Deck 5: Perception, Action, and Learning in Infancy

Question 1

Of sensation and perception, involves the organization and interpretation of information.

A)both sensation and perception
B)sensation
C)perception
D)neither sensation nor perception

Answer 1

perception

Question 2

The developmental maturity of infants' cones contributes to their:

A)excellent visual acuity.
B)rapid visual scanning.
C)slow pattern perception.
D)poor contrast sensitivity.

Answer 2

poor contrast sensitivity.

Question 3

The study in which infants were first presented with a cube and then were presented with the same cube and a larger cube that was located farther away demonstrated that infants:

A)are unable to form memories about the relative size of objects.
B)do not need visual experience for the development of size constancy.
C)are influenced by the retinal size of an image to a greater extent than are adults.
D)fail to differentiate between objects that are located a varying distances.

Answer 3

do not need visual experience for the development of size constancy.

Question 4

Which of the following sensory reactions is an example of perception?

A)experiencing visual stimulation as a round green apple
B)light stimulation activating the retina's cones
C)activation of sweetness receptors on the tongue
D)coldness triggering nerves in skin

Question 5

When young infants (younger than 2 months old) look at complex shapes or pictures, they tend to look at:

A)the perimeter.
B)the inner detail.
C)low-contrast areas.
D)large sections simultaneously.

Question 6

Two infants of different ages, Diego and Hannah, are tested with the preferential-looking technique to determine their visual acuity. A series of black-and- white-striped patterns are presented individually next to a gray square. Diego can distinguish stripes that are narrower than the stripes Hannah can distinguish. Compared to Hannah, Diego has:

A)a smaller retina.
B)better object segregation.
C)more intelligence.
D)better contrast sensitivity.

Question 7

How clearly an individual can see is referred to as her visual:

A)contrast.
B)scanning ability.
C)acuity.
D)constancy.

Question 8

Perceptual constancy enables a baby to:

A)realize that the toy in current view is the same as the one he viewed prior to blinking.
B)recognize moving point-light displays as a person walking.
C)recognize that Mommy does not actually change size as she walks toward him despite the fact that her size on his retina changes.
D)realize that the cat is still whole when it stands
behind a table leg.

Question 9

The study by Langlois and colleagues in which infants interacted with a woman wearing either an attractive face mask or an unattractive face mask demonstrated which of the following?

A)Infants perceive differences between attractive and unattractive faces.
B)Infants were more positive and played more with the woman when she was attractive than when she was unattractive.
C)Infants don't care whether people are attractive or unattractive; they derive as much pleasure from playing with an attractive person as they do from
playing with an unattractive person.
D)Both A and B are true.
E)Both A and C are true.

Question 10

Light-sensitive neurons located in the central region of the retina are referred to as:

A)cones.
B)the fovea.
C)cubes.
D)acuity neurons.

Question 11

When 5-month-old infants are shown a film of moving points of light, they:

A)are able to perceive coherence among the separate elements.
B)prefer to look at randomly moving elements than at elements that move together.
C)habituate quickly and tire of the stimuli.
D)prefer displays that suggest movements of objects to those that suggest movements of humans.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about research on infants' and adults' ability to differentiate between pairs of human faces and between pairs of monkey faces is true?

A)By the age of 6 months, infants can successfully differentiate between pairs of monkey faces and between pairs of human faces, and this ability remains constant throughout life.
B)At 6 months of age, infants can successfully differentiate between pairs of human faces but not between pairs of monkey faces, and this pattern remains throughout adulthood.
C)At 6 months of age, infants can successfully differentiate between pairs of human faces and between pairs of monkey faces, but older infants and adults have lost the ability to differentiate between monkey faces.
D)At 6 months of age, infants are unable to
differentiate between pairs of human faces and between pairs of monkey faces, but both these abilities develop by the age of 9 months.

Question 13

The integration of separate elements in a visual display into a single coherent pattern enables individuals to perceive a(n):

A)interposition.
B)subjective contour.
C)objective contrast.
D)three-dimensional contrast.

