Deck 13: Peer Relationships

Question 1

Compared to nonfriends, preschool-age friends have _____levels of conflict, and their conflict is resolved______equitably.

A)lower; more
B)lower; less
C)greater; more
D)greater; less

Answer 1

greater; more

Question 2

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about the friendships of children under the age of two?

A)Very young children appear to be able to select, prefer, and have more positive interactions with some children over others.
B)Very young children show some preference for playing with some children, but they show no other differential behavior toward these preferred
playmates.
C)Very young children show more positive affect toward some children, but they do not appear to be more likely to seek them out as playmates.
D)Very young children are incapable of having a preferred playmate.

Answer 2

Very young children appear to be able to select, prefer, and have more positive interactions with some children over others.

Question 3

Which of the following factors helps protect victimized children?

A)having a number of friendships
B)having friends who are liked by peers
C)having friendships of high quality
D)All of these help protect victimized children.

Answer 3

All of these help protect victimized children.

Question 4

Which of the following theorists proposed that children who are not liked by peers develop feelings of loneliness and inferiority?

A)Vygotsky
B)Sullivan
C)Scarr
D)Selman

Question 5

Compared to adolescents' conceptions, school-age children's friendship conceptions are:

A)more concrete.
B)focused more on intimacy.
C)defined more in terms of loyalty.
D)more egalitarian.

Question 6

When asked who their best friend is, Dana and Wendy both name each other. Dana and Wendy are considered to be:

A)exclusive best friends.
B)popular.
C)well accepted.
D)reciprocal best friends.

Question 7

At what age are children capable of showing preference for some children over others?

A)infancy
B)toddlerhood
C)early childhood
D)late childhood

Question 8

Which of the following variables does NOT contribute to the greater social-cognitive and cognitive development that takes place to a greater extent in interactions between friends than in interactions between nonfriends?

A)greater cooperation
B)greater conflict negotiation
C)higher levels of gossip
D)higher levels of rough play

Question 9

Which of the following attributes is NOT a common characteristic of children's friendships?

A)consisting of reciprocities
B)same-sex members
C)intimate
D)involving conflict
E)All are common characteristics of children's
friendships.

Question 10

Which of the following actions occur(s) more frequently with young children's friends than with their nonfriends?

A)positive interactions
B)conflict
C)cooperation
D)pretend play
E)positive interactions and cooperation
F)pretend play and positive interactions
G)All occur frequently with young children's friends over their nonfriends.

Question 11

By definition, pretend play involves:

A)imaginary companions.
B)taking the role of another person or character.
C)symbolic actions.
D)cooperating with another child.

Question 12

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about peers?

A)Peers have relatively equal power in their interactions.
B)Peers are, by definition, close in age.
C)Peers tend to jointly construct their own ideas and rules for how things should work.
D)Peers are both close in age and have relatively equal power in their interactions.
E)All are true statements about peers.

Question 13

When asked about her best friend, Rasamee says, "My best friend is Annie. We do everything together. We both love to play four square, and we always play it together at recess. Annie lives near me, and she has so many fun toys that I love to play with." This description of Rasamee's friendship is most characteristic of children of what age?

A)2 years old
B)4 years old
C)7 years old
D)10 years old

Question 14

Research on the effect of having friendships on victimized children's adjustment indicated that:

A)victimized children rarely have friends.
B)whether or not victimized children's friendships are reciprocal is irrelevant to the importance of the friendship for adjustment.
C)friends can serve as buffers against unpleasant experiences.
D)victimized children who have friends who are well liked by their peers feel even more socially isolated than victimized children whose friends are less well liked.

Question 15

Observations by Freud and Dann of the group of six German-Jewish children who were orphaned during Hitler's regime and then were sent to live together in a shelter in Britain demonstrated which of the following?

A)Separations from consistent caregivers have no lasting effects for relationships with adults when supportive peer relationships exist.
B)Relationships with peers can help young children develop some of the social and emotional capacities usually developed in the context of parent-child relationships.
C)Separations from consistent caregivers cause children to become delinquent and psychotic.
D)Peer relationships can more than compensate for a lack of caregiver-child attachment, since peers can share greater intimacy and trust.

