Deck 12: The Family

Question 1

4-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, "I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage." Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as which of the following?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)rejecting-neglecting
D)authoritarian

Answer 1

authoritative

Question 2

Authoritative parents are those who:

A)are abusive.
B)are highly demanding and unresponsive.
C)have little interest in disciplining their children.
D)are attentive, communicative, and consistent in their discipline.

Answer 2

are attentive, communicative, and consistent in their discipline.

Question 3

The one child per family policy in China served as a ______ for examining the effects of being an only child on children's development.

A)laboratory experiment
B)structured observation
C)naturalistic experiment
D)naturalistic observation

Answer 3

naturalistic experiment

Question 4

All of the following steps are considered ways that parents socialize their children EXCEPT:

A)direct instruction.
B)indirect socialization.
C)heredity.
D)providing and controlling opportunities.

Question 5

Recent research has demonstrated that compared to children with siblings, "onlies" in China have been found to be:

A)more self-interested.
B)less cooperative.
C)more aggressive.
D)less well liked.
E)All are traits of "onlies" in China.
F)None of these are traits of "onlies" in China.

Question 6

Which of the following variables is NOT involved in family dynamics?

A)hereditary characteristics of parents
B)births, deaths, and divorces
C)family members' indirect influences on one another
D)social support from neighbors and schools
E)All of the answers are involved in family dynamics.

Question 7

What conclusion have researchers interested in family dynamics come to in regard to development?

A)Family dynamics only applies to families with young children.
B)Family dynamics only applies to families with adolescents.
C)The nature of family interactions changes as children grow older.
D)None of the answers is true.

Question 8

Which of the following means of parental socialization is prominent particularly when children are young?

A)direct instruction
B)indirect socialization
C)survival of offspring
D)providing and controlling opportunities

Question 9

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as:

A)evolution.
B)socialization.
C)bioecology.
D)family dynamics.

Question 10

Which of the following factors is considered an important dimension in terms of defining a parent's parenting style?

A)degree of socioeconomic health
B)degree of control
C)degree of indirect socialization
D)degree of control, socioeconomic health, and indirect socialization

Question 11

Which of the following actions is an example of a parent serving as a provider and controller of opportunities in the socialization of generosity?

A)Tanya signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school.
B)Frank explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than them.
C)Hannah often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill.
D)Michael tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home.

Question 12

Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well adjusted in terms of competence, anti-social behavior, and self-confidence?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)rejecting-neglecting
D)authoritarian

Question 13

The one-child policy in China is an example of the link between which two systems of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?

A)microsystem and mesosystem
B)macrosystem and mesosystem
C)exosystem and microsystem
D)macrosystem and microsystem

Question 14

What role does the sociocultural context play in family dynamics?

A)Although the sociocultural context can influence the individual members of the family, it rarely has an impact on interactions within the family.
B)The sociocultural context can influence individual family members and the interactions within the family.
C)Family dynamics is particularly interested in the ways that the interactions within the family influence the sociocultural context, rather than vice versa.
D)The role of the sociocultural context has not been addressed by researchers interested in family dynamics.

Question 15

Authoritarian parents are those who:

A)are abusive.
B)are highly demanding and unresponsive.
C)have little interest in disciplining their children.
D)are attentive, communicative, and consistent in their discipline.

Question 16

Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which of the following parenting styles?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)rejecting-neglecting
D)authoritarian

Question 17

Family dynamics

A)how individual family members relate to the child.
B)cultural variability in family structure.
C)the changing nature of parent-child relationships as children develop.
D)how the family operates as a whole.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is an example of a parent's indirect socialization of generosity?

A)Tanya signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school.
B)Frank explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than them.
C)Hannah often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill.
D)Michael tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is considered the most fundamental function of the family as it is related to child rearing?

A)survival of offspring
B)entertainment
C)cultural training
D)economic resources

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding parent- child relationships in adolescence is NOT true?

