Deck 10: Emotional Development

Question 1

Which of the following statements about developmentalists' view of emotions and feelings is true?

A)Emotions are a part of feelings.
B)Feelings are a part of emotions.
C)Emotions and feelings are synonyms; they have the same meaning.
D)Emotions and feelings are entirely separate; neither is part of the other.

Answer 1

Emotions are a part of feelings.

Question 2

Which of the following theories specifically addresses how emotional reactions develop differently for each individual, based on biological and cognitive capacities and experience?

A)fundamentalist approach
B)Sroufe's view of emotion
C)dynamic-systems perspective
D)discrete emotions theory

Answer 2

dynamic-systems perspective

Question 3

Which of the following statements about developmentalists' view of emotions and cognition is true?

A)Emotion is a part of cognition.
B)Cognition is a part of emotion.
C)Emotion usually occurs before cognition.
D)Emotion and cognition are entirely separate; they typically occur independently.

Answer 3

Cognition is a part of emotion.

Question 4

_____is NOT considered to be part of emotional intelligence.

A)Persistence
B)Ability to delay gratification
C)Empathy
D)Verbal fluency

Question 5

Social smiles tend to emerge by the ____month of life.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth
E)fifth

Question 6

Which of the following statements about infant smiling is true?

A)All infant smiling is reflexive.
B)Infants' smiling induces parents to have more positive social interactions with them.
C)Young infants rarely smile at strangers.
D)Infants are unlikely to smile at auditory stimuli.
E)All of the statements are true.

Question 7

The ability of preschoolers to delay gratification has been found to be associated with:

A)academic competence 10 years later.
B)ability to deal with frustration 10 years later.
C)social competence in adulthood.
D)decreased drug use in adulthood.
E)All of the answers are correct.
F)None of the answers is correct.

Question 8

Which of the following statements would MOST likely be made by a theorist who takes a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development?

A)The purpose of anger is to initiate movement to eliminate an obstacle to one's goal.
B)Developmental changes in the experience of joy/pleasure are due to accumulating social experiences.
C)Distinct emotions are innate and present from early in life.
D)There is a direct link between the inner emotional state of fear and the facial expression that accompanies it.

Question 9

Walter Mischel's procedure in which preschool children were asked to wait for a considerable amount of time in order to receive a greater number of treats was designed to assess which of the following characteristics

A)intelligence
B)attentiveness
C)delay of gratification
D)social competence

Question 10

The set of abilities that researchers have proposed are key to competent social functioning is referred to as:

A)attachment.
B)emotional regulation.
C)emotional intelligence.
D)empathy.

Question 11

_____is the LEAST likely to elicit a smile in a 7- month-old infant.

A)A smiling stranger
B)An interesting object
C)Being able to control a particular event
D)A parent's tickle on the tummy

Question 12

Which of the following statements describes a social smile?

A)Newborn Timmy smiles during his sleep.
B)At 3 months, Indira smiles when her father talks to her.
C)Alexa smiles at 1 month when her mother strokes her cheek.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following theorists focuses on infants' accumulating social interaction and their expanding ability to understand their experiences as the explanation for the developmental change from primitive to more advanced forms of emotion during the early years of life?

A)Alan Sroufe
B)Joseph Campos
C)Carroll Izard
D)Charles Darwin

Question 14

Discrete emotions theory holds that:

A)the basic emotions are innate and distinct from early in life.
B)emotional facial expressions must be learned.
C)a select few emotions are present at birth, and the others are a function of experience.
D)children must learn to fear strangers.

Question 15

______is the LEAST likely to elicit a smile in a 2- month-old infant.

A)A smiling stranger
B)An interesting object
C)Being able to control a particular event
D)A parent's tickle on the tummy

Question 16

The first clear sign of happiness in infants is:

A)the expression of love toward the mother.
B)the social smile.
C)laughter.
D)smiling.

Question 17

Theorists who take a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development propose that emotions:

A)have little impact on cognition.
B)are innate and thus are unaffected by socialization.
C)promote action toward a goal.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 18

The study that followed 450 boys from impoverished neighborhoods until middle age demonstrated that _____strongly predicted later social functioning?

A)both IQ and emotional intelligence
B)IQ but not emotional intelligence
C)emotional intelligence but not IQ
D)neither IQ nor emotional intelligence

Question 19

Which of the following statements is supported by
Mischel's findings on delay of gratification?

A)Preschoolers' abilities to delay gratification do not predict adjustment beyond preschool.
B)The ability to delay gratification is related to SAT scores and rational thinking in adolescence.
C)The ability to delay gratification is based primarily on parental socialization.
D)Delay of gratification cannot be reliably tested untilapproximately age 8.

