Deck 9: Theories of Social Development

Question 1

Freud theorized that individuals' development is propelled by:

A)their instinctual drives.
B)the contexts in which they live.
C)interpretations of their parents' behavior.
D)their attributional biases.

Answer 1

their instinctual drives.

Question 2

The id is ruled by:

A)the conscience.
B)the pleasure principle.
C)conscious impulses.
D)the reality principle.

Answer 2

the pleasure principle.

Question 3

During which stage does the ego develop?

A)phallic
B)latency
C)oral
D)anal
E)genital

Answer 3

oral

Question 4

Dawn, who is 3 years old, wants a toy that her friend is holding. Without regard for her friend's feelings or her parents' rules about taking other children's toys, Dawn uses all her strength to pull the toy from her friend's hands. Freud would assert that Dawn is primarily being led by the:

A)Superego.
B)Id.
C)Ego.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

According to Freud,____ leads children to the emergence of the superego?

A)coping with the intense sexual desires of the genital stage
B)coping with the intense sexual desires of the phallic stage
C)need to suppress immediate gratification in the anal stage
D)need to suppress immediate gratification in the phallic stage

Question 6

Which personality structure is considered the conscience?

A)ego
B)id
C)superego
D)subego

Question 7

According to Freud, the phallic stage encompasses approximately what age(s)?

A)birth through the end of the first year
B)ages 2 to 3
C)ages 3 to 6
D)ages 6 to 12
E)beginning of sexual maturation through adulthood

Question 8

The goal of the ego is to:

A)link the individual to the external world.
B)maximize the individual's pleasure.
C)control the individual's behavior on the basis of moral beliefs.
D)seek security for the individual.

Question 9

Individuals in the anal stage are focused on conflict surrounding:

A)breastfeeding.
B)parents' choice of intellectual pursuits for the child.
C)toilet training.
D)the conscience.

Question 10

The_____ is not a personality structure hypothesized by Freud.

A)ego
B)superego
C)id
D)superid
•All of the answers are personality structures,
according to Freud.

Question 11

Danny is an adult who behaves selfishly and impulsively. He appears to seek immediate gratification and ignore any potential negative consequences. Freud would say that Danny is ruled by his:

A)conscience.
B)superego.
C)erogenous zones.
D)id.
•psychic energy.

Question 12

According to Freud, which of the following personality structures develops first?

A)id
B)superid
C)ego
D)superego

Question 13

Psychoanalytic theories stress:

A)social reasoning.
B)external factors as sources of development.
C)discontinuity of development.
D)the importance of cognitive factors in development.

Question 14

According to Freud's theory, infants fear:

A)delay of gratification.
B)loss of love.
C)potty training.
D)hunger.
E)socially unacceptable sexual urges.

Question 15

The superego is based on:

A)the reality principle.
B)internalization of parents' standards for acceptable behavior.
C)the pleasure principle.
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 16

During which stage does the superego develop?

A)phallic
B)latency
C)oral
D)anal
E)genital

Question 17

According to Freud, children begin to identify with their same-sex parent in the_____ stage.

A)genital
B)phallic
C)latency
D)anal

Question 18

Psychoanalytic theories view development as driven by:

A)external factors.
B)biological maturation.
C)the multiple contexts in which children develop.
D)children's active shaping of their own development.

Question 19

In Freud's theory, the biologically based, instinctual drives that inspire behavior, thoughts, and feelings are referred to as:

A)motivational orientation.
B)psychic energy.
C)erogenous zones.
D)intuition.

Question 20

Freud's stages are characterized by:

A)the context that is important during that time period.
B)a specific crisis that must be resolved.
C)the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused.
D)a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement.

Question 21

Compared to Freud's theory, Erikson's theory:

A)has fewer stages.
B)is more focused on the influence of sexual pleasure on development.
C)has an enlarged scope.
D)views development as more continuous.

Question 22

To Freud, healthy development involves:

A)developing a strong identity.
B)the ability to take other people's perspectives and thus learn from interactions with them.
C)surrounding oneself with the contexts necessary for an adaptive life.
D)the ability to derive pleasure from both love and work.

Question 23

Which of the following behaviors is NOT part of Freud's concept of and resolution of the Oedipus complex?

