
D) the best prescription for sexual harassment may be one of prevention, rather than remediation after harassment has occurred.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Glass walls

A) confine certain groups to certain occupations and positions within organizations.
B) prevent those constrained by them from obtaining the breadth of experience and exposure needed for advancement.
C) are similar to the glass ceiling in that they restrict movement of certain groups.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only above.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In terms of sexual harassment,

A) most of the men who are harassed are harassed by other men, rather than by women.
B) having women managers reduces hostile environment harassment but not quid pro quo harassment.
C) women are 85% of harassment targets and perpetrators in about 25% of cases.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only above.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is true of the Equal Pay Act of 1963?

A) The Equal Pay Act has been successful in reducing wage differences between Whites and minorities.
B) The Equal Pay Act has been replaced by the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act.
C) The success of the Equal Pay Act has been limited by sex segregation.
D) The Equal Pay Act has reduced the male/female wage gap to about 10%.

Question 5

Men working in female-dominated positions

A) are more highly qualified than women working in such positions.
B) are more likely to be promoted into management than women working in such positions.
C) are likely to experience discrimination because they are not in an appropriate type of job.
D) are often constrained by glass walls.

Question 6

Which of the following is not true of women of color?

A) They occupy the lowest status, lowest paid jobs.
B) They are subject to multiple disadvantages from race and gender stereotypes, discrimination, and segregation.
C) They are likely to work in female-dominated jobs.
D) They experience sexual harassment based on both race and sex from managers, but not from peers.

Question 7

When comparing male-dominated and female-dominated positions in the same fields,

A) those positions often require similar skills, interests, abilities, and work time commitments.
B) no laws, but culture and society often prevent men from entering the female-dominated fields.
C) because they are off in the summer, elementary school teachers spend considerably less time teaching than university professors.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only above.

Question 8

The glass ceiling

A) is a problem in the U.S., but not in many other nations.
B) can be largely explained by women's lack of desire to advance.
C) begins close to the top of organizations, since women are well-represented in mid-and upper-level management.
D) is an invisible barrier that prevents certain groups from progressing beyond certain levels in organizations.

Question 9

Regarding gender and poverty,

A) women's greater amount of part-time work can negatively affect them during their work lives and during their older years.
B) women's lower participation in the workforce can negatively affect them during their younger and older years.
C) around the world, women earn less than men and are more likely to live in poverty than men.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only above.

Question 10

Regarding education levels,

A) in all age ranges, and across racial and ethnic groups, men have higher education levels than women.
B) higher education results in similarly higher earnings for men and women.
C) for younger adults, women are more likely to have a bachelor's degree than men.
D) All of the above.
E) B and C only above.

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding sex-based pay inequity?

A) Because pay inequity is experienced by females, males do not experience negative consequences as a result of such inequity.
B) The male/female wage gap exists in countries all over the world.
C) In the U.S., it takes over 5 more months of working for women to earn what men earned the previous year.
D) The male/female wage gap is due solely to women's choices of occupations.
E) All of the above are true.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of the relationship between sex segregation and wages?

A) Because they are few in number, women in male-dominated jobs earn more than men in male-dominated jobs (e.g., supply and demand premium).
B) Men working in female-dominated jobs earn less than women working in female-dominated jobs because they are viewed as being untrustworthy.
C) Women working in male-dominated jobs earn more than women who work in female-dominated jobs.
D) On average, male nurses earn more than female nurses.
E) C and D only above.

Question 13

In the Ann Hopkins v. Price-Waterhouse case,

A) Hopkins was disciplined for wearing clothes that were too feminine and too much make-up in an accounting firm.
B) Hopkins was promoted, but sued when she was given a lower salary increase than her male counterparts.
C) the U.S. Supreme Court clarified the illegality of using compliance with gender roles in job decisions.
D) Hopkins was not promoted because she billed fewer hours (e.g., earned less revenue) than her male counterparts.
E) None of the above.

Question 14

Which of the following is not true of sexual harassment?

A) Harassment targets experience various negative physical and psychological outcomes.
B) Sexual harassment is related to greater conflict and lower productivity in work teams.
C) Women who are harassed tend to be younger, married, and in higher-status jobs than women who are not harassed.
D) Sexual harassment is a common phenomenon for working women around the world.
E) Complaining about sexual harassment sometimes results in constructive discharge.