A)Parents remain a primary source of support for the majority of adolescents.
B)The increased conflict between parents and adolescents continues to escalate from early adolescence through late adolescence.
C)Adolescents tend to come to believe that parents should have less authority over them.
D)Higher levels of conflict are more common for early-developing children.

Question 21

Research has suggested which of the following assertions in regard to parenting style in Spanish- speaking and English-speaking Mexican-American families?

A)Parents who used more harsh control tended to be higher in acceptance for both groups of families.
B)Parental acceptance was associated with fewer behavioral problems for both groups of families.
C)Parental acceptance was associated with fewer behavioral problems only for Spanish-speaking families.
D)Harsh control was associated with more behavioral problems only for Spanish-speaking families.

Question 22

8-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decisions about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behavior. Trina's parents would likely be classified as which of the following?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)rejecting-neglecting
D)authoritarian

Question 23

Parental use of psychological control tends to be reported most in which type of family?

A)relatively poor
B)relative wealthy
C)nontraditional
D)older parents

Question 24

Compared to low-SES parents, higher-SES parents:

A)are more punitive.
B)are more likely to be authoritarian.
C)elicit more talk from their children.
D)encourage conformity to a greater degree.

Question 25

The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their appearance is______. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their own behavior is _____.

A)passive; passive
B)passive; active
C)active; passive
D)active; active

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true about cultural differences in the effect of parenting style on child outcome?

A)Consistent effects of the four parenting styles have been found in all cultures that have been examined.
B)The effects of permissive and rejecting-neglecting parents have been found to differ cross-culturally.
C)The meaning of discipline and control can differ cross-culturally, and this difference in meaning can change the effects of the authoritarian style.
D)Parenting styles have only been examined in the United States, and thus we have no information about cultural differences in the impact of parenting style.

Question 27

Research has suggested which of the following assertions in regard to the effect of parenting style for first-generation Chinese-American children?

A)Parents who demand unquestioning obedience to parents are likely to have rebellious children.
B)Authoritative parenting appears to be associated with increased academic success.
C)Parental control, including the use of scolding and shame, appears to have few negative effects.
D)Research has suggested all of these answers.

Question 28

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about children's characteristics and behavior and the parenting process?

A)Parenting behaviors are rarely influenced by children's characteristics or behavior, as parents tend to have a core style that changes in only minor ways.
B)Although children's early temperamental characteristics influence the parenting style that parents adopt, children have little influence on parenting behaviors after infancy.
C)Parents may be influenced by children's extreme behaviors, but their parenting practices are rarely influenced by any other characteristics of their children.
D)Children's characteristics and behavior can have a substantial influence on the parenting process.

Question 29

Which of the following characteristics is NOT an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process?

A)temperament
B)perceptions of their parents' behavior towards them
C)negative behavior that is reinforced by parents
D)appearance

Question 30

For Chinese-American and Chinese children, which of the following parenting practices is(are) related to negative outcomes?

A)scolding, shame, and guilt
B)physical punishment
C)both physical punishment and scolding, shame, and guilt
D)neither physical punishment nor scolding, shame, and guilt

Question 31

SES refers to:

A)sociometric status.
B)socioeconomic status.
C)stable economic status.
D)stable educational status.

Question 32

Children of which type of parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants and a wide range of problems in adolescence, including promiscuous sexual behavior, substance abuse, and depression?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)rejecting-neglecting
D)authoritarian

Question 33

Which of the following actions is an example of psychological control?

A)threatening to take away privileges
B)requiring children to comply with demands without question
C)discounting children's feelings
D)engaging in reasoning

Question 34

Imagine that researchers interested in the possible bidirectional influence of children's aggression and parental use of punitive discipline examined these two variables when a group of children was at each of three ages: 4 years old, 8 years old, and 12 years old. Which of the following statements would be the best support for the bidirectional influence of these variables?

A)Greater punitive discipline at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.
B)Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.
C)Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater aggression at age 8, which was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 12.
D)Less punitive discipline at age 4 was associated with greater aggression at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.

Question 35

A study of families in Canada demonstrated that authoritarian control and negative feelings about their children tended to co-occur in mothers from which of the following backgrounds?