A)boys experiencing sexual desire for their mothers
B)boys internalizing their fathers' values
C)boys' desire to have an exclusive relationship with their fathers
D)boys seeing their fathers as rivals

Question 24

Carlos feels guilty when he disobeys his parents' rule about not eating cookies before dinner. Freud would see Carlos's guilt as a sign that he has developed a(n):

A)superego.
B)fixation.
C)id.
D)ego.

Question 25

According to Erikson, what happens to a person who does NOT successfully resolve the conflict of a particular stage?

A)The person becomes fixated on the issues relevant to that stage.
B)The person makes hostile attributions.
C)The person develops infantile amnesia.
D)The person continues to struggle with the issue.

Question 26

Which stage begins with the start of sexual maturation?

A)phallic
B)latency
C)genital
D)oral
E)anal

Question 27

During which stage are sexual impulses repressed, leaving energy to be channeled into socially acceptable activities?

A)phallic
B)latency
C)oral
D)anal
•genital

Question 28

Erikson's stages are characterized by:

A)the personality structure that emerges during the particular stage.
B)a specific crisis that must be resolved.
C)the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused.
D)a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement.

Question 29

What can parents do to help their children successfully resolve Erikson's basic trust vs. mistrust stage?

A)be consistent and warm in their caretaking
B)help the children have successful experiences
C)not be highly controlling
D)instill socially acceptable behaviors

Question 30

Freud's oral stage corresponds with which of
Erikson's stages?

A)initiative vs. guilt
B)basic trust vs. mistrust
C)autonomy vs. shame and doubt
D)industry vs. inferiority

Question 31

According to Freud,_____ experience penis envy.

A)girls
B)boys
C)both girls and boys
D)neither girls nor boys

Question 32

According to Freud, girls, but not boys, experience:

A)an Electra complex.
B)an Oedipus complex.
C)infantile amnesia.
D)imprinting.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 33

The central issue in Erikson's first stage is:

A)developing high standards.
B)achieving a sense of autonomy.
C)developing a sense of trust.
D)mastering skills important to the culture.

Question 34

According to Freud, _____is a way in which the ego protects the individual.

A)repression
B)internalization
C)systematic desensitization
D)the Electra complex
•None of the answers is correct.

Question 35

According to Freud, girls' experience of the Electra complex results in:

A)the development of the superego.
B)identification with the father.
C)infantile amnesia.
D)the development of a weaker conscience in girls than in boys.

Question 36

According to Freud, children's identification with the same-sex parent begins when:

A)they imprint onto him or her.
B)their biological urges come into play.
C)they realize the difference between having and not having a penis.
D)they internalize their parents' beliefs, values, and attitudes.

Question 37

Which of the following sequences lists the stages of Freud's theory in the correct developmental order?

A)anal, phallic, oral, latency, genital
B)oral, latency, genital, phallic, anal
C)genital, oral, anal, phallic, latency
D)oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 38

According to Freud, infantile amnesia results from:

A)identification with the father.
B)internalizing parents' beliefs, values, and attitudes.
C)repression of anxiety-producing thoughts and impulses.
D)parental insistence on delay of gratification and toilet training.

Question 39

The Oedipus complex occurs during which of Freud's stages?

A)latency
B)genital
C)oral
D)phallic
•anal

Question 40

According to Freud, what happens to a person whose fundamental needs are NOT met during a particular stage?

A)The person may become fixated on the issues relevant to that stage.
B)The person may experience an identity crisis.
C)The person may make hostile attributions.
D)The person may develop infantile amnesia.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about intermittent reinforcement is true?

A)Intermittent reinforcement is effective only with adults.
B)Behaviors supported by intermittent reinforcement are difficult to extinguish.
C)Intermittent reinforcement is the key to behavior modification.
D)The discipline strategy of "time out" is based on intermittent reinforcement.

Question 42

Repeated exposure to a feared object or experience in order to reduce fear is referred to as:

A)systematic desensitization.
B)operant conditioning.
C)behavior modification.
D)role taking.

Question 43

Traditional learning theorists emphasize the importance of on _______children's development.

A)cognitive factors
B)internal forces
C)subjective experience
D)external factors

Question 44

John Watson advised parents to treat their children with:

A)isolation.
B)hostile attributions.
C)affection.
D)objectivity.
E)basic trust.

Question 45

The behavior modification strategy of "time out" is based on the idea that_____ is a positive reinforcement.