Question 14

To examine whether infants can perceive a difference between a square of uniform color and a square with a pattern on it, a researcher displays the two squares side by side. The researcher records the number of seconds infants look at each square. This method is called the:

A)habituation technique.
B)preferential-looking technique.
C)contrast-sensitivity technique.
D)pattern-recognition technique.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about 3-month-old Isabella's vision is true?

A)Isabella prefers blue and red to other colors.
B)Isabella's visual acuity is close to that of an adult.
C)Isabella's color vision is similar to that of an adult.
D)Isabella is unable to smoothly track slow-moving
objects.
•Isabella tends to look only at the outer edges of
complex shapes.

Question 16

The preferential-looking technique is founded on the expectation that infants:

A)look longer at objects they like or find interesting.
B)look away from complicated or frightening objects.
C)recognize familiar patterns.
D)lose interest in objects that are familiar.

Question 17

By approximately what age can infants smoothly track slow-moving objects?

A)at birth
B)3 months
C)10 months
D)17 months

Question 18

An infant's perception of a subjective contour indicates that she can:

A)pick out the important object to look at from among a vast array of choices.
B)differentiate between a gray square and black-and- white stripes.
C)look at separate elements and integrate them into a single pattern.
D)recognize that an object is not actually growing as it comes nearer to her.

Question 19

To examine whether infants can perceive a difference between two stimuli, a researcher first shows one stimulus to the infant until she becomes disinterested. The researcher then shows the other stimulus to the infant and records whether the infant becomes interested in the new stimulus. This method is called the:

A)habituation technique.
B)preferential-looking technique.
C)contrast-sensitivity technique.
D)pattern-recognition technique.

Question 20

Newborns' bias toward is an underlying factor in their attraction to human faces.

A)oval-shaped objects
B)arrangements with more elements in the upper half than in the lower half
C)objects with irregularities around the perimeter
D)configurations with some dark elements and some light elements

Question 21

Optical expansion is a cue used to perceive:

A)depth.
B)color.
C)relative size.
D)patterns.

Question 22

Binocular disparity results in the perception of depth through which of the following processes?

A)optical expansion
B)object segregation
C)stereopsis
D)apoptosis

Question 23

Which cue is most important for object segregation?

A)common movement
B)common color
C)common texture
D)common distance

Question 24

Pictorial cues are also referred to as _ depth cues.

A)perceptive
B)binocular
C)stereotypical
D)monocular

Question 25

Movement is an important cue for:

A)shape constancy.
B)subjective contour.
C)pattern perception.
D)object segregation.

Question 26

The change in retinal image size as a moving object gets closer, causing more and more of the background to be occluded, is referred to as:

A)retinal enlargement.
B)perceptual constancy.
C)optical expansion.
D)relative size.

Question 27

Binocular disparity results from:

A)poor visual memory.
B)the distance between a person's two eyes.
C)background occlusion.
D)the difference between close items and faraway
items.

Question 28

Before the age of 4 months, which of the following types of exploration of the environment is most common?

A)oral
B)manual
C)self-locomotive
D)smell

Question 29

Research on the music perception of infants has demonstrated that infants:

A)tend not to have strong preferences for some musical sounds over others.
B)are generally insensitive to melody.
C)perceive music in much the same way adults do.
D)have little sense of rhythm.

Question 30

The closer an object is to us, the there is.

A)more binocular disparity
B)less binocular disparity
C)more perceptual constancy
D)less perceptual constancy

Question 31

The combining of information from two or more sensory systems is referred to as perception.

A)intrasensory
B)extrasensory
C)intermodal
D)multichannel

Question 32

Relative size is an example of which of the following types of depth cues?

A)pictorial
B)binocular
C)disparity
D)expansion

Question 33

A study examining infants' response to a breast pad worn by their own mother versus one worn by another woman demonstrated that 2-week-old infants:

A)cannot distinguish between the scent of their mother and the scent of another woman.
B)can distinguish between the scent of their mother and the scent of another woman but do not show a preference.
C)prefer their own mother's scent to that of another woman.
D)prefer the scent of another woman to that of their mother.

