Deck 4: Men and Women, Gay and Straight

Question 1

Which of the following is most consistent with a social structural theory explanation for sex differences in relationship behavior?

A) Jenny, who is a construction worker, will be viewed less favorably than Cathy, who is a nurse.
B) Connor, who works in a daycare center, will be viewed less favorably than Bob, who works as a mechanic.
C) Nalini, a female college professor in a country low on gender equality, will be viewed less favorably than Tasha, a female college professor in a country high on gender equality.
D) All of the above statements are consistent with a social structural theory explanation for sex differences in relationship behavior.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In the chapter about men and women, the textbook authors discuss a number of male-female differences in behaviors and experiences. For instance, meta-analyses show that men tend to be more likely to interrupt during a conversation than are women (d = .15), and that women are more skilled at expressing emotion than are men (d = -.52). Based on these findings we can conclude that, overall, differences between males and females are:

A) large.
B) not large and not meaningful.
C) moderate but inconclusive.
D) not large but may be meaningful.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Sex is to ________ as gender is to ________.

A) male or female; masculine or feminine
B) masculine or feminine; male or female
C) biology; physiology
D) physiology; biology

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Ava, an 11-year-old girl, has recently become a little chubby and has started developing breasts. These body changes are examples of:

A) primary sex characteristics.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
C) tertiary sex characteristics.
D) femininity.

Question 5

Men and women compete with other members of their own sex in order to gain advantage in attracting and retaining mates. Which of the following illustrates such intrasexual competition?

A) Xela works out five times a week in order to maintain her ideal body weight.
B) Ollie loudly announces that he scored 98 percent on a math test, whereas his friend Brandon scored only 73 percent.
C) Talyn spends 45 minutes every morning styling her hair and applying makeup before leaving the house.
D) All of the above statements illustrate intrasexual competition.

Question 6

According to the textbook, what is the best way to explain differences between men and women in relationships?

A) evolution, or Òfrom the inside outÓ
B) socialization, or Òfrom the outside inÓ
C) combining evolutionary and socialization explanations
D) focusing not on biological sex but on sex role identity (e.g., masculinity and femininity)

Question 7

The way in which people view themselves in terms of masculine and feminine traits is referred to as their:

A) sex role socialization.
B) androgyny.
C) sex role schema.
D) sex role identity.

Question 8

According to the research on differences between men and women, which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) When it comes to social behaviors, men and women are more similar than dissimilar.
B) Knowing how menÕs and womenÕs social behaviors differ allows us to understand those differences.
C) When the average difference between men and women is significant, it means that most men differ from most women.
D) Male-female differences in tertiary sex characteristics are slightly smaller than male-female differences in secondary sex characteristics.

Question 9

________ refers to whether a person has characteristics and behaviors that are masculine or feminine; ________ refers to whether a person is male or female, biologically speaking.

A) Gender; sex
B) Sex; gender
C) Socialization; biology
D) Biology; socialization

Question 10

In an ingenious study described in your textbook, heterosexual male and female participants wore special Òvideo glassesÓ while they watched a videotape of a heterosexual couple engaged in foreplay. Male participants watched the woman much more than they watched the man, whereas female participants watched the man and woman about equally. These findings are consistent with research indicating that:

A) sexuality is organized similarly in men and women.
B) heterosexual men and women respond mainly to sexual images of the opposite sex.
C) menÕs sexual attraction is more flexible than womenÕs.
D) women show greater flexibility than men in what they find attractive sexually.

Question 11

Tabitha describes herself as sincere, competitive, independent, self-reliant, willing to take risks, and loyal. Based on this description, we could conclude that Tabitha is:

A) masculine.
B) feminine.
C) androgynous.
D) undifferentiated.

Question 12

David and Filippa have been dating for almost a year. Based on the research discussed in the textbook, which of the following differences would you most expect to see in DavidÕs and FilippaÕs behavior?

A) Filippa will self-disclose more than David will.
B) David will use problem-focused coping more than Filippa will.
C) Filippa will be more assertive than David will be.
D) David will masturbate more frequently than Filippa will.

Question 13

Dr. Torroba conducted a meta-analysis on whether men and women differ in their liking of chocolate, and she found that d = 1.17. What can she conclude based on this finding?

A) This is a small difference, showing that, on average, women like chocolate more than men do.
B) This is a small difference, showing that, on average, men like chocolate more than women do.
C) This is a large difference, showing that, on average, men like chocolate more than women do.
D) This is a large difference, showing that all men like chocolate more than women do.

