Deck 3: Biology and Behavior

Question 1

Which of the following statements about genetics is true?

A)Genes are sections of chromosomes.
B)Chromosomes are sections of genes.
C)Chromosomes are sections of DNA.
D)DNA is a section of a gene.

Answer 1

Genes are sections of chromosomes.

Question 2

The entire set of human genes is referred to as a:

A)genode.
B)genesis.
C)genotype.
D)genome.

Answer 2

genome.

Question 3

A male zygote has the pattern of sex chromosomes.

A)XX
B)XY
C)YY
D)XYZ

Answer 3

XY

Question 4

A change in a section of DNA that is the result of either a random, spontaneous error or environmental factors is referred to as:

A)polygenic inheritance.
B)a dominant-recessive pattern.
C)random assortment.
D)a mutation.

Question 5

The observable expression of an individual's genetic material is referred to as the individual's:

A)genome.
B)genotype.
C)phenotype.
D)environment.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the chromosomes that parents pass on to their offspring is true?

A)Parents pass on exact copies of their chromosomes to their offspring.
B)Parents pass on exact copies of their chromosomes to their offspring, except when a mutation occurs in the offspring's genes.
C)Parents' chromosome pairs are shuffled randomly and crossing over occurs; thus parents pass on chromosomes that are constituted differently than their own.
D)Parents pass on exact copies of their chromosomes to their offspring, but the genes are expressed differently because of patterns of dominance.

Question 7

With the exception of the genes on the X and Y chromosomes, how many copies of each type of gene does an individual generally carry?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 8

Crossing over refers to:

A)the development of female genitalia by an XY zygote.
B)a process by which two members of a chromosomal pair swap sections of DNA.
C)the random shuffling of the members of the 23 chromosomal pairs in the formation of egg and sperm.
D)a change in a section of DNA caused by
environmental factors.

Question 9

Which of the following lists is the correct order of events in the development of a male?

A)Y chromosome encodes protein, production of testosterone, prenatal formation of testes
B)Y chromosome encodes protein, prenatal formation of testes, production of testosterone
C)prenatal formation of testes, Y chromosome encodes protein, production of testosterone
D)production of testosterone, Y chromosome encodes protein, prenatal formation of testes

Question 10

Individuals receive copy(ies) of each gene from their mother.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 11

Which of the following statements about mutations is true?

A)Mutations may make an individual more likely to survive long enough to produce offspring.
B)Mutations are always caused by environmental pollutants.
C)Mutations are the only source of genetic disease.
D)Mutations are created when two members of a pair of chromosomes swap pieces of DNA.

Question 12

Children share of their genetic material with each of their grandparents.

A)one-half
B)one-third
C)one-quarter
D)one-eighth

Question 13

Which of the following statements about genetics is true?

A)DNA is made up of two twisted chromosomes.
B)Genes are made up of two twisted chromosomes.
C)Chromosomes are made up of two twisted strands of DNA.
D)Genes are made up of two twisted strands of DNA.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about sex determination is true?

A)The mother's egg always determines the sex of the offspring.
B)The father's sperm always determines the sex of the offspring.
C)Sometimes it is the mother's egg and sometimes it is the father's sperm that determines the sex of the offspring.
D)The mother's egg and the father's sperm jointly
determine the sex of the offspring.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about sex determination is true?

A)The presence of an X chromosome makes an individual female.
B)The presence of a single X chromosome makes an individual male.
C)The presence of a Y chromosome makes an
individual female.
D)The presence of a Y chromosome makes an
individual male.

Question 16

Which of the following items is a direct contributor to a child's genotype?

A)parents' genotype
B)child's phenotype
C)child's environment
D)Parent's genotype and child's environment
E)child's phenotype and environment

Question 17

In a study of eminent men, Francis Galton concluded that achievement and talent are due to:

A)predominantly environment.
B)predominantly heredity.
C)a combination of environment and heredity.
D)an interaction of environment and heredity.

Question 18

Genes code for:

A)the production of proteins.
B)specific behaviors.
C)the construction of DNA.
D)traits.

Question 19

Genes are sections of:

A)chromosomes.
B)proteins.
C)genotypes.
D)phenotypes.