Question 34

Which of the following depth perception cues is the last to develop?

A)binocular disparity
B)perceptual constancy
C)optical expansion
D)relative size

Question 35

Five-month-old Judy sees a novel sight-flowers arranged in a vase. The most important cue that would help Judy know whether she is seeing a single object or multiple objects is:

A)differences in the textures and shapes of the flowers and vase.
B)independent movement of the flowers as they are removed from the vase.
C)common movement as her mother moves the full vase from the counter to the table.
D)All of the cues are equally useful.

Question 36

Newborns prefer which of the following tastes?

A)bland
B)spicy
C)sweet
D)sour
E)None of the answers is correct; newborns have no
taste preference

Question 37

Which of the following statements about infants' perception of pictures is true?

A)Infants do not perceive pictures as depictions of real objects.
B)Infants do not have the visual acuity to perceive the differences between two-dimensional and three- dimensional objects.
C)Infants do not yet understand that the nature of two- dimensional objects means that they cannot be picked up.
D)Infants' poor perceptual constancy inhibits them from interpreting the pictured objects as real.
E)All of the statements are true.

Question 38

Infant Greta hears a bell that she cannot see. She immediately turns toward the sound. This is an indication that Greta has which of the following abilities?

A)auditory localization
B)auditory segregation
C)pattern perception
D)music perception

Question 39

Five-month-old infants do NOT:

A)dishabituate when the same melody to which they've been listening is played at a different pitch.
B)recognize the same melody played scrambled and unscrambled.
C)demonstrate sensitivity to the temporal organization of music (that is, where pauses should occur).
D)demonstrate preferences for some musical sounds over others.
E)Infants display none of these behaviors.

Question 40

Baby Janet has a patch over one eye because of an eye infection. She will be unable to use which of the following depth perception cues?

A)optical expansion
B)object segregation
C)relative size
D)binocular disparity

Question 41

The "visual cliff" has been used to evaluate:

A)self-locomotion skills.
B)depth perception.
C)scale errors.
D)stereopsis.
E)reflexes.

Question 42

The research by Thelen in which infants were partially immersed in a tank of water demonstrated to be responsible for the disappearance of the stepping reflex.

A)changing ratio of weight to strength
B)cortical maturation
C)visual maturation
D)motivation to kick

Question 43

A researcher taking a dynamic-systems approach to motor development would be most likely to examine the impact of on the development of crawling.

A)cortical maturation
B)multiple variables
C)muscle strength
D)vision

Question 44

Which of the following statements is an accurate portrayal of the impact of nurture on infants' motor development?

A)Infants develop motor skills on their own schedule, regardless of child-rearing practices.
B)Child-rearing practices can accelerate but not retard infants' motor development.
C)Child-rearing practices can retard but not accelerate infants' motor development.
D)Child-rearing practices can either accelerate or retard infants' motor development.

Question 45

Which of the following practices is believed to have led to a secular trend in the development of self-locomotion by U.S. infants?

A)decrease in number of adults who smoke
B)increase in proportion of families with two working parents
C)improvements in nutrition
D)changes in infant sleep position practices

Question 46

The finding that today's infants are crawling later than infants born less than a generation ago is evidence for the effect of:

A)sociocultural context.
B)malnutrition.
C)conditioning.
D)tabloid publications.
•None of the answers is correct.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about the development of reaching is NOT true?

A)Vision is necessary for infants' reaching.
B)Successful reaching begins at about 3 to 4 months of age.
C)Reaching becomes stable at about the same time that infants can sit independently.
D)Infants seem to have a sense of how long their arms are.

Question 48

Which of the following activities is NOT an example of self-locomotion?

A)crawling
B)walking
C)reaching
D)All the answers are examples of self-locomotion.