A)Iranian
B)Indian
C)Egyptian
D)European

Question 36

Cross-cultural studies of parenting styles have demonstrated that which of the following factors differ across cultures and subcultures?

A)the prevalence of different parenting styles
B)the meaning of particular parenting styles to children
C)the outcomes associated with different parenting styles
D)All of the answers are factors that differ across cultures and subcultures.

Question 37

Children of which type of parents tend to be low in social and academic competence, unhappy and unfriendly, and low in self-confidence, but do not tend to be particularly low in self-control or to be particularly high in impulsivity?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)rejecting-neglecting
D)authoritarian

Question 38

Research has suggested that in African-American families the authoritarian parenting style is associated with:

A)higher academic competence.
B)greater anti-social behavior.
C)poorer social competence.
D)poor receptiveness to parents' preferences and
demands.

Question 39

Parents who are low in warmth and low in control are considered to exhibit which of the following parenting styles?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)rejecting-neglecting
D)authoritarian

Question 40

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about how parents behave toward attractive and unattractive infants?

A)Parents of attractive infants are more affectionate toward and pay more attention to their infants than do parents of unattractive infants.
B)Parents of attractive infants are less affectionate toward and pay less attention to their infants than do parents of unattractive infants.
C)Parents of attractive infants and parents of unattractive infants behave in a similar manner toward their infants, and this remains the same as children get older.
D)Parents of attractive infants and parents of unattractive infants behave in a similar manner toward their infants, but this changes as children get older.

Question 41

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about adolescents as parents?

A)The rate of adolescent pregnancies has increased from the 1960s to 2006.
B)The rate of adolescent pregnancies is significantly lower in the U.S. than in other industrialized countries.
C)Being involved in school activities reduces the risk for childbearing during adolescence.
D)Getting married greatly improves outcomes for adolescent mothers.

Question 42

Which of the following characteristics of families in the United States is NOT one that increased from the1970s to the 2000s?

A)age at which women had children
B)percentage of children born to unwed mothers
C)percentage of children living with two married parents
D)percentage of mothers of school-aged children who work outside the home

Question 43

Higher-SES parents are more likely than lower-SES
parents to view themselves as:

A)providers.
B)teachers.
C)disciplinarians.
D)All of these answers are true.

Question 44

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about the effect of social support on the parenting practices of low-income parents?

A)Social support appears to be more beneficial for low-income parents who live in the poorest, most dangerous neighborhoods than it is for other low- income parents.
B)Social support appears to be less beneficial for low- income parents who live in the poorest, most dangerous neighborhoods than it is for other low-
income parents.
C)Social support appears to have an equally large benefit for both groups of low-income parents.
D)Social support appears to have nearly no benefit for either group of low-income parents.

Question 45

In families living in Western industrialized cultures, mothers spend_____ of their available time playing than do fathers, and/but the type of play tends to be____to that of fathers.

A)more; similar
B)less; similar
C)more; different
D)less; different

Question 46

In which of the following groups in the United States do mothers and fathers spend equal amounts of time with their children?

A)Latino-American families
B)families with mothers who work outside of the home
C)low-SES families
D)high-SES Euro-American families
E)None of these types of families spend equal amounts of time with their children.

Question 47

Compared to other children, homeless children tend to be:

A)more aggressive, but not more withdrawn.
B)more withdrawn, but not more aggressive.
C)more aggressive and more withdrawn.
D)neither more aggressive nor more withdrawn.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true about homeless children?

A)Homeless children are similar to other poor children on many measures of adjustment, including language development and attention span.
B)Homeless children whose parents have experienced major life stressors in the prior year are most at risk for behavioral, academic, and cognitive problems.
C)Homeless children who live in shelters tend to be shielded from the negative effects of being homeless.
D)All of the answers are true statements.

Question 49

Which of the following assertions is one current hypothesis about why there are socioeconomic differences in parenting practices?