Question 20

The mapping of the human genome has resulted in the insight that humans share a large proportion of their genes with:

A)bacteria.
B)fish.
C)elephants.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 21

Regulator genes are responsible for:

A)ensuring that all of the sperm's genetic material is inserted into the egg.
B)activating and deactivating other genes.
C)controlling cell division.
D)determining an embryo's sex.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about genes is true?

A)Genes that are turned off by regulator genes remain off for the remainder of the person's life.
B)Regulator genes function without input from the
environment.
C)Genes belong to extensive networks of genes and do not function in isolation.
D)All of the statements are true.
E)None of the statements is true.

Question 23

Psychological traits, such as empathy, aggression, and shyness, follow the type of inheritance pattern.

A)dominant-recessive
B)X-linked
C)polygenic inheritance
D)mutations

Question 24

The ______is a direct contributor to a child's phenotype.

A)child's genotype
B)child's environment
C)parents' genotype
D)child's genotype and environment
E)child's genotype and environment and parent's
genotype

Question 25

Developmental changes such as puberty, graying hair, and the reduced organ capacity that comes with age are caused in part by:

A)norm of reaction.
B)homozygous alleles.
C)polygenic inheritance.
D)regulator genes.

Question 26

The manner in which individuals develop phenylketonuria is an example of:

A)genotype-environment interaction.
B)phenotype-environment interaction.
C)direct inheritance.
D)polygenic inheritance.

Question 27

Different forms of a gene are referred to as:

A)alleles.
B)regulators.
C)recessive genes.
D)chromosomes.

Question 28

types of genes are expressed when an individual is heterozygous for a trait that follows a Mendelian inheritance pattern.

A)Recessive
B)Dominant
C)Polygenic
D)Allele
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 29

If an individual is heterozygous for a trait, he has inherited:

A)two of the same allele for that trait.
B)two different alleles for that trait.
C)two dominant alleles for that trait.
D)two recessive alleles for that trait.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about gene expression is true?

A)All genes possessed by an individual are expressed continuously.
B)All genes contained in a particular cell are expressed in that cell, but not all genes are contained in every cell.
C)Some genes are expressed for only a short period of the cell's life.
D)All genes possessed by an individual are expressed at some point in the individual's life.
E)Both B and D are true statements.
F)Both C and D are true statements.

Question 31

Approximately of human genes are alleles.

A)one-tenth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)three-fifths

Question 32

Polygenic inheritance refers to:

A)sex-linked inheritance.
B)the crossing over of chromosomes.
C)dominant-recessive patterns of inheritance.
D)the combined action of multiple genes.

Question 33

X-linked disorders are:

A)more likely to affect males.
B)more likely to affect females.
C)equally likely to affect males and females.
D)a result of fragile X syndrome.

Question 34

Many psychiatric and behavioral disorders are believed to involve:

A)gene anomalies.
B)polygenic inheritance.
C)Mendelian patterns.
D)chromosomal anomalies.

Question 35

Phenylketonuria originates from:

A)chromosomal anomaly.
B)sex-linked inheritance.
C)dominant-recessive pattern.
D)polygenic inheritance.
E)regulator gene defect.

Question 36

Disease W is a recessive gene disease. Individuals with will suffer from Disease W.

A)one Disease W gene and one healthy gene
B)two Disease W genes
C)two healthy genes
D)two Disease W genes and one healthy gene
•All of the answers are correct.

Question 37

A recessive gene governs Trait M. If a child exhibits
Trait M, then:

A)both her parents must have also exhibited Trait M.
B)both her parents must have the recessive gene for trait M.
C)one of her parents has the dominant gene for trait M.
D)the child has to have a dominant gene for Trait M.

Question 38

Identical twins Ilyse and Lauren both have a gene for Trait H. The gene for Trait H is expressed only when a child eats rice before the age of 2. Ilyse and Lauren are separated at birth, and Ilyse lives in Japan, where babies begin eating rice at an early age. Lauren lives in the United States, and she is not given rice before the age of 2. Ilyse develops Trait H, whereas Lauren does not develop the trait. This is an example of:

A)polygenic inheritance.
B)genotype-environment interaction.
C)phenotypical variety.
D)the dominant-recessive pattern of inheritance.