Question 49

An infant who is using social referencing would learn:

A)not to crawl down a steep incline by seeing another infant fall.
B)to crawl around an obstacle by seeing an adult crawl around the obstacle.
C)to avoid crawling off the side of a bed by seeing an adult's fearful facial expression.
D)to crawl more quickly because her parents provide a lot of encouragement.

Question 50

By what age would you expect an infant first to be able to visually recognize which of two objects she has just touched?

A)at birth
B)4 months
C)9 months
D)13 months

Question 51

The dynamic-systems approach argues that every milestone in the transition from newborns' inability to lift their head to toddlers' ability to walk independently involves:

A)increases in strength.
B)motivation.
C)perceptual skills.
D)increases in strength and motivation.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 52

When reaching for an object, infants must take into account:

A)direction.
B)distance.
C)shape.
D)trajectory.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 53

is(are) indicative of a possible neurological problem.

A)Existence of the tonic neck reflex
B)Persistence of any neonatal reflexes past infancy
C)An abnormally strong sucking reflex
D)Persistence of the grasping reflex beyond when it is expected to disappear
E)Both A and B
F)Both C and D

Question 54

Four-month-old infants respond more to a film_______ than to a film______ .

A)of a monkey hopping; of a human hopping
B)that matches the sounds they are hearing; that doesn't match the sounds they are hearing
C)showing a face in which lips move out of sync with the speech they hear; showing a face in which lips move in sync with the speech they hear
D)showing a person saying “peek-a-boo”; showing ahand beating a drumstick against a block

Question 55

Month-old infants have the ability to link their visual experience with their:

A)tactile experience.
B)auditory experience.
C)proprioceptive experience.
D)oral experience.

Question 56

Which of the following statements about self- locomotion is NOT true?

A)All infants begin self-locomotion with belly crawling.
B)Infants typically begin to walk independently at approximately 11 to 12 months.
C)Most belly crawlers shift to hands-and-knees crawling.
D)Infants adjust their mode of self-locomotion according to their perception of the surface.

Question 57

At the age of 2 months, infants exhibit:

A)stable reaching.
B)prereaching movements.
C)poorly controlled reaching.
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 58

Which of the following approaches do many current theorists of motor development, including Esther Thelen, take?

A)dynamic-systems approach
B)evolutionary approach
C)Piagetian approach
D)changing-modules approach

Question 59

Which of the following reflexes is NOT known to have any adaptive significance?

A)rooting reflex
B)tonic neck reflex
C)sucking reflex
D)grasping reflex

Question 60

An infant plays with a toy block in the dark, so he cannot see it. Later, he is shown a ball as well as the block. He realizes that it was the block, not the ball, that he played with in the dark through:

A)intermodal perception.
B)bimodal distribution.
C)visual localization.
D)interobject recognition.

Question 61

The result that infants of depressed mothers tend to smile less than other infants is thought to be caused by:

A)operant conditioning.
B)statistical learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)Habituation.

Question 62

was first discovered by Pavlov in his research with dogs.

A)Observational learning
B)Classical conditioning
C)Perceptual learning
D)Operant conditioning

Question 63

An infant's sibling always jumps off his bed with a loud bang when he wakes up from his nap. He then comes downstairs and greets the infant with a tickle, making the infant laugh and cough reflexively. Eventually, the infant begins to laugh and cough reflexively when he hears the bang, even before he sees his brother. In this scenario, the laugh and cough in response to the bang is a(n):

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 64

Which of the following forms of learning is probably the simplest?

A)classical conditioning
B)habituation
C)observational learning
D)rehearsal

Question 65

Habituation to a stimulus and increased response to a novel stimulus indicate all of the following behaviors EXCEPT:

A)a preference for novelty.
B)the ability to differentiate between the two stimuli.
C)learning.
D)a preference for the characteristics of the novel stimulus over the old one.