A)Genetic differences between low-SES families and higher-SES families enable low-SES families to cope with difficulties more easily.
B)The increased stress that low-SES parents experience causes them to have less time and patience for their children than do higher-SES parents.
C)Higher-SES parents are more concerned about protecting their children from harm than are low-SES parents.
D)The jobs common to higher-SES families require a greater degree of conformity than the jobs common to low-SES families.

Question 50

Among industrialized, Western countries, the U.S. rate of child poverty is:

A)the lowest.
B)number 3.
C)number 6.
D)the highest.

Question 51

In the United States, mothers spend______ time with their daughters as/than they spend with their sons; fathers spend_____ time with their daughters as/than they spend with their sons.

A)equal; less
B)equal; more
C)more; equal
D)more; less

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true about adolescent parents?

A)The majority of adolescent fathers never see their young children.
B)Adolescents whose mothers are authoritative are at an increased risk for pregnancy.
C)Adolescent mothers tend to provide low levels of verbal stimulation to their children.
D)Adolescents who were born to teenage mothers are essentially destined to academic failure and problem behavior.

Question 53

Which of the following factors does NOT increase the amount of conflict between siblings?

A)marital conflict
B)differential treatment by parents
C)similarity in parental treatment
D)All of the answers increase the amount of conflict between siblings.

Question 54

Sibling relationships tend to be less hostile when parents:

A)are warm and accepting.
B)treat the siblings differently.
C)lean on children in times of marital conflict.
D)exhibit all of these traits.

Question 55

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about sibling relationships?

A)Siblings with parents who get along well tend to get along better with each other than do siblings with parents who fight with one another.
B)Siblings in divorced families tend to get along better than those in nondivorced families as they tend to count on each other for support.
C)Perceived differential treatment is typically not problematic when it is the younger child who received the better treatment.
D)Although children may be annoyed when parents favor their siblings, differential treatment is unlikely to affect children's adjustment.

Question 56

Which of the following sibling pairs is LEAST likely to be characterized by rivalry and conflict?

A)biological siblings in remarried families
B)half siblings
C)biological siblings in intact, nondivorced families
D)step-siblings

Question 57

All of the following traits are more common among families experiencing long-term economic stress than among other families EXCEPT:

A)social support.
B)marital conflict.
C)inconsistent parenting.
D)hostile parenting.

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true about the effect of parents' differential treatment of siblings on the siblings' relationships with each other?

A)Children rarely detect true differences in parental treatment, and thus it has little effect on their relationships with their siblings.
B)Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early and middle childhood than in early adolescence, when adolescents can view it as due to differences in age or personal characteristics.
C)Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early adolescence than in early and middle childhood, because adolescents' relationships are more emotionally charged than are the relationships of younger children.
D)Children can detect differential treatment and it is equally problematic for children of all ages.

Question 59

Which of the following variables is a strong predictor of poor-quality parenting?

A)marital conflict
B)poverty
C)homelessness
D)Marital conflict, poverty, and homelessness are all
strong predictors.

Question 60

In the U.S., higher-SES parents tend to be ____authoritative than lower-SES parents, and this difference is ____in non-Western cultures

A)more; similar
B)more; opposite from the finding
C)more; not found
D)less; opposite from the finding
E)less; similar

Question 61

Which of the following factors is associated with a decreased likelihood of children experiencing negative consequences from their parents' divorce?

A)authoritarian parenting
B)frequent contact with noncustodial father
C)being a young child at the time of divorce
D)low parental conflict

Question 62

Remarriage appears to be the MOST difficult for children in what age group?

A)younger children
B)older children
C)younger adolescents
D)college-age youth

Question 63

The greater frequency of problem behaviors in children of divorced parents may be due to all of the following variables EXCEPT:

A)an inherited predisposition to poor self-regulation.
B)conflict surrounding the divorce.
C)transitioning to a new home or school.
D)parents' dysfunctional view of relationships.
E)All may be factors influencing the greater frequency of problem behaviors in children of divorced parents.

Question 64

Approximately what portion of first marriages in the United States end within 10 years?