Question 16

It is clear from research that friendships can buffer children against the negative effects of all of the following consequences EXCEPT:

A)being yelled at by the teacher.
B)being victimized by peers.
C)entering a new school.
D)being socially isolated.
E)Friendships can buffer children against the negative effects of all of these.
F)Friendships can buffer children against the negative effects of none of these.

Question 17

Which of the following characteristics is part of the definition of a friendship?

A)characterized by reciprocities
B)same-sex members
C)intimate
D)conflictual
E)both characterized by reciprocities and intimate
F)intimate relationship between same-sex members

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true about the support provided to school-age children by friends?

A)Friends' ability to provide children with support in unfamiliar situations begins at approximately age 9.
B)Having friendships, regardless of the quality, is a significant buffer against loneliness.
C)Chronic friendlessness is associated with depression.
D)All of these are true statements.

Question 19

Selman proposed that changes in children's thinking about friendships are a result of changes in:

A)their ability to take others' perspectives into account.
B)how they are able to express their ideas.
C)what they need from their friends.
D)hormones and neurochemistry.

Question 20

When Suomi and Harlow placed socially isolated monkeys with normal younger monkeys, the isolated monkeys:

A)developed abnormal behaviors, such as compulsive rocking.
B)were aggressive toward the younger monkeys.
C)became playful and behaved normally.
D)began to explore their environment.

Question 21

Having close friends who exhibit which of the following problems is associated with an increased risk of that problem for adolescents?

A)depression
B)substance abuse
C)disruptive and aggressive behavior
D)Adolescents with friends who exhibit any of these problems are more at risk to develop the same problem.

Question 22

The longitudinal study that followed three groups of boys who had been assessed as nondisruptive, moderately disruptive, or highly disruptive demonstrated that which group or groups was influenced to the greatest extent by having aggressive friends?

A)nondisruptive boys only
B)moderately disruptive boys only
C)highly disruptive boys only
D)both nondisruptive and highly disruptive boys

Question 23

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about the long-term benefits of friendships?

A)Children with friends in elementary school are better adjusted on a variety of measures in middle childhood.
B)Children with friends in elementary school are better adjusted on a variety of measures in adulthood.
C)Having reciprocated best friendships causes children to exhibit fewer problems in middle childhood.
D)Having reciprocated best friendships causes children to exhibit fewer problems in adulthood.
E)Children with friends in elementary school are better adjusted on a variety of measures in both middle childhood and adulthood.
F)Children who are well adjusted and exhibit fewer problems than most in middle childhood usually have had friends in elementary school and have experienced reciprocal best friendships.

Question 24

Compared to boys in late elementary school, their female peers report that their friendships:

A)are less likely to make them feel important and special.
B)are less likely to provide help and guidance.
C)have similar levels of conflict.
D)have similar quality of resolutions to their conflicts.

Question 25

Which of the following aspects is a key factor in preschoolers' choices of friends?

A)proximity
B)popularity
C)race of child
D)similarity of interests

Question 26

Children's preference for same-sex friends emerges in:

A)toddlerhood.
B)preschool.
C)elementary school.
D)high school.

Question 27

Which of the following friends are most likely to extensively discuss problems and their negative thoughts and feelings?

A)a male pair with a poor-quality friendship
B)a male pair with a high-quality friendship
C)a female pair with a poor-quality friendship
D)a female pair with a high-quality friendship

Question 28

Clear peer-group dominance hierarchies begin at what age?

A)toddlerhood
B)preschool age
C)middle childhood
D)late childhood

Question 29

Friendship groups that children form or voluntarily join are referred to as:

A)societies.
B)cliques.
C)crowds.
D)teams.

Question 30

Cultural differences in values and expectations about the skills that are necessary for children appear to be associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

A)parents' concern for children's well-being.
B)parental gatekeeping of peer interactions.
C)parents' beliefs about the importance of peer relations.
D)children's behavior when they are in social interactions with peers.

Question 31

Status in preschool peer groups is MOST likely to involve:

A)intelligence.
B)family socioeconomic status.
C)dominance during confrontations.
D)athleticism.

