Deck 1: The Evolution of Professional Nursing

Question 1

What historical event first led to the recognition of the contribution of African Americans to nursing?

A) Florence Nightingale's acceptance of African-American nurses into the first nursing school
B) The contributions of African-American nurses at the Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in America
C) Mary Seacole's efforts to care for soldiers during the Crimean War
D) The work done by wives of wealthy African-American nobles who carried food and medicine from house to house during the Middle Ages

Answer 1

Mary Seacole's efforts to care for soldiers during the Crimean War

Question 2

The clinical nurse leader (CNL): (Select all that apply.)

A) requires certification as an advanced practice nurse.
B) provides care at the bedside while collaborating with other members of the health care team.
C) focuses on clinical practice rather than administration or education.
D) is an advanced practice nurse whose practice is limited to the acute care setting.
E) has a clinically focused doctoral degree in nursing, which provides prescriptive authority.

Answer 2

provides care at the bedside while collaborating with other members of the health care team.
focuses on clinical practice rather than administration or education.

Question 3

A nurse who has practiced for 1 year on a medical-surgical unit is very interested in a position in the operating room. She traces the nursing history of surgery to learn how nursing has evolved in this practice. To determine if, historically, surgery methods advanced the practice of nursing, select the correct statements. (Select all that apply.)

A) The Ancient Egyptians were the first to use anesthesia in the operating room.
B) The "Barbers" of the Middle Ages used sterile techniques to reduce wound infections.
C) The Indian culture from 274 to 236 BC had hospitals staffed with female nurses who practiced much like today's nurses.
D) During the Renaissance, advances in nursing education, including surgery, were nonexistent.
E) Following World War II, nurses practiced in mobile army surgical hospitals, where medical and surgical techniques were further refined.

Answer 3

During the Renaissance, advances in nursing education, including surgery, were nonexistent.
Following World War II, nurses practiced in mobile army surgical hospitals, where medical and surgical techniques were further refined.

Question 4

It has been said that "history repeats itself because no one was listening the first time." Which statement is true when comparing the nursing care provided in the Civil War (1861 to 1865) to that provided during the Crimean War?

A) Epidemics such as smallpox and typhoid were the primary emphasis of nursing care in both wars.
B) Soldiers were housed in substandard conditions, but due to Nightingale's push for sanitary conditions, in the Civil War soldiers were housed in aseptic conditions.
C) African-American nurses were widely accepted by society and the profession, receiving equal compensation during the Civil War due in large part to the efforts of Mary Seacole during the Crimean War.
D) Both Nightingale (Crimean War) and Dix (Civil War) completed nursing training before accepting positions as nurses in the wars.

Question 5

World War I contributed to the advancement of health care by:

A) increasing the number of private care hospitals and decreasing the role of public health services.
B) employing a large number of civilians to provide care to returning soldiers through the Red Cross.
C) introducing specialists in nursing such as nurse anesthetists.
D) increasing the number of community health nurses.

Question 6

A prospective nursing student who researches universities that offer a baccalaureate degree in nursing would want to ensure that the program is accredited by the:

A) American Nurses Association.
B) Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education.
C) National Institutes of Health.
D) National Nursing Council.

Question 7

The Affordable Care Act of 2011:

A) requires that by 2020 all newly licensed nurses have a bachelor's degree at minimum.
B) would provide health care benefits to millions who were previously uninsurable or unable to afford insurance.
C) caps the amount that hospitals and physicians can charge for procedures.
D) subsidizes private insurance companies, thereby reducing health care costs for individuals who have chronic or catastrophic illness such as cancer.

Question 8

Nursing in the 1990s was characterized by:

A) men leaving nursing to enter the armed services.
B) traditional 8-hour shifts to nurse burnout and compassion fatigue.
C) a focus on preventable diseases.
D) a decrease in nursing research.

Question 9

The practice of public health nursing and the Henry Street Settlement are credited to:

A) Mary Breckenridge.
B) Mary Seacole.
C) Clara Barton.
D) Lillian Wald.

Question 10

Occupational health nursing features beliefs similar to those of which early nursing pioneer?

A) Lillian Wald
B) Florence Nightingale
C) Clara Barton
D) Mary Seacole

Question 11

A care provider sacrifices an animal and waves an herb-filled sack over a client who is complaining of painful joints and chest pain with exertion. This ritual represents health care during:

A) the prehistoric period.
B) early civilization in Egypt.
C) the Renaissance.
D) the Middle Ages.