Question 20

Developmental psychologists define emotions as:

A)subjective feelings.
B)the desire to take action.
C)the physiological correlates of feelings.
D)the cognitions that accompany feelings.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 21

_____is(are) NOT a characteristic of guilt.

A)Feelings of remorse
B)Regret about one's behavior
C)Empathy for the injured party
D)Feelings of exposure and degradation
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about infants' fear of strangers is correct?

A)Infants' fear of strangers occurs in early infancy and quickly disappears.
B)All infants experience fear of strangers to a similar degree across a variety of contexts.
C)Infants' fear of strangers occurs well after the start of separation anxiety.
D)Infants' fear of strangers tends to occur only in girls.
E)None of the statements is correct.

Question 23

During the second year of life, children are______ to laugh at unexpected events and/but are______ to take pleasure in making other people laugh.

A)able; able
B)able; unable
C)unable; able
D)unable; unable

Question 24

Some researchers believe that self-conscious emotions do not emerge until the second year of life because these emotions depend on children's understanding that:

A)other people experience emotions as well.
B)important others can evaluate them.
C)they themselves are entities distinct from other people.
D)guilt is an appropriate reaction to bad behavior.

Question 25

Which of the following instructions would be good advice for parents who want to encourage their children to respond to their wrongdoings with guilt rather than shame?

A)Communicate love and respect for children.
B)Emphasize the badness of the behavior rather than of the child.
C)Teach children to understand the consequences of their actions for others.
D)Help children to repair the harm they have done.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 26

Which of the following statements about infants' negative emotions is true?

A)Infants' negative emotions are easily interpreted.
B)Infants' negative emotions often seem incongruent with the situation.
C)Infants show a wide variety of highly discernible
facial expressions.
D)Infants display only generalized distress.

Question 27

Older infants commonly express fear toward:

A)strangers.
B)loud noises.
C)sudden movements by objects.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers is correct; infants do not
clearly express fear

Question 28

Roger, who is 10 months old, is sitting on the floor of his room happily playing with his toys. The phone rings, and his mother leaves the room to get it. Roger begins to cry. Roger is experiencing:

A)separation anxiety.
B)loneliness.
C)fear of strangers.
D)jealousy.

Question 29

Which of the following parental practices in response a child doing something wrong is likely to influence the child to feel shame over guilt?

A)telling the child that he or she did a mean thing, rather than that he or she is mean
B)publicly humiliating the child
C)helping the child to understand the consequences of his or her actions for others
D)communicating respect and love in disciplinary situations

Question 30

Self-conscious emotions are different from other emotions in that they:

A)relate to our consciousness of others' reactions to us.
B)are more easily discerned from facial expressions.
C)develop earlier.
D)are always focused on other people.

Question 31

______is the self-conscious emotion that typically develops earliest.

A)Guilt
B)Fear
C)Embarrassment
D)Pride

Question 32

Which of the following emotions is self-conscious?

A)anger
B)shame
C)fear
D)sadness
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 33

Which of the following statements about the development of anger is true?

A)Infants are incapable of experiencing anger.
B)During the first year of life, it is easy to differentiate between infants' anger and distress.
C)By the second year of life, children often express anger toward other people.
D)Anger develops later than the self-conscious emotions.

Question 34

Which of the following conditions decreases the likelihood that an infant will experience separation anxiety in a particular situation?

A)being between the ages of 11 and 13 months
B)crawling away from a parent (rather than the parent departing)
C)living in a non-Western culture
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is support for the proposal that young infants' negative emotions are largely undifferentiated?

A)Young infants display negative emotions in contexts in which one would expect positive emotions.
B)Young infants experience both separation anxiety and a fear of strangers.
C)Young infants display negative emotions to a
greater extent than do older infants.
D)Young infants display fear in contexts in which one would expect anger.

Question 36

Newborns can become distressed by:

A)hunger.
B)pain.
C)separation from the primary caregiver.
D)hunger and pain.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 37

In comparison with U.S. children, Japanese children are less likely to experience which of the following emotions as a consequence of personal success?

A)shame
B)pride
C)guilt
D)embarrassment

Question 38

Which of the following statements about older infants' displays of sadness is NOT true?

A)Infants often display sadness in the same contexts in which they display anger.
B)Displays of sadness are less frequent than displays of anger.
C)Infants show anger but not sadness when they are unable to control their environment.
D)Infants are capable of experiencing sadness.

Question 39

Zoe, who is 3 years old, has broken a dish and feels as if she wants to hide. She is primarily experiencing:

A)anger.
B)embarrassment.
C)guilt.
D)shame.

Question 40

The first negative emotion that is apparent in infants is:

A)anger.
B)sadness.
C)fear.
D)distress.