A)one-tenth
B)one-fifth
C)one-quarter
D)one-third

Question 65

Which of the following statements is NOT true of divorced custodial mothers?

A)They generally have increased financial responsibility.
B)They often experience isolation from social support.
C)They often experience anger or depression.
D)They generally receive full child-support payments.

Question 66

Which of the following variables is the MOST likely source of the risks faced by children of adolescent mothers?

A)high levels of divorce
B)age of mother
C)low income
D)rates of single mothers

Question 67

Which of the following results is NOT a consequence of divorce on children?

A)increased delinquency
B)decreased rate of divorce in adulthood
C)decreased income in adulthood
D)decreased social competence

Question 68

Which of the following variables is NOT a factor influencing children's adjustment following divorce?

A)parental conflict
B)stress of custodial mother
C)frequency of contact with noncustodial father
D)quality of contact with noncustodial father

Question 69

Compared to younger parents, older parents tend to have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

A)less stress.
B)more children.
C)greater financial resources.
D)more positivity in their parenting.

Question 70

In which of the following groups are youth's adjustment and problem behaviors MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce?

A)younger children
B)older children
C)adolescents
D)college-age youth

Question 71

Which of the following statements about the effects of divorce on children is MOST accurate?

A)Divorce has effects on many child outcomes, both in the short term and in the long term.
B)Divorce has effects on many child outcomes in the short term, but few in the long term.
C)Divorce has effects on many child outcomes in the long term, but few in the short term.
D)Divorce has effects on a few child outcomes in the short term, but none in the long term.

Question 72

Mateo has limited contact with his noncustodial father, who lives across the country from him. His father is supportive and authoritative when Mateo does have contact with him. Mateo's peer, Ayden, has frequent contact with his own noncustodial father, who is permissive and disruptive. How are Mateo and Ayden likely to fare in terms of their adjustment and school achievement?

A)Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly well adjusted, because any contact with noncustodial fathers is beneficial for adjustment.
B)Ayden will likely be better adjusted than Mateo, because the frequency of contact with noncustodial fathers is more important than the quality of the contact.
C)Mateo will likely be better adjusted than Ayden, because the quality of contact with noncustodial fathers is more important than the frequency of the contact.
D)Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly poorly adjusted, because both high quality and high quantity of contact with noncustodial fathers are necessary.

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true about parental conflict following divorce?

A)Fathers tend to be less involved with their children when there is parental conflict.
B)If adolescents feel that they can act as intermediaries between their parents, they tend to feel empowered, and thus are at decreased risk of engaging in problem behaviors.
C)Conflict tends to decrease soon after the divorce is finalized.
D)When children witness violence between their parents, they are less likely to use violence with their own partners when they are older.

Question 74

Compared to younger fathers, older fathers are more likely to:

A)be affectionate with their infants.
B)provide a moderate amount of child care.
C)be cognitively stimulating with their infants.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 75

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning?

A)The majority of children whose parents divorce suffer long-term problems as a consequence.
B)Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence.
C)Although there are some short-term consequences, there are almost no long-term consequences of divorce.
D)There are no short-term or long-term consequences of divorce.

Question 76

Children whose parents use which parenting style following a divorce are MOST likely to adjust well to the divorce?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)rejecting-neglecting

Question 77

Which of the following situations is the MOST
common custody arrangement following divorce?

A)custody by mothers
B)custody by fathers
C)joint physical custody
D)Custody by mothers and custody by fathers are equally common.

Question 78

Which of the following mothers is MOST likely to show sensitive behavior toward her new infant?

A)Eileen, who is 17 years old
B)Ursula, who is 22 years old and has few financial resources
C)Hailee, who is 34 years old and has no other children
D)Andrea, who is 34 years old and has two older children

Question 79

What percent of noncustodial fathers have contact with their children more than once a year?

A)more than 85%
B)approximately 70%
C)approximately 60%
D)fewer than 50%

Question 80

Compared to children whose parents do not divorce, children of divorce are:

A)more likely to experience depression.
B)more likely to complete high school.
C)less likely to have behavioral problems.
D)more socially competent.