Question 39

All the outcomes that could theoretically result from a given genotype are referred to as the:

A)polygenic inheritance.
B)genotype-environment interaction.
C)phenotype.
D)norm of reaction.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about traits that involve polygenic inheritance is true?

A)Traits that involve polygenic inheritance are passed down from either the mother or the father directly to the offspring.
B)If the parents' genetic make-up is known, it can be determined whether the offspring will possess a certain trait.
C)Traits that involve polygenic inheritance are expressed only if an individual has a dominant gene.
D)Offspring have a one-in-four chance of possessing a trait if the parents possess it.
E)None of the statements is true.

Question 41

Down syndrome originates from:

A)chromosomal anomalies.
B)polygenic inheritance.
C)dominant-recessive patterns.
D)gene anomalies.

Question 42

A study that examines whether adopted children's scores on a particular measure are more highly correlated with their adoptive parents' scores or their biological parents' scores is referred to as a(n) study.

A)adoption
B)adoptive twin
C)twin
D)heritability

Question 43

Traits that are influenced by genetic factors are considered:

A)genes.
B)heritable.
C)sex-linked.
D)environmental.

Question 44

Pamela and her mother both have a strong aversion to cheese. What could have caused this similarity?

A)Pamela genetically inherited "cheese aversion" from her mother.
B)Pamela's mother's own genetically inherited "cheese aversion" led her to create a "cheese aversion" environment in which Pamela developed.
C)Pamela's mother's aversion to cheese caused pamela's genotype to change.
D)Both A and B could have caused the similarity.
E)Both A and C could have caused the similarity.

Question 45

The research on the effects of abusive parenting on children with a particular genotype demonstrated that:

A)child abuse is genetically inherited.
B)specific genetic risk factors can make individuals more susceptible than others to particular environmental events.
C)some people have a greater extent of brain plasticity than do others.
D)children's phenotypes lead them to be active creators of their own environments.

Question 46

An adoption twin study is conducted to examine the role of genetics and environment on sociability. Which of the following results would lead to a conclusion that environmental factors are important in the development of this trait?

A)Identical twins reared together are more similar on the trait than identical twins reared apart.
B)Identical twins reared together are no more similar
C)on the trait than identical twins reared apart.
D)Identical twins reared together are less similar on the trait than identical twins reared apart.
E)Identical twins reared apart are more similar on the trait than fraternal twins reared apart.

Question 47

Behavior genetics rests in part on the premise that, to the extent that genetic factors are important, individuals who should be more similar than individuals who .

A)are closely related; are unrelated
B)are unrelated; are closely related
C)have lived together; have not lived together
D)have not lived together; have lived together

Question 48

The influence of the child's on his or her
represents the active child theme.

A)genotype; phenotype
B)environment; phenotype
C)phenotype; environment
D)phenotype; genotype

Question 49

A twin study is conducted to examine the role of genetics and environment on the fondness of individuals for chocolate. Which of the following
results would lead to the conclusion that genetic factors are important in the development of this trait?

A)Twins who have lived together are more similar on the trait than twins who have lived apart.
B)Twins who have lived apart are more similar on the trait than twins who have lived together.
C)Identical twins are more similar on the trait than
fraternal twins.
D)Fraternal twins are more similar on the trait than
identical twins.

Question 50

Which of the following effects is an example of the
"child's phenotype ? child's environment" relation?

A)effect of the environment on the child's behavior created by the child's parents
B)effect of the child's interests on the environment the child seeks out
C)effect of the child's behavior on the parents' responses to the child
D)Both A and B are correct.
E)Both A and C are correct.
F)Both B and C are correct.

Question 51

Behavior genetics rests in part on the premise that, to the extent that environmental factors are important, individuals who should be more similar than individuals who .

A)are closely related; are unrelated
B)are unrelated; are closely related
C)have lived together; have not lived together
D)have not lived together; have lived together

Question 52

Twin studies compare:

A)individuals who have lived together to those who have not.
B)same-sex twins to opposite-sex twins.
C)adopted children to their biological or adopted
siblings.
D)identical twins to fraternal twins.