Question 32

Which of the following children is most likely to be negatively influenced by his friends' behavior?

A)Gary, who is extremely aggressive and who has aggressive friends
B)Frank, who is mild mannered, shows no signs of aggression, and has aggressive friends
C)Roger, whose parents are cold and detached, and whose friends use drugs
D)Harry, whose parents monitor his activities and are receptive to his viewpoint, and whose friends use drugs

Question 33

Children tend to be more similar to their friends than to their nonfriends on which of the following?

A)acceptance by peers
B)shyness
C)self-perceptions of competence
D)cognitive maturity of their play
E)Children tend to be more similar in all of these aspects to their friends rather than their nonfriends.

Question 34

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about children's friendships?

A)They rarely contribute to advances in cognitive skills.
B)They do not tend to be able to help children who are being victimized by other peers.
C)The increased gossip in friendships tends to be harmful and has no known positive effects in children's development.
D)All of the answers are true statements.
E)None of the statements are true.

Question 35

For May, a minority child in her community in the United States, which of the following variables is likely to be the least important factor in friendship
selection?

A)similarity in age
B)being of the same sex
C)being of the same race
D)similarity in interests

Question 36

Extensive discussion of problems and negative thoughts and feelings that occurs within friendships is associated with_____ -quality friendships and with_____ internalizing problems.

A)poor; increased
B)poor; decreased
C)high; increased
D)high; decreased

Question 37

Children's choices of friends exhibit which of the following patterns?

A)"Absence makes the heart grow fonder."
B)"Opposites attract."
C)"Birds of a feather flock together."
D)"Easy come, easy go."

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true about the relation between children's aggression and use of drugs, and having friends with these behaviors?

A)The association is not causal.
B)The association is causal; having friends who are aggressive and who abuse drugs causes children to do the same.
C)The association is causal; being aggressive and using drugs causes children to choose friends who do the same.
D)The association is bidirectional.
E)The nature of the association is unclear.

Question 39

Middle-childhood cliques tend to include____ children, with boys' groups being____ girls' groups.

A)three to nine; smaller than
B)three to nine; larger than
C)three to nine; similar in size to
D)eight to twelve; smaller than

Question 40

The study in which teams of 10-year-old children were asked to write a story about rain forests demonstrated which of the following?

A)Boys were better able to cooperate with their peers in this context than were girls.
B)Boys were less able to cooperate with their peers in this context than were girls.
C)Stories written by teams of friends were of higher quality than were stories written by teams of nonfriends.
D)Stories written by teams of friends were of lower quality than were stories written by teams of nonfriends.

Question 41

Sociometrically popular children are more likely than average children to exhibit____ aggression, but are less likely than average children to exhibit
_____aggression. Children who are perceived as popular are more likely than other children to exhibit_____aggression.

A)assertive; angry; relational
B)angry; assertive; relational
C)relational; angry; assertive
D)relational; assertive; angry

Question 42

Children who are perceived by their peers as popular tend to:

A)be the same kids who are sociometrically popular.
B)be sociometrically rejected.
C)increase their use of relational aggression across early adolescence.
D)be less aggressive than those who are sociometrically popular.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is a difference between cliques and crowds?

A)Cliques involve more members than crowds.
B)Older adolescents are more likely to belong to cliques than to crowds.
C)Cliques are assigned by consensus of the peer group.
D)Members of a crowd may spend little time with other members.

Question 44

Which of the following adolescents is probably MOST likely to be negatively influenced by the peer group?

A)Gerry, whose parents exhibit an authoritative style
B)Todd, who lives with only his mother
C)Oscar, whose parents are responsive
D)Mica, who has a close relationship with his mother

Question 45

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about adolescent girls' and boys' clique membership?

A)Girls and boys are equally likely to be members of a clique.
B)Girls are more likely than boys to be members of a clique.
C)Girls are less likely than boys to be members of a clique.
D)Since cliques are so difficult to define, it is unclear whether there are sex differences in clique membership.

Question 46

Which of the following trends tends to be true of middle-childhood cliques?