Question 15

In a sex discrimination lawsuit settled in 2010, Walmart agreed to pay nearly $12 million. The EEOC alleged that Walmart did all of the following except:

A) Used gender stereotype in hiring.
B) Hired males for warehouse positions, but denied jobs to equally or more qualified female applicants.
C) Told applicants that order-filling positions were more suitable for women.
D) Engaged in systematic discrimination against women for certain positions.

Question 16

Height and weight requirements for employment

A) can discriminate against most women and some men of Asian, American Indian, or Latino descent.
B) are illegal, even if they are related to successful job performance and no other nondiscriminatory measure is feasible.
C) can result in unintended negative outcomes, such as removing discriminatory barriers to employment.
D) are generally legitimate for male-dominated jobs.

Question 17

In terms of police work,

A) men are better at doing the daily job requirements than women are.
B) women officers are less able to assist victims of certain crimes (e.g., child molestation, rape) because they tend to be emotional.
C) requirements for large-sized employees are necessary for safety.
D) a critical look at job requirements can be advantageous for employers and applicants.

Question 18

The population distribution by sex

A) indicates that slightly more of the population is female than male.
B) indicates that between prime working years (ages 25 to 64) there are 500,000 more men than women.
C) indicates that the ratio of women to men declines with age.
D) should encourage employers to exclude women because there are more of them (e.g., supply and demand).

Question 19

Gender role socialization

A) is the process by which social institutions shape expectations of acceptable behaviors for men and women.
B) makes anti-discrimination and equal pay legislation more effective.
C) results in men preparing for non-traditional jobs for men.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 20

Which of the following is not true regarding White women and women of color in the workforce?

A) At a societal level, women of color occupy the lowest-paid, lowest-status jobs of any group.
B) White women have higher workforce participation rates than some women of color, but not others.
C) The combination of race and sex creates advantages for women of color, thus they have benefited more from affirmative action programs than White women.
D) The earnings of White women with a bachelor's degree are higher than similarly educated Black and Hispanic women.

Question 21

With the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, women who are unaware of pay discrimination are less likely to run out of time to file a claim once they find out about it.

Question 22

Disparate impact on the basis of sex occurs when an applicant or employee is intentionally treated differently because of sex.

Question 23

Women and men can deviate from gender norms, but are penalized by society and organizations when they do so.

Question 24

The role of "choice" in jobs occupied by men and women constrains the Equal Pay Act and other laws against pay discrimination.

Question 25

As a double minority, women of color are likely to have more employment advantages than non-Hispanic White women.

Question 26

Worldwide, women are more likely to live in poverty than men.

Question 27

During a conversation about a promotion, Tom's supervisor, Mary, tells him that if he will meet her at a motel nearby for a sexual liaison, he will get the bonus he has been waiting for. Which of the following best describes this situation?

A) A hostile work environment.
B) Employee favoritism.
C) Probably a harmless joke, since women rarely perpetrate harassment.
D) Quid pro quo sexual harassment.
E) If Tom agrees, this is not illegal, since he would be voluntarily going.

Question 28

Quid pro quo harassment includes such things as jokes and photographs.

Question 29

In the U.S., women comprise about half of the workforce, but occupy only 4% of the highest earning positions.

Question 30

In occupational choices, women who deviate from occupations viewed as gender appropriate have the opportunity to earn higher wages.

Question 31

After 12 years of working in a female-dominated position, 44% of White men will have been promoted into management.

Question 32

The gap in earnings between women and men is even larger for younger women and men than older men and women.

Question 33

Most women are physically unable to perform jobs such as police officer and firefighter.

Question 34

Employers may find unintended positive outcomes result from efforts to remove discriminatory barriers to employment.

Question 35

In the past few years, the number of women working as CEOs in Fortune 500 positions has reached almost 50.

Question 36

Women working full-time, earn less than 70 cents to the dollar earned by men working full-time year-round.

Question 37

In many countries, women comprise less than half of the population and about half of the workforce.

Question 38

Referrals from coworkers are often pre-screened based on gender.

Question 39

The great majority of women in the U.S. are employed in a small number of occupational groups, referred to as "crowding".

Question 40

Men are about 15% of sexual harassment targets.

Question 41

The glass elevator is the rapid advancement of men working in female-dominated occupations into management, particularly men of color.