Question 14

Joseph and Cybill are 24-year-old fraternal twins who are both single. Which one of their following behaviors is LEAST consistent with an evolutionary explanation for sex differences in relationship behavior?

A) Because of his lower parental investment, Joseph is more willing than Cybill to engage in short-term sexual relationships.
B) Cybill engages in more intrasexual competition than Joseph, especially by being physically aggressive toward her rivals.
C) Joseph prefers dating women who are younger than he is, whereas Cybill prefers dating men who are older than she is.
D) None of the above statements are consistent with an evolutionary explanation for sex differences in relationship behavior.

Question 15

Facial hair, soft skin, and deep voices are all examples of:

A) primary sex characteristics.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
C) tertiary sex characteristics.
D) gender characteristics.

Question 16

Joseph and Cybill are 24-year-old fraternal twins who are both single. Which one of their following behaviors is most consistent with an evolutionary explanation for sex differences in relationship behavior?

A) Because of his lower parental investment, Joseph is less willing than Cybill to engage in short-term sexual relationships.
B) Cybill engages in more intrasexual competition than Joseph, especially by being physically aggressive toward her rivals.
C) Joseph prefers dating women who are younger than he is, whereas Cybill prefers dating men who are older than she is.
D) All of the above statements are consistent with an evolutionary explanation for sex differences in relationship behavior.

Question 17

The term Òtertiary sex characteristicsÓ refers to:

A) the different internal structures and external genitalia that are needed for sexual reproduction.
B) characteristics that distinguish the two sexes anatomically and facilitate courtship and mate selection.
C) the social behaviors that women and men typically learn and the situations in which they are permitted to display them.
D) all of the above.

Question 18

Women and men possess different chromosomes, sex hormones, and genitalia. These are considered:

A) primary sex characteristics.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
C) tertiary sex characteristics.
D) adaptations.

Question 19

Juan thinks that because he is a man it is his ÒroleÓ to ask a woman out on a date and to pay when they go out for dinner. These behaviors are examples of:

A) primary sex characteristics.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
C) tertiary sex characteristics.
D) masculinity.

Question 20

Which of the following is LEAST consistent with a social structural theory explanation for sex differences in relationship behavior?

A) Jenny, who is a construction worker, will be viewed less favorably than Cathy, who is a nurse.
B) Connor, who works in a daycare center, will be viewed less favorably than Bob, who works as a mechanic.
C) Nalini, a female college professor in a country low on gender equality, will be viewed more favorably than Tasha, a female college professor in a country high on gender equality.
D) Marco, who works as a lawyer, will be viewed more favorably than Jacob, who works as a receptionist.

Question 21

Which of the following is FALSE regarding sex and physical intimacy in heterosexual relationships?

A) Women have a weaker sex drive than men.
B) MenÕs desire for sex does not decline much as time passes, but their desire for closeness does decline.
C) WomenÕs desire for closeness does not decline much as time passes, but their desire for sex does decline.
D) Sexual satisfaction is more closely tied to relationship satisfaction for men than it is for women.

Question 22

Homosexual is to ________ as heterosexual is to ________.

A) men; women
B) women; men
C) opposite sex; same sex
D) same sex; opposite sex

Question 23

Gurmit and Sara have recently divorced after 27 years of marriage. Which one of the following is LEAST consistent with the material about relationship dissolution and its aftermath discussed in the textbook?

A) Sara was most likely the one who applied for the divorce.
B) Gurmit is likely to remarry sooner than is Sara.
C) Sara experienced financial difficulties because of the divorce but feels, overall, slightly more life satisfaction than does Gurmit.
D) Gurmit experienced little change in income because of the divorce and feels, overall, slightly more life satisfaction than does Sara.

Question 24

Jamil describes himself as analytical, affectionate, unpredictable, moody, independent, and gentle. Based on this description, we could conclude that Jamil is:

A) masculine.
B) feminine.
C) androgynous.
D) neurotic.

Question 25

Karen and Gorman have been married 10 years. Which of the following is most consistent with the material about sex and physical intimacy described in the textbook?