A)Members are similar on important characteristics.
B)Membership is stable over the long term.
C)Members are of the same sex and race.
D)All members play an equally important role in the group.
E)Members are similar on important characteristics, and are of the same race and sex.
F)Membership is stable over the long term and all members play an equally important role in the group.

Question 47

Relational aggression includes all of the following actions EXCEPT:

A)withholding friendship.
B)spreading rumors.
C)physical harm.
D)exclusion of others.

Question 48

The children in Gavin's class are asked to name the children they like the most and the children they like the least. Many of Gavin's classmates list him as one of the children they like the least, and few list him as one of the children they like the most. Gavin would be classified as:

A)neglected.
B)rejected.
C)controversial.
D)popular.

Question 49

Children who are classified as controversial receive
like-most nominations from classmates and like-least nominations from classmates.

A)few; few
B)few; average
C)average; average
D)few; high
E)high; high

Question 50

The clique to which adolescents belong is_____ ; the crowd to which adolescents belong is_____ .

A)their choice; their choice
B)their choice; assigned to them by their peer group
C)assigned to them by their peer group; their choice
D)assigned to them by their peer group; assigned to them by their peer group

Question 51

Compared to sociometrically average children, sociometrically popular children tend to be all of the following EXCEPT:

A)better at regulating emotion.
B)more attractive.
C)more socially skilled.
D)more cooperative.
E)less likely to exhibit assertive aggression.

Question 52

Loosely organized groups of adolescents that identify as a group and often engage in illegal activity are referred to as:

A)societies.
B)cliques.
C)crowds.
D)gangs.

Question 53

Sociometric status refers to how:

A)wealthy a child's family is.
B)well accepted a child is by the peer group.
C)many friends a child has.
D)many reciprocal best friends a child has.

Question 54

In comparison to younger children, adolescents:

A)are less likely to belong to multiple cliques.
B)tend to look more to individual relationships rather than group relationships to fulfill their social needs.
C)are less likely to be part of a crowd.
D)tend to have less stable cliques.

Question 55

Compared to their peers, the central figures in school- age children's cliques tend to be:

A)studious.
B)leaders.
C)popular.
D)cooperative.
E)leaders and popular.
F)The central figures in school-age cliques tend to have all of these traits.

Question 56

Individuals can be negatively influenced by their peer group through at least what age?

A)late childhood
B)early adolescence
C)late adolescence
D)early adulthood

Question 57

Which of the following variables appears NOT to be an important factor in whether adolescents are accepted by their peers?

A)level of aggression
B)attractiveness
C)sociability
D)level of withdrawn behavior
E)All appear to be important factors.

Question 58

To assess sociometric status, children are asked:

A)who their best friends are.
B)who the popular kids are.
C)whom they like the best.
D)whom they like the least.
E)who their best friends are and who the popular kids are.
F)whom they like the best and least.

Question 59

Which of the following observations is a true statement about the association between acceptance by the peer group and developmental outcomes, such as dropping out of school?

A)Peer acceptance has no association with these important developmental outcomes.
B)Peer acceptance is associated with these important developmental outcomes because well-accepted children are more likely to have friends, and it is friendships that influence these developmental outcomes.
C)Peer acceptance is associated with these important developmental outcomes because well-accepted children are more likely to have romantic partners, and having a romantic partner influences these developmental outcomes.
D)Peer acceptance is associated with these important developmental outcomes, over and above the effect of friendships and other relationships.

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true about adolescents' involvement with romantic partners?

A)Older adolescents are more likely than younger adolescents to choose romantic partners on the basis of characteristics that bring status.
B)Adolescents' first romantic partners tend to be members of their mixed-sex cliques.
C)The quality of adolescents' romantic relationships appears to be unassociated with the quality of their relationships with parents.
D)Having a romantic relationship, even one of high quality, is associated with decreased feelings of self- competence.

Question 61

Children who are NOT nominated by their peers either as being liked or as being disliked are categorized as:

A)rejected.
B)average.
C)controversial.
D)neglected.

Question 62

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about social withdrawal and peer acceptance in childhood?

A)Socially withdrawn children are nearly always rejected by their peers.
B)Socially withdrawn children are nearly always neglected by their peers.
C)Only socially withdrawn children that display negative actions and emotions are likely to be rejected by their peers.
D)Only socially withdrawn children that display negative actions and emotions are likely to be neglected by their peers.