Question 41

Which of the following family factors does NOT
contribute to depression in youth?

A)genetic vulnerability
B)maternal insensitivity
C)levels of family engagement
D)family stress
E)age disparity among siblings

Question 42

Which of the following statements about depression in adolescence is true?

A)Adolescents who are depressed frequently exhibit behavioral problems such as aggression and substance abuse.
B)Genetic factors rarely contribute to depression.
C)Poorer adolescents are especially prone to nonclinical depression but not to clinical depression.
D)All of the statements are true.

Question 43

The process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating emotions in order to accomplish one's goals is referred to as emotional:

A)restriction.
B)constriction.
C)repression.
D)regulation.

Question 44

Sandra is experiencing_____ , depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to be classified as major depression.

A)minor depression
B)clinical depression
C)nonclinical depression
D)depressive disorder

Question 45

Which of the following statements about the association between emotional development and cognitive development is true?

A)Emotions are independent of cognition, and therefore the two are unassociated.
B)Cognitive development influences children to become less emotional as they develop from infancy through adolescence.
C)Cognitive changes influence the types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses.
D)None of the statements is true.

Question 46

The causes of which of the following emotions tend to change as children develop?

A)anger
B)fear
C)pride
D)happiness
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 47

Which of the following changes in emotional responding occurs during childhood?

A)types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses
B)frequency of particular emotions
C)intensity of emotional responses
D)frequency of particular emotions and intensity of emotional responses
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 48

Which of the following statements about the rates of depression in adolescence is true?

A)The rate of clinical depression is approximately double the rate of nonclinical depression.
B)The rate of nonclinical depression is at least 11%.
C)The rate of clinical depression is higher for females than for males, but the rate of nonclinical depression is higher for males than for females.
D)The rate of clinical depression is approximately

Question 49

Elementary school children are less likely to be afraid of monsters than preschool children because older children have:

A)better night vision.
B)a better understanding of reality.
C)better language skills.
D)more coping skills.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is NOT an example of a maladaptive belief that is associated with depression?

A)"My mother drives me crazy."
B)"Nothing in this world is fair."
C)"Nothing I can do will fix this problem."
D)"I'm worthless."

Question 51

Which of the following factors is associated with differences in levels of depression or depressive symptoms?

A)gender
B)socioeconomic status
C)race
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 52

Which of the following conditions is NOT a symptom of depression in adolescence?

A)insomnia
B)recurrent thoughts of death
C)significant weight loss
D)increased focus on school work

Question 53

Emotional self-regulation includes all of the following activities EXCEPT:

A)eliminating subjective negative feelings.
B)modulating one's interpretation of evocative situations.
C)appropriately inhibiting facial expressions related to one's feelings.
D)initiating actions related to one's feelings.

Question 54

Many cultural variations in children's experiences of self-conscious emotions appear to be associated with cultural differences in the:

A)importance placed on the individual versus the importance placed on the social group.
B)level of emotional maturity expected of children.
C)age at which children understand that they themselves are entities separate from others.
D)distinction among shame, guilt, and embarrassment.

Question 55

Baby Rachel sucks her thumb and rubs the ribbons in her baby doll's hair in response to fear-provoking situations. Baby Rachel is engaging in:

A)gaze aversion.
B)self-soothing.
C)emotional restriction.
D)delay of gratification.
E)mental distraction.

Question 56

Twins Sheree and Caitlin, who are 3 years old, each just successfully completed a jigsaw puzzle. Sheree's puzzle was simple, and she completed it easily. Caitlin's puzzle was more difficult, and it took a lot of effort for her to complete it. Which twin is more likely to experience pride in her accomplishment?

A)Sheree is more likely than Caitlin to experience pride.
B)Caitlin is more likely than Sheree to experience pride.
C)Sheree and Caitlin are equally likely to experience pride.
D)Neither Sheree nor Caitlin is likely to experience pride because they are both too young.

Question 57

Gender differences in _____is NOT an important contributor to the difference in rates of depression in adolescent females and males.

A)academic achievement
B)likelihood of rumination
C)concern with physical appearance
D)likelihood of becoming upset by interpersonal problems

Question 58

In comparison with preschool children, children in elementary school are:

A)less emotionally intense.
B)less likely to be worried about real-life issues.
C)more emotionally negative.
D)more likely to be angry at someone who harms them accidentally.

Question 59

The anxieties and fears of 3-year-old Alexander are most likely to involve:

A)pleasing teachers.
B)being physically attacked.
C)being separated from his mother.
D)ghosts and monsters.

Question 60

Newborns' emotions are most frequently regulated in which of the following ways?