A) Karen had a brief extramarital affair because she was experiencing sexual dissatisfaction in her relationship with Gorman.
B) Even though generally satisfied in their relationship, Karen and Gorman have attended relationship counseling because they were both dissatisfied with their sexual relationship.
C) Over time, both Karen and Gorman have felt more dissatisfied with their sexual relationship.
D) All of the above are consistent with the material about sex and physical intimacy.

Question 26

Your textbook describes findings from a number of studies that asked participants to rate how superficial or meaningful they found their same-sex interactions and opposite-sex interactions. Which of the following most accurately represents the findings of these studies?

A) Women rate their opposite-sex interactions as significantly more meaningful than do men.
B) Women rate their opposite-sex interactions as less meaningful than their same-sex interactions.
C) Men rate their opposite-sex interactions as more meaningful than their same-sex interactions.
D) Men rate their opposite-sex interactions as less meaningful than their same-sex interactions.

Question 27

Which of the following conclusions about sex, gender, and intimacy is most accurate?

A) Women are more interested in nurturing their intimate relationships than men are.
B) Women tend to be more dyad oriented, whereas men tend to be more group oriented.
C) There is little variability in malesÕ and femalesÕ capacities for behavior in intimate relationships.
D) All of the above are accurate conclusions about sex, gender, and intimacy.

Question 28

Which of the following is true about sex and physical intimacy in heterosexual relationships?

A) Women have a weaker sex drive than do men.
B) MenÕs desire for sex doesnÕt decline much as time passes, but their desire for closeness does decline.
C) Sexual satisfaction is more closely tied to relationship satisfaction for men than it is for women.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 29

Which of the following represents an area of difference between heterosexual and homosexual relationships based on current knowledge outlined in the textbook?

A) desire to have children
B) frequency of sex
C) relationship satisfaction
D) all of the above

Question 30

Research on sex differences in relationship awareness shows that ________ tend to have more relationship awareness than ________ do.

A) women; men
B) men; women
C) feminine women; masculine men
D) gay men; women

Question 31

According to Sandra BemÕs typology of sex role identity, which group of individuals tends to be the most adaptable, attractive, and secure in relationships?

A) masculine
B) feminine
C) androgynous
D) undifferentiated

Question 32

Caleb and Dianne participate in a study of stress and partner social support. Each day, over the course of a week, they report on how much stress they experienced and how much partner support they received. Which of the following is most likely to be a finding in this study?

A) Caleb reports that his stressful days are met with increases in DianneÕs support and criticism; DianneÕs stressful days are met with decreases in CalebÕs support.
B) Caleb reports that his stressful days are met with increases in DianneÕs support; DianneÕs stressful days are also met with increases in CalebÕs support.
C) Dianne reports that her stressful days are met with increases in CalebÕs support and criticism; CalebÕs stressful days are met with decreases in DianneÕs support.
D) Dianne reports that her stressful days are met with increases in CalebÕs support and criticism; CalebÕs stressful days are met with increases in DianneÕs support.

Question 33

Hamad describes himself as sympathetic, affectionate, secretive, independent, and gentle. Based on this description, we could conclude that Hamad is:

A) masculine.
B) feminine.
C) androgynous.
D) neurotic.

Question 34

When it comes to similarities and differences between homosexual and heterosexual relationships, we can reasonably conclude that:

A) there are no real differences between heterosexual and homosexual relationships.
B) there are some differences between heterosexual and homosexual relationships, but on the whole these relationships are more similar than different.
C) there are major differences between heterosexual and homosexual relationships.
D) not enough research has been conducted to draw any firm conclusions about similarities and differences between heterosexual and homosexual relationships.

Question 35

The material about relationship dissolution and its aftermath discussed in the textbook indicates that:

A) the death of a spouse takes a greater toll on men than on women.
B) after divorce, women tend to remarry more quickly than do men.
C) marital dissolution is better predicted by data collected from men than data collected from women.
D) the period of greatest stress for men occurs before the relationship dissolves; for women, their stress peaks after the relationship has ended.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT consistent with sex differences in relationship awareness?

A) Stacy can remember more details of her first date with Sukhjot than he can.
B) When his friends ask Sai why he is getting divorced, he tells them he doesnÕt really know why the relationship ended.
C) Though Fiona can easily remember detailed statistics about all the players on her favorite hockey team, she has trouble remembering the date of her wedding anniversary.
D) When Martin and Yvonne tell the story of how they first met, Yvonne often corrects MartinÕs description.

Question 37

Which of the following is most consistent with sex differences in relationship awareness?