Question 63

10-year-old Kyle is sociable, athletic, and humorous, but he is also aggressive and disruptive. His peers view him as conceited. He would MOST likely be categorized as:

A)rejected.
B)controversial.
C)popular.
D)average.

Question 64

Interventions with aggressive-rejected children have typically:

A)encouraged parents to punish children when they are aggressive with their peers.
B)taught children to use deliberate problem solving in situations with their peers.
C)coached children to try to influence the peer group to choose activities in which the aggressive children feel competent.
D)encouraged the aggressive children's peers to understand why the children are aggressive.

Question 65

Which of the following categories of children are MOST likely to have difficulties in the academic domain?

A)popular
B)neglected
C)average
D)aggressive-rejected

Question 66

Children who are nominated by a number of peers as liked and by other peers as disliked are categorized as:

A)rejected.
B)average.
C)controversial.
D)neglected.

Question 67

Which of the following two groups of children are both likely to change their sociometric group over short periods of time, such as weeks or months?

A)popular and neglected
B)popular and rejected
C)controversial and neglected
D)controversial and rejected

Question 68

Of the following sociometric status groups, children in which group are MOST likely to remain in the same sociometric group over long periods of time?

A)rejected
B)controversial
C)popular
D)neglected

Question 69

Children who are victimized by their peers tend to be:

A)withdrawn.
B)anxious.
C)aggressive.
D)withdrawn, anxious, and aggressive.

Question 70

Compared to their 6th-grade peers, children who had been categorized as aggressive-rejected in 3rd grade were _____likely to experience externalizing symptoms and _____likely to experience internalizing symptoms.

A)less; less
B)less; more
C)more; less
D)more; more

Question 71

Compared to average children, those categorized as neglected tend to be:

A)more aggressive.
B)more disruptive.
C)less sociable.
D)more anxious about social interactions.

Question 72

The association between peer rejection and _______behavior tends to increase from childhood to adolescence.

A)aggressive
B)considerate
C)withdrawn
D)humorous

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true about the behaviors associated with peer acceptance in different cultures?

A)They are almost entirely consistent across cultures.
B)They are similar across cultures, but they are influenced by cultural norms.
C)They are vastly different across cultures.
D)Peer acceptance has not been examined in cultures other than that of the United States, so this information is not known.

Question 74

Children who are the target of their peers' aggression and demeaning behavior are referred to as:

A)rejected.
B)victimized.
C)withdrawn.
D)wimps.

Question 75

Gabriela is an aggressive-rejected child, and Patricia is a withdrawn-rejected child. How would Gabriela and Patricia likely rate their social competence?

A)Both girls will rate their social competence as low.
B)Both girls will overestimate their social competence.
C)Gabriela will rate her social competence as low, and Patricia will overestimate her social competence.
D)Gabriela will overestimate her social competence, and Patricia will rate her social competence as low.

Question 76

Which of the following statements is a type of rejected child?

A)assertive-rejected
B)withdrawn-rejected
C)unattractive-rejected
D)anxious-rejected

Question 77

Which of the following statements is NOT true of most cultures in which the correlates of peer status have been examined?

A)Being well liked by peers is associated with possessing leadership skills.
B)Being well liked by peers is associated with being prosocial.
C)Being rejected by peers is associated with being aggressive.
D)Being rejected by peers is associated with being withdrawn.

Question 78

Rejected children are more likely than better-liked children to:

A)have a goal to get along with other children.
B)attribute hostile intent to others.
C)suggest varied strategies for resolving difficult social situations.
D)refrain from threatening popular children when asked to solve a conflict with a peer.

Question 79

Which of the following states is an example of an internalizing problem?

A)loneliness
B)delinquency
C)substance abuse
D)aggression

Question 80

Of aggressive-rejected children and withdrawn- rejected children, which are at risk of internalizing problems in the long term?

A)neither aggressive-rejected children nor withdrawn- rejected children
B)both aggressive-rejected children and withdrawn- rejected children
C)only aggressive-rejected children
D)only withdrawn-rejected children