Question 12

A nurse is part of the policy committee for a hospital. The committee is provided with statistics indicating that patients participating in a satisfaction survey felt they lacked sufficient information about new drugs started while hospitalized and continued after discharge. In addition, charts noted high recidivism rates. The committee recommended that a formalized patient education plan be instituted to reconcile all medications and provide patient information about new medications. The committee is using which component of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2011 message?

A) Nurses should achieve higher levels of education to be effective members of an interdisciplinary team.
B) Nurses should have a minimum of a master's degree to sit on policy committees that affect an entire facility.
C) Pay for nurses should be consistent with that of physicians since the committee is interdisciplinary.
D) Policy is based on data, which provides the groundwork for decision making.

Question 13

The use of herbs has become a popular alternative to prescription drugs in today's health care milieu. During which other historical periods did health practices focus on the use of herbs?

A) Prehistoric times and the Middle Ages
B) Civil War period and World War I
C) Renaissance and Reformation periods and the Colonial American period
D) Crimean War and Civil War periods

Question 14

Clara Barton is known for:

A) becoming the first African-American public health nurse.
B) establishing the Henry Street Settlement.
C) founding the American Red Cross.
D) publicizing the inadequacies of hospital-based nursing schools.

Question 15

A newly licensed nurse compares the challenges facing nursing today with those faced by nurses when her mentor graduated in 1990. The mentor states, "Prevention was the focus of nursing when I graduated. We stressed preventive health measures such as smoking cessation education to reduce preventable diseases and prevention to reduce the spread of infectious disease such as AIDS." The mentor asks, "What do you think the challenges will be for nurses graduating now? The correct response would be: (Select all that apply.)

A) coordinating care for a more diverse aging population who have complex health values.
B) managing care provided by nurses who are technologically advanced and skilled at interprofessional collaboration.
C) providing care to well-informed consumers who are younger with narrow health values.
D) redesigning nursing care delivery models to streamline care based on fewer generational differences.
E) focusing on care from a systems perspective.

Question 16

A client asks the nurse, "Can you explain Medicare, an amendment to the Social Security Act?" The nurse responds that Medicare:

A) led to many hospital closings, along with a decrease in acute care hospital-based nursing care.
B) provided medical insurance to those younger adults or children who were not eligible for private insurance because of catastrophic illnesses such as cancer.
C) provided preventive care for women, infants, and children.
D) ensured that individuals ages 65 and older and those with end-stage renal disease or permanent disabilities had health care insurance.

Question 17

Which statement accurately describes the historical perspective of nursing practice?

A) Nursing has existed to meet the needs of populations, individuals, and aggregates by providing care that is determined by the needs and beliefs of society in different historical contexts.
B) As men began to become interested in nursing, it changed into a respected profession based on scientific fact rather than superstition.
C) Nursing has historically accepted individuals from all social and ethnic backgrounds.
D) The United States has led the way throughout history to advance nursing and health care by providing the first hospital and medical school.

Question 18

A comparison of nursing in the 1980s to nursing in the 1990s reveals that:

A) in the 1990s nursing experienced a significant reduction occurred in preventable diseases caused by unsafe/unhealthy lifestyles.
B) tuberculosis was the primary concern for nursing in the 1980s, whereas the AIDS epidemic emerged and was its focus during the 1990s.
C) a decrease in ambulatory services in the 1980s prompted an increase in public health nurses in the 1990s.
D) the demand for advanced practice nurses increased in the 1980s and the 1990s as a result of the economy and concern about the health of the nation.

Question 19

Which bill provided for construction of new hospitals?

A) Social Security Act
B) Hill-Burton Act
C) Sheppard-Towner Act
D) U.S. Civil Service Act

Question 20

The primary purpose of the Social Security Act of 1935 was to:

A) increase research that focused on minority groups.
B) provide medical care for chemically impaired persons.
C) ensure health care for older adults through a national insurance system.
D) decrease the public's financial burden by limiting services offered by local health departments.

Question 21

Place the role of nurses in chronological order from the Civil War to World War II. Put a comma and space between each answer choice (for example: a, b, c, d).

A) Nurses who served during war were given rank as officers.
B) No nurses were formally trained.
C) Public health nursing and occupational nursing were begun.
D) The nurse anesthetist was introduced.

Question 22

Which group in early civilization is credited with developing a pharmacopoeia to classify more than 700 drugs used in caring for the sick?