A) Sukhjot can remember more details of his first date with Stacy than she can.
B) When his friends ask Sai why he is getting divorced, he tells them he doesnÕt really know why the relationship ended.
C) Though Fiona can easily remember detailed statistics about all the players on her favorite hockey team, she has trouble remembering the date of her wedding anniversary.
D) When Martin and Yvonne tell the story of how they first met, they generally agree on the description.

Question 38

Your text discusses the experiences of Norah Vincent, who dressed and lived as a man (Ned) for 18 months. During her time as a man, what did Norah observe about menÕs emotional experiences?

A) Men and women are surprisingly similar in their approaches to emotion.
B) Men, unlike women, do not generally worry about what others think of them.
C) Men and women adopt different approaches to emotion.
D) Only heterosexual men adopt different approaches to emotion than do women; gay men adopt similar approaches to emotion as do women.

Question 39

Someone who self-identifies as gay or lesbian:

A) is attracted only to people of the same sex.
B) is not attracted to people of the opposite sex.
C) may have sexual contact with a member of the opposite sex.
D) will have sexual contact only with members of the same sex.

Question 40

When it comes to describing intimacy, we can reasonably conclude that:

A) women and men define intimacy quite differently.
B) women equate intimacy with expressions of appreciation and men equate intimacy with sex.
C) men are as likely to mention sex as they are to mention feelings of love when describing intimacy.
D) women are as likely to mention physical contact as they are to mention expressing appreciation when describing intimacy.

Question 41

Abra identifies herself as lesbian. This means that she:

A) is a sexual minority.
B) is highly empathic.
C) has a higher sex drive than heterosexual women.
D) is androgynous.

Question 42

7.Caleb and Dianne, along with thirty-nine other heterosexual couples, participate in a study of stress and partner social support. Each day, over the course of a week, they report on how much stress they experienced and how much partner support they received. Based on the textbook material about sex differences in the coupleÕs interactions, what would you expect the results of this study to show?

Question 43

10.Cierra and Ashleigh (a lesbian couple) are friends with Donald and Janelle (a heterosexual couple). Based on current knowledge outlined in the textbook, in what ways would you expect Cierra and AshleighÕs relationship to differ from Donald and JanelleÕs relationship?

Question 44

In order to understand differences in sexual activity between gay, lesbian, and heterosexual relationships, researchers need to consider:

A) sexual orientation only.
B) biological sex only.
C) both sexual orientation and biological sex.
D) neither sexual orientation nor biological sex.

Question 45

Gay and lesbian partners are sexual minorities, which lead to differences in their relationships compared to heterosexual relationships. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways the relationships of gay and lesbian couples differ from the relationships of heterosexual couples?

A) Gay and lesbian couples do not receive the same level of societal and familial support that their heterosexual counterparts receive.
B) Homosexual people must come to terms with having a sexual orientation that can be the subject of prejudice.
C) Because they are part of the mainstream, heterosexual people do not need to worry about how they are going to develop as participants in romantic relationships.
D) Unlike heterosexual couples, gay and lesbian couples are often not able to express intimacy in public.

Question 46

4.Imagine you are a high school teacher. As you walk into your classroom Monday morning, you overhear snippets of conversation your students are having. There is Tiroyaone, describing in detail how he scored the winning goal in his soccer game; across the room, while applying another coat of mascara to her lashes, Leitisha raves about the new tanning salon in town; and Ryland is making fun of Josh for failing the latest chemistry test. According to the ÒnatureÓ explanation for sex differences, why are your students engaging in these behaviors?

Question 47

Amanti and Tina, members of the same sorority at college, have recently begun an intimate relationship. Based on what you know about how homosexual and heterosexual relationships differ, which of the following is most likely true about Amanti and TinaÕs relationship?

A) Amanti and Tina have sex less frequently than do their heterosexual counterparts.
B) Amanti and Tina are more sexually satisfied (i.e., have more orgasms) than are women in heterosexual relationships.
C) Amanti and Tina are more likely to break up than are their heterosexual counterparts.
D) All of the above are likely true about Amanti and TinaÕs relationship.

Question 48

8.Belle and Gaston are participating in a study in which they are asked to describe what the word ÒintimacyÓ means to them. Explain how BelleÕs and GastonÕs descriptions might be similar and how they might be different.

Question 49

Knowing the ________ of the partners involved is necessary in understanding intimate relationships.