A)by intentionally averting their gaze in distressing situations
B)through self-soothing
C)through other people's attempts to soothe and distract the baby
D)by initiating the "fight or flight" response

Question 61

Compared to uninhibited children, behaviorally inhibited children tend to:

A)be less social at later ages.
B)be high in fearful distress.
C)have higher heart rates.
D)be less social at later ages and be high in fearful distress.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 62

An infant's level of rhythmicity is indicated by:

A)how distressed the infant becomes in new situations.
B)the consistency of the daily sleeping schedule.
C)how long the infant looks at an interesting object.
D)degree of cooperativeness.

Question 63

Which of the following conditions is NOT a characteristic of difficult babies, as classified by Thomas and Chess?

A)irregular body functions
B)difficult at first but became easier with time
C)slow to adjust to new situations
D)intensely emotional

Question 64

Recent theorists have proposed that infant temperament is captured by several dimensions. Which item in the following list is NOT one of these dimensions?

A)difficulty level
B)rhythmicity
C)irritable distress
D)activity level
E)positive affect

Question 65

Infants' upset when placed in new situations is referred to as:

A)surgency.
B)irritable distress.
C)rhythmicity.
D)fearful distress.
E)low positive affect.

Question 66

Which of the following emotional regulation strategies would an older child be LEAST likely to attempt?

A)trying to see negative things in a positive light
B)mental distraction
C)self-soothing
D)thinking about the meaning of events in a different light

Question 67

In terms of emotional regulation, as they get older, children:

A)are better able to select appropriate strategies.
B)rely on their parents more.
C)use behavioral strategies to a greater extent.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 68

Part of the definition of temperament is that individual differences are:

A)entirely genetic.
B)biologically based.
C)environmentally based.
D)unrelated to genetics.

Question 69

Thomas and Chess labeled babies who took a long time to adjust to new experiences, tended to react negatively and intensely to stimuli and events, and were irregular in their eating and sleeping habits as:

A)slow to warm-up.
B)easy.
C)difficult.
D)quick to calm down.

Question 70

Which of the following statements about temperament is true?

A)Temperament includes emotional intelligence.
B)Temperament only involves socialized traits.
C)Temperament is typically viewed as including social skills.
D)Temperament can be affected by prenatal environment.

Question 71

______is an example of a cognitive emotional regulation strategy.

A)Repetitive rubbing of a special object, such as a blanket
B)Averting one's attention to a non-distressing object
C)Downplaying the importance of the situation
D)Having a temper tantrum

Question 72

Which of the following methodologies has NOT been used to classify young children on their temperamental style?

A)laboratory observations
B)parental reports of children in various contexts
C)interviews of children
D)physiological measures
E)brain activity assessment

Question 73

Individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation that occur early in life are referred to as:

A)personality.
B)socialization.
C)temperament.
D)emotional regulation.

Question 74

A set of skills that help individuals achieve their goals in interpersonal interactions while maintaining positive relations with others is referred to as:

A)emotional regulation.
B)delay of gratification.
C)intelligence.
D)social competence.

Question 75

The mother of Jasmine, a 6-year-old, has promised her daughter new crayons if she waits patiently while her mother shops. Which of the following cognitive strategies might Jasmine use to regulate her emotions?

A)repeatedly stroking the hem of her shirt
B)waiting for her mother to soothe her
C)distracting herself by playing with another toy
D)negotiating with her mother to get the new crayons early rather than late in the shopping trip

Question 76

Which of the following conditions is NOT considered to be part of temperament?

A)emotional intelligence
B)activity level
C)positive affect
D)rhythmicity

Question 77

Emil, who is 4 years old, has a doctor's appointment today and he knows he will need to get a shot. Which of the following behaviors is Emil LEAST likely to show in response to this negative situation?

A)have a temper tantrum
B)realize that this situation cannot be controlled and try to distract himself by thinking about the lollipop he will get following the shot
C)refuse to stop playing with his toys as his mother is trying to get him ready to go to the doctor's office
D)tell his mother he doesn't need the shot

Question 78

Children's decreased reliance on parents for help with emotional regulation as they get older reflects:

A)their increased ability to negotiate ways to resolve situations.
B)increasing maturation of neurological systems.
C)changes in adults' expectations of them.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 79

In general, the development of emotional regulation is characterized by all of the following patterns of change EXCEPT:

A)decreasing reliance on others for help in regulating emotions.
B)increasing ability to select appropriate strategies.
C)increasing use of cognitive strategies.
D)decreasing control over physiological reactions.

Question 80

Which of the following temperamental styles was NOT identified by Thomas and Chess in their New York Longitudinal Study?

A)slow to warm up
B)easy
C)difficult
D)quick to calm down