Question 66

Research using shallow and steep inclines has NOT demonstrated that:

A)inexperienced crawlers are poor judges of what they can and cannot handle.
B)infants are able to transfer judgment skills learned as crawlers to walking.
C)experienced crawlers will disregard parents' encouragement when it is inconsistent with their own judgment.
D)infants have to learn from experience what they can and cannot do.

Question 67

The greatest worry of parents who are concerned about the habituation effect of their children watching violent acts on television is that that their children will:

A)learn how to commit violent acts.
B)cease to be shocked by violence.
C)become angered by the violence.
D)look up to violent people as role models.

Question 68

Which of the following statements about the association between speed of habituation in infancy and general cognitive ability is true?

A)There is no association between habituation in infancy and general cognitive ability.
B)There is a small association between habituation in infancy and general cognitive ability in early childhood, but this association disappears later in life.
C)There is a large association between habituation in infancy and general cognitive ability in early childhood, but this association disappears later in life.
D)There is a substantial association between habituation in infancy and general cognitive ability
even into adulthood.

Question 69

Scale errors are thought to be a result of young children's:

A)overconfidence in their own abilities.
B)underdeveloped depth perception.
C)failure to integrate perception and action.
D)inexperience with self-locomotion.

Question 70

Statistical learning involves:

A)extracting from the environment those elements that remain stable.
B)learning the relationship between one's own behavior and its result.
C)decreased response to repeated stimulation.
D)forming associations between stimuli that occur in a predictable pattern.

Question 71

is an example of a scale error.

A)Attempting to put one's own foot into a tiny doll shoe
B)Attempting to reach for an object that is too far away
C)Misjudging that one can successfully walk down a too-steep incline
D)Mistakenly believing that a large sponge is heavier than a large rock

Question 72

Which group(s) of infants would know their own limitations if placed at the top of a steep incline?

A)experienced crawlers
B)both beginning and experienced crawlers but not walkers
C)both beginning and experienced walkers but not crawlers
D)both experienced crawlers and experienced walkers
E)experienced crawlers and all walkers

Question 73

An infant's learning of the association between the sight of his bottle and the taste of his milk is an example of:

A)statistical learning.
B)referencing.
C)perceptual learning.
D)habituation.

Question 74

Infants can learn through instrumental conditioning:

A)at birth.
B)by 6 months.
C)by 10 months.
Dby 15 months.

Question 75

The process of extracting from the environment elements that remain stable is referred to as:

A)differentiation.
B)error scaling.
C)statistical learning.
D)habituation.

Question 76

Which of the following statements is the best example of an infant's discovery of an affordance?

A)Roger learns that the beep of a microwave often means he will soon be given his bottle.
B)Xena learns to bang on a drum by watching her brother bang on it.
C)Henry learns that his grandma kisses him whenever she holds him.
D)Leah learns that she can sit in chairs that are low to the ground.

Question 77

The decrease in response to repeated presentation of the same stimulus is referred to as:

A)habituation.
B)dishabituation.
C)operant learning.
D)observational learning.

Question 78

An infant's sibling always jumps off his bed with a loud bang when he wakes up from his nap. He then comes downstairs and greets the infant with a tickle, making the infant laugh and cough reflexively. Eventually, the infant begins to laugh and cough reflexively when he hears the bang, even before he sees his brother. In this scenario, the loud bang is a(n):

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 79

indicates learning through classical conditioning.

A)Realizing the association between UCS and UCR
B)Realizing the association between the UCR and the CR
C)The occurrence of the CS just before the UCR
D)The occurrence of the CR just before the CS
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 80

Which of the following statements about statistical learning and perceptual learning is true?

A)Both statistical learning and perceptual learning involve learning from the regularity in the environment.
B)Statistical learning involves learning from the regularity in the environment, and perceptual learning involves learning from the irregular events that occur in the environment.
C)Both statistical learning and perceptual learning involve learning from events that always occur simultaneously.
D)Statistical learning involves learning from events that always occur simultaneously, and perceptual learning involves learning from events that sometimes occur simultaneously.