A)whining
B)learning
C)withdrawal
D)attention

Question 46

According to Erikson, when parents support their toddlers' development of self-control without instigating a loss of self-esteem, toddlers will develop a sense of:

A)industry.
B)autonomy.
C)trust.
D)initiative.

Question 47

Freud's contributions to developmental psychology do not include an emphasis on the importance of:

A)unconscious processes.
B)close relationships.
C)early experience.
D)objective experience.

Question 48

Which of the following theorists claimed that he could train any child to become any kind of specialist, regardless of the characteristics of the child's ancestors?

A)Skinner
B)Watson
C)Freud
D)Bandura

Question 49

On which of the following points do Freud and current developmental psychologists disagree?

A)existence of infantile amnesia
B)effect of repression on early memory
C)importance of close early relationships
D)idea that much of human behavior stems from unconscious processes

Question 50

According to Erikson, if adolescents do not successfully develop a core sense of identity, they will experience:

A)mistrust.
B)role confusion.
C)isolation.
D)shame and doubt.

Question 51

According to Erikson, successful resolution of the industry vs. inferiority crisis involves:

A)achieving a core sense of identity.
B)developing a conscience.
C)mastering important skills and cooperating with others.
D)identifying with one's powerful parent.

Question 52

According to Erikson, children develop a conscience during which stage?

A)initiative vs. guilt
B)autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C)basic trust vs. mistrust
D)identity vs. role confusion

Question 53

Which of the following statements about the contribution of psychoanalytic theories to psychology is true?

A)Psychoanalytic theories have yielded important practical applications, such as the procedure of systematic desensitization.
B)The importance placed on subjective experience is now viewed as outdated.
C)The specifics have been scientifically tested and
supported.
D)The emphasis on early experience has endured into current views of development.

Question 54

Which of the following properties is NOT a goal theorized by Erikson to be important?

A)differentiation
B)trust
C)identity
D)initiative
E)autonomy

Question 55

Operant conditioning relies on the expectation that individuals:

A)can reduce their fear of objects or experiences if they are repeatedly exposed to them.
B)are programmed to imitate others' behaviors and reactions.
C)tend to repeat behaviors that lead to favorable outcomes and stop behaviors that result in unfavorable outcomes.
D)are able to think and reason about their behaviors.

Question 56

Learning theories propose that development is:

A)continuous.
B)discontinuous.
C)continuous within three major stages of development.
D)None of the answers is correct; learning theories do not address the issue of continuity and discontinuity.

Question 57

The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. According to Skinner, which of the following statements would be the best advice to give Joshua's parents if they wish to stop Joshua's screaming?

A)Give Joshua what he wants whether or not he screams.
B)Always give Joshua what he wants when he screams.
C)Sometimes give Joshua what he wants when he screams, and sometimes refuse to give him what he wants when he screams.
D)Never give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

Question 58

John Watson was the founder of:

A)psychoanalysis.
B)behaviorism.
C)information-processing approaches.
D)imprinting.

Question 59

Even though his parents have explained to him that it is dishonest and therefore wrong to tell lies, Zachary once again lies to his sister about where her favorite blanket is. Shortly after doing so, he feels intensely sorry for what he has done. According to Erikson's theory, Zachary appears as if he has successfully resolved which crisis?

A)autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B)industry vs. inferiority
C)initiative vs. guilt
D)basic trust vs. mistrust

Question 60

Contemporary learning theorists emphasize the importance of on_____ children's development.

A)cognitive factors.
B)internal forces.
C)subjective experience.
D)context.

Question 61

Pria's friends love to gossip, and they wish Pria would gossip more than she currently does. According to operant conditioning, which of the following is likely to increase Pria's gossiping?

A)Her friends yell at her when she is not gossiping and threaten that they won't be friends with her if she doesn't gossip more.
B)Her friends stop talking to her altogether.
C)Her friends pay lots of attention to her when she is gossiping and walk away when she is not gossiping.
D)Her friends explain to her why they want her to gossip more and ask her to please do so.

Question 62

Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of ____as a mechanism of development.

A)imitation
B)punishment
C)contexts
D)desensitization

Question 63

With his information-processing theory of social problem solving, Kenneth Dodge is particularly interested in children's:

A)ability to take the perspective of others.
B)use of aggression as a strategy.
C)propensity to learn from others' rewards and punishment.
D)reactions to failure.

Question 64

Do all theories of social cognition view development as continuous?

