Deck 12: The Major Minerals and Water

Question 1

Which of the following foods are the best sources of the major minerals?

A)Legumes and nuts
B)Whole-grain products
C)Fruits and vegetables
D)Seafood, meat, and dairy products

Answer 1

Seafood, meat, and dairy products

Question 2

What happens when blood calcium is high?

A)The parathyroid gland produces more parathyroid hormone (PTH).
B)Calcium resorption from bone increases.
C)The thyroid gland releases a hormone called calcitonin.
D)Less calcium is lost in urine.

Answer 2

The thyroid gland releases a hormone called calcitonin.

Question 3

Which organs regulate, either individually or collectively, the amount of each major mineral in the body?

A)Small intestine and liver
B)Large intestine and liver
C)Large intestine and kidneys
D)Small intestine and kidneys

Answer 3

Small intestine and kidneys

Question 4

How are minerals classified?

A)Based on solubility
B)Based on amount needed per day
C)Based on food source
D)Based on their chemical structure

Question 5

How many major minerals are vital for health and are considered essential nutrients?

A)5
B)6
C)7
D)8

Question 6

What tissues do both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D act on to increase calcium reabsorption?

A)Bone
B)Kidneys
C)Liver
D)Small intestine

Question 7

Calcium homeostasis is regulated by:

A)calbindin, calitonin, and parathyroid hormone.
B)parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and calcitriol.
C)calcitriol, calbindin, and calcitonin.
D)calcitriol, calbindin, and parathyroid hormone.

Question 8

What is the term that refers to the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract?

A)Bioavailability
B)Absorbability
C)Attainability
D)Accessibility

Question 9

How much does the calcium in an average adult’s body weigh?

A)1 lb.
B)2 lb.
C)1 kg
D)2 kg

Question 10

Which of the major minerals function primarily in maintenance of fluid balance?

A)Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
B)Sodium, chloride, potassium
C)Chloride, potassium, calcium
D)Phosphorus, chloride, sodium

Question 11

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A)Iron
B)Phosphorous
C)Calcium
D)Sodium

Question 12

Blood levels of a nutrient will rise if absorption _____ or reabsorption _____.

A)increases, increases
B)increases, decreases
C)decreases, increases
D)decreases, decreases

Question 13

By definition, a major or macromineral is one that is required in amounts greater than how much each day?

A)10,000 mg
B)1000 mg
C)100 mg
D)10 mg

Question 14

Phytates, which bind calcium in the intestine, are commonly found in raw beans, nuts, and which of the following?

A)Cocoa
B)Whole grains
C)Tea
D)Spinach

Question 15

For most major minerals, how common are toxicities from food sources in healthy individuals?

A)Rare
B)Nonexistent
C)Common in adults
D)Common in children under 6

Question 16

In addition to calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and chloride, what other major minerals do humans require?

A)Iron, sulfur
B)Chromium, molybdenum
C)Zinc, manganese
D)Magnesium, potassium

Question 17

What is the primary site for the absorption of major minerals?

A)Stomach
B)Small intestine
C)Liver
D)Large intestine

Question 18

By what means do all major minerals circulate from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver?

A)Blood
B)Lymph
C)Chylomicrons
D)Micelles

Question 19

Inorganic atoms or molecules required by the body in amounts greater than 100 mg daily are:

A)macrominerals.
B)trace minerals.
C)macronutrients.
D)trace elements.

Question 20

Which of the major minerals function together to form and strengthen the structure of the skeleton?

A)Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
B)Sodium, chloride, potassium
C)Chloride, potassium, calcium
D)Phosphorus, chloride, sodium

Question 21

What is phosphorus most commonly a component of?

A)Cell membranes
B)Enzymes
C)Hormones
D)Vitamin D

Question 22

What is the crystal-like, structural molecule in bones and teeth that contains calcium called?

A)Osteoblasts
B)Osteoclasts
C)Hydroxyapatite
D)Calcitonin

Question 23

What dose having osteoporosis increase the risk of?

A)Kidney stones
B)Bone fractures
C)Atherosclerosis
D)Bleeding disorders

Question 24

Children are likely to develop rickets if their diet provides insufficient quantities of which nutrients?