Question 53

Lenny is a very active toddler who began to crawl, pull himself up to a standing position, walk, climb, and run at a very early age. Which of the following statements is NOT an example of a way in which Lenny's phenotype may affect his environment?

A)Chasing Lenny and keeping him safe has made his parents very tired and stressed, resulting in a lack of patience with Lenny.
B)Lenny regularly seeks out new adventures, such as climbing to the top of his backyard swing set, in which he often gets injured and must be seen by a doctor.
C)In an attempt to get Lenny to use his high activity level in a constructive manner, his parents enroll him in a gymnastics class.
D)Lenny's father is also quite active, and he frequently brings Lenny to the playground, athletic games, and amusement parks.

Question 54

If the correlation between identical twins on Trait R is higher than the correlation between fraternal twins on Trait R, behavior geneticists conclude that:

A)genetic factors are important in the development of Trait R.
B)genetic factors are irrelevant to the development of Trait R.
C)environmental factors are irrelevant in the
development of Trait R.
D)genetic factors and environmental factors play equivalent roles in the development of Trait R.

Question 55

A person who has a genetic disorder that results from a chromosomal anomaly possesses:

A)two recessive genes for the disorder.
B)extra or missing genes.
C)multiple genes that code for the disorder.
D)more or fewer than the normal number of
chromosomes.

Question 56

Which of the following properties is a mechanism for genetic inheritance of disease?

A)combined action of multiple genes
B)dominant-recessive patterns
C)sex-linked inheritance
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is NOT true?

A)It is likely that autism spectrum disorder is caused by the MMR vaccine.
B)It is clear that the cause of autism spectrum disorder is solely genetic.
C)Approximately 1 in 1,500 U.S. children between the ages of 3 and 10 have been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.
D) Autism spectrum disorder is known to be highly heritable.

Question 58

Which of the following designs is ideal for studying behavior genetics?

A)adoption study
B)family study
C)adoptive twin study
D)twin study

Question 59

Which of the following disorders involves sex chromosomes?

A)Down syndrome
B)sickle-cell anemia
C)Kleinfelter syndrome
D)Williams syndrome

Question 60

Behavior geneticists believe that of the behavioral traits of human beings are influenced at least to some degree by genetic factors.

A)none
B)a small percentage
C)about half
D)all

Question 61

Imagine that researchers estimated the heritability score for Trait W to be 45%. Which of the following statements is a correct interpretation of this estimate?

A)Differences between African-Americans and Euro- Americans on Trait W are 45% due to differences in their genetic makeup.
B)Jane Doe's level of Trait W is 45% due to her genes.
C)The amount of variation in Trait W in an entire population is 45% due to genetic factors.
D)There is only a little individuals can do to improve their level of Trait W.

Question 62

Stacy and Tracy are identical twins who were reared together. Stacy is quite athletic and not very artistic, whereas Tracy is not very athletic but is artistic. These personality differences can be attributed to their:

A)shared genetics.
B)nonshared genetics.
C)shared environment.
D)nonshared environment.
•All of the answers are correct.

Question 63

Which of the following statements provides the best evidence for the argument that intelligence has a genetic influence?

A)Identical twins are not identical in IQ.
B)Identical twins are more similar in intelligence than fraternal twins.
C)Fraternal twins are more similar in intelligence when they are reared together than when they are reared apart.
D)Fraternal twins become less similar in intelligence as they get older.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is the best evidence for the notion that individuals actively construct their environment?

A)Identical twins are quite similar in intelligence regardless of whether they are reared together or apart.
B)Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins in intelligence.
C) Fraternal twins are more similar in intelligence when they are reared together than when they are reared apart.
D)Fraternal twins become less similar in intelligence as they get older.

Question 65

The finding that identical twins reared together are more similar in intelligence than identical twins reared apart is evidence for the:

A)importance of genetic factors.
B)importance of environmental factors.
C)interplay between genes and environment.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 66

Shared-environment influences have been demonstrated for:

A)schizophrenia.
B)positive emotions in toddlers.
C)personality.
D)All of the answers are correct.
•None of the answers is correct.