A)Yes; they all view development as continuous.
B)No; they all view development as discontinuous.
C)No; some view development as continuous, others view it as discontinuous.
D)Continuity versus discontinuity is irrelevant to these theories.

Question 65

According to Selman, children in Stage 4:

A)believe that others' different perspectives stem from possession of different knowledge.
B)realize that others have different perspectives and are able to think about others' points of view.
C)are able to systematically compare their own and another person's points of view.
D)attempt to understand others' views by comparing them to the generalized other.
E)believe that others cannot have a different perspective from their own.

Question 66

Seth and his preschool friend frequently dump all the books off the bookshelf in the classroom. One day, Seth observes his friend being punished by their preschool teacher after she saw his friend dumping the books. After seeing his friend punished, Seth never again dumps books off the bookshelf. Seth has learned through:

A)imitation.
B)punishment.
C)vicarious reinforcement.
D)reciprocal determinism.

Question 67

Bandura's "Bobo" doll study did not demonstrate
that:

A)children can learn through imitation.
B)children's behavior may not always reflect what they have learned.
C)seeing others rewarded and punished can influence a child's behavior.
D)reinforcement is necessary for learning.

Question 68

The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. Which of the following is an example of intermittent reinforcement?

A)His parents always give Joshua what he wants whether or not he screams.
B)His parents always give Joshua what he wants only when he screams.
C)Sometimes his parents give Joshua what he wants when he screams, and sometimes they refuse to give him what he wants when he screams.
D)His parents never give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

Question 69

According to Selman, young children's thinking about other people is:

A)surprisingly abstract.
B)egocentric.
C)complex.
D)unassociated with their level of cognitive development.

Question 70

_______is an example of the way in which children play an active role in their own development.

A)Reciprocal determinism
B)Behavior modification
C)Operant conditioning
D)Systematic desensitization

Question 71

Albert Bandura was a proponent of which of the following theories?

A)psychosocial theory
B)ecological theory
C)behaviorism
D)social learning theory

Question 72

Behavior modification is a(n):

A)way to help children overcome a hostile attributional bias.
B)approach used to help people conquer their fears.
C)form of therapy that is useful for changing undesirable behaviors.
D)treatment to cure autism.

Question 73

Role taking refers to:

A)adopting the perspective of another person.
B)forming a solid identity.
C)becoming intimate with another person.
D)deciding on a career path.

Question 74

A person's beliefs about how well he or she can
control his or her behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal is referred to as:

A)reciprocal determinism.
B)self-esteem.
C)perceived self-efficacy.
D)intelligence.

Question 75

Which of the following statements is an example of reciprocal determinism?

A)A child becomes fearful of snakes after being bitten by one.
B)A child who tends to treat others with kindness influences her peers' behavior, which in turn influences the child.
C)A child with poor academic self-efficacy is more likely than other children to withdraw from school work.
D)A child continues to throw temper tantrums because he gets what he wants as a result.

Question 76

Which of the following statements about Bandura's social learning theory is NOT true?

A)Bandura's theory emphasized the role of cognitive aspects of learning.
B)Bandura's theory held that direct reinforcement is required for learning.
C)Bandura's theory focused on role of observations of others.
D)Bandura's theory acknowledged the active role children play in their own development.

Question 77

According to Selman, 6- to 8-year-old children:

A)believe that others' different perspectives stem from possession of different knowledge.
B)realize that others have different perspectives and are able to think about others' points of view.
C)are able to systematically compare their own and another person's points of view.
D)attempt to understand others' views by comparing them to the generalized other.
E)believe that others cannot have a different perspective from their own.

Question 78

Which of the following statements about Selman's stage theory of role taking is true?

A)Before adolescence, children are unable to acknowledge the existence of perspectives different from their own.
B)Children's progress through the stages is strongly related to their progress through Piaget's stages.
C)Although the theory describes stages, Selman believed that most individuals progress through these changes in a continuous fashion.
D)All of the statements are true.

Question 79

_____theories are primarily concerned with children's ability to think and reason about their own and other people's thoughts, feelings, motives, and behavior.

A)Social learning
B)Ecological
C)Psychoanalytic
D)Social cognitive

Question 80

With respect to the nature of children and development, theories of social cognition emphasize:

A)self-socialization.
B)reinforcement and imitation.
C)the stages children progress through as they
develop.
D)the contexts of which children are a part.