A)Vitamin D and calcium
B)Vitamin C and magnesium
C)Vitamin C and chloride
D)Vitamin D and potassium

Question 25

Which mineral is a component of DNA and RNA?

A)Magnesium
B)Potassium
C)Phosphorous
D)Chloride

Question 26

In addition to nuts, dairy products, seafood, legumes, and brown rice, what else is a good source of magnesium?

A)Citrus fruits
B)Blueberries
C)Potatoes
D)Green, leafy vegetables

Question 27

Which mineral is most likely to be adequate in the diets of nearly everyone?

A)Magnesium
B)Iron
C)Phosphorous
D)Potassium

Question 28

Breakdown of bone is facilitated by:

A)osteoblasts.
B)osteoclasts.
C)calcitriol.
D)parathyroid hormone.

Question 29

What is the name given to the serious calcium deficiency that causes muscles to tighten and become unable to relax?

A)Osteopenia
B)Spasms
C)Tetany
D)Seizure

Question 30

If one 8-ounce glass of milk provides 300 mg of calcium, about how many 8-ounce glasses does Mike, a 20-year-old college student, need to drink in order to get the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for calcium?

A)6
B)1-2
C)5
D)3-4

Question 31

Seafood, legumes, and nuts are primary sources of:

A)sodium.
B)magnesium.
C)potassium.
D)chloride.

Question 32

What, in addition to parathyroid hormones, regulates the concentration of phosphorous in the blood?

A)Aldosterone and renin
B)Calcitriol and calcitonin
C)Angiotensin I and angiotensin II
D)Renin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 33

What regulates blood levels of magnesium?

A)Bone, hormones
B)Small intestine, kidneys
C)Large intestine, liver
D)Stomach, chylomicrons

Question 34

All of the following are associated with high calcium intakes except:

A)impaired kidney function.
B)formation of kidney stones.
C)interference with the bioavailability of iron and copper.
D)calcium deposition in muscle tissue.

Question 35

What percentage of people 50 years of age and older have osteoporosis as estimated by the National Osteoporosis Foundation?

A)25
B)35
C)45
D)55

Question 36

John, a senior in high school, routinely consumes 4-5 soft drinks daily and almost no dairy products. What is he at increased risk for developing?

A)Magnesium toxicity and potentially obesity
B)Potassium toxicity and potentially rickets
C)Phosphorous toxicity and potentially loss of muscle tissue
D)Calcium deficiency and demineralization of bone

Question 37

Magnesium deficiency has been investigated to determine whether it increases the risk for cardiovascular disease and predisposes people to type 2 diabetes. To date, how convincing is the evidence from clinical trials?

A)Strongly convincing
B)Moderately convincing
C)Marginally convincing
D)Not convincing

Question 38

In adults, moderate bone loss is associated with:

A)rickets.
B)osteomalacia.
C)osteoporosis.
D)osteopenia.

Question 39

One study has suggested that consuming even one additional serving of low-fat dairy foods each day is associated with a 40 to 50% reduction in risk of which of the following diseases?

A)Breast cancer
B)Prostrate cancer
C)Heart disease
D)Colon cancer

Question 40

Which mineral stabilizes enzymes and neutralizes anions?

A)Magnesium
B)Chloride
C)Potassium
D)Sodium

Question 41

Jim is dehydrated and has purchased several “sports drinks” to have available along his training route. Why did the team dietitian recommended that Jim purchase a brand that contained glucose instead of high-fructose corn syrup?

A)Glucose is more easily absorbed than fructose
B)Glucose must be present for sodium to be absorbed
C)Glucose is more palatable-consumption will be better
D)Glucose provides more kcalories than high-fructose corn syrup

Question 42

Which of the following is/are tendencies of U.S. adults with high blood pressure?

A)Consume large amounts of salt
B)Are overweight
C)Smoke
D)All of the above

Question 43

When the concentration of sodium in the blood increases, what happens to aldosterone and renin secretion, and what then results?

A)Aldosterone and renin secretion increase, resulting in increased salt reabsorption by the kidneys
B)Aldosterone and renin secretion decrease, resulting in decreased salt