A) sex
B) gender
C) sexual orientation
D) all of the above

Question 50

5.How do masculine and feminine traits combine to yield four classifications of sex role identity? Describe how these four classifications are associated with relationship outcomes.

Question 51

Which of the following statements about how homosexual and heterosexual relationships differ in terms of relationship dissolution is accurate?

A) In countries where homosexual couples do not have the same rights as heterosexual couples, homosexual relationships are more likely to dissolve than are heterosexual relationships.
B) In countries where homosexual couples have the same rights as heterosexual couples, homosexual relationships are equally likely to dissolve as are heterosexual relationships.
C) Gay male relationships are more likely to end than are lesbian relationships.
D) Relationship satisfaction declines more quickly in lesbian relationships than it does in gay male relationships.

Question 52

Which of the following does NOT represent an area of difference between heterosexual and homosexual relationships based on current knowledge outlined in the textbook?

A) exposure to prejudice
B) acceptance of sex outside the relationship
C) relationship satisfaction
D) rates of dissolution

Question 53

Which of the following statements about how homosexual and heterosexual relationships differ in terms of sexuality and monogamy is accurate?

A) Sexual activity is higher in homosexual relationships than in heterosexual relationships.
B) Lesbians report experiencing higher rates of orgasm compared to heterosexual women.
C) Homosexual partners place less emphasis on monogamy than do heterosexual partners.
D) All of the above are accurate.

Question 54

2.In the chapter about men and women, the textbook authors discuss a number of male-female differences in behaviors and experiences. For instance, meta-analyses show that men tend to be more likely to masturbate than women (d = .96), and that women are more skilled at expressing emotion than are men (d = Ð.52). Your textbook authors note that even though social scientists have come to a reasonable degree of consensus on the validity of the similarities and differences described, great controversy persists over how best to understand them. Briefly describe two broad approaches to explaining sex differences.

Question 55

Cierra and Ashleigh (a lesbian couple) are friends with Donald and Janelle (a heterosexual couple). Based on current knowledge outlined in the textbook about areas of difference between heterosexual and homosexual relationships, which of the following is most likely?

A) Donald and Janelle are more likely to be satisfied with their relationship than are Cierra and Ashleigh.
B) Cierra and Ashleigh are more likely to break up than are Donald and Janelle.
C) Donald and Janelle likely have sex less often than do Cierra and Ashleigh.
D) Cierra and Ashleigh are likely more accepting of sex outside the relationship than are Donald and Janelle.

Question 56

9.Briefly discuss the research on sex differences in reactions to relationship dissolution. Comment on who is more likely to initiate the dissolution, and explain who fares better, women or men, and why.

Question 57

1.Distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary sex characteristics.

Question 58

Erich and Jakob, two Swedish men, have recently begun an intimate relationship. Based on what you know about how homosexual and heterosexual relationships differ, which of the following is most likely true about Erich and JakobÕs relationship?

A) Erich and Jakob are more sexually satisfied than are their heterosexual counterparts.
B) Because they live in a country that provides equal rights for homosexual and heterosexual couples, Erich and Jakob do not need to worry about being scorned for displaying their affection in public.
C) Even though they live in a country that provides equal rights for homosexual and heterosexual couples, Erich and Jakob are more likely to break up than are their heterosexual counterparts.
D) All of the above are likely true about Erich and JakobÕs relationship.

Question 59

6.Describe the advantages of holding an androgynous sex role identity.

Question 60

3.Based on the accumulated research on sex and intimate relationships, what can we conclude about differences between men and women?

Question 61

14.You are out for coffee with a friend you havenÕt seen in a while. The conversation turns to the intimate relationships course you are taking, and you excitedly tell your friend about everything you have been learning. Your friend asks what you have learned about how gay relationships differ from straight (heterosexual) relationships. What do you tell your friend?

Question 62

13.Explain how heterosexual and homosexual relationships differ in terms of relationship dissolution.

Question 63

15.Your textbook outlines three differences between homosexual and heterosexual relationships: context, sexuality and monogamy, and dissolution. Explain how the differences in sexuality and monogamy could be understood using the ÒnatureÓ explanation of gender differences discussed earlier in the chapter.

Question 64

11.Explain three ways that heterosexual and homosexual relationships differ in terms of the social context in which these relationships occur.

Question 65

12.Explain three ways that heterosexual and homosexual relationships differ in terms of sexuality and monogamy.