Question 67

The finding that siblings reared together are more similar in intelligence than half-siblings (individuals who share one parent) reared together is evidence for the:

A)importance of genetic factors.
B)importance of environmental factors.
C)interplay between genes and environment.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 68

Imagine researchers estimated the heritability score for Trait T to be 75%. Which of the following statements is a misinterpretation of this estimate?

A)There is little individuals can do to improve their level of Trait T.
B)John Smith's level of Trait T is 75% due to his genes.
C)Differences between males and females on Trait T are 75% due to differences in the genetic makeup of males and females.
D)All of the above are misinterpretations.

Question 69

Behavior genetic studies have revealed that fraternal twins reared together and identical twins reared together are equally similar on Trait Q. This indicates the importance of:

A)shared genetics.
B)nonshared genetics.
C)shared environment.
D)nonshared environment.

Question 70

Effects of which of the following influences result from the fact that even children who grow up in the same family do not all have the same experiences?

A)shared genetics
B)nonshared genetics
C)shared environment
D)nonshared environment

Question 71

Mandy and Candy are fraternal twins who were reared together. Bernie and Ernie are identical twins who were reared together. Which of the following statements is true?

A)Mandy and Candy are more genetically similar to each other than are Bernie and Ernie.
B)Mandy and Candy are as genetically similar to each other as are Bernie and Ernie.
C)Mandy and Candy have the same level of shared environment as do Bernie and Ernie.
D)Mandy and Candy have a greater level of shared environment than do Bernie and Ernie.
E)None of the statements is true.

Question 72

The amount of variability of a trait that is due to genetic factors is referred to as:

A)heritability.
B)inheritance.
C)Darwinism.
D)shared genes.

Question 73

Experiences that are unique to the individuals in a family are referred to as:

A)shared genetics.
B)nonshared genetics.
C)shared environment.
D)nonshared environment.

Question 74

Which of the following statements expresses evidence for the importance of environmental factors in the development of a particular trait?

A)An adoptive twin study shows that the correlation between identical twins who grew up together is higher than the correlation between identical twins who grew up apart.
B)A twin study shows that the correlation between identical twins is higher than the correlation between fraternal twins.
C)An adoption study shows that the correlation between adoptive children and their biological parents is higher than the correlation between the children and their adoptive parents.
D)All of the statements express evidence of the importance of environmental factors in the development of the trait.

Question 75

Which of the following behavior genetics research results provides the best evidence of the importance of environmental factors in the development of a particular trait?

A)An adoption study shows that the correlation between adoptive children and their adoptive parents is higher than the correlation between the children and their biological parents.
B)An adoptive twin study shows that the correlation between identical twins who grew up together is higher than the correlation between identical twins who grew up apart.
C)A twin study shows that the correlation between identical twins is higher than the correlation between same-sex fraternal twins.
D)A family study shows that the correlation between siblings reared together is higher than the correlation between siblings reared apart.
E)All of the results provide equally good evidence of the importance of environmental factors in the development of the trait.

Question 76

As environmental variability increases, heritability estimates will:

A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)remain the same.
D)sometimes increase and sometimes decrease.

Question 77

The most striking finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart is the extent of the:

A)similarity of the twins in a wide range of behavioral traits.
B)similarity of the twins in a wide range of physical
traits.
C)differences between the twins on the vast majority of behavioral traits.
D)differences between the twins on many physical
traits.

Question 78

Which of the following reared-apart twins are LEAST similar in intelligence?

A)identical twins in childhood
B)identical twins in adulthood
C)fraternal twins in childhood
D)fraternal twins in adulthood

Question 79

The heritability score for athletic ability estimates the:

A)relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors in the development of an individual's athletic ability.
B)amount of variation in athletic ability in an entire population that is due to differences in their genes.
C)level of genetic influence on an individual's athletic ability.
D)extent of influence of evolution on a population's
athletic ability.

Question 80

Which of the following statements about heritability estimates is true?

A)Heritability estimates suggest the existence of genes for particular behavioral patterns, such as divorce.
B)Heritability estimates can differ dramatically for groups of people in very different environments.
C)Heritability estimates are informative in determining the relative genetic and environmental contributions in the development of a particular individual.
D)Heritability estimates indicate the level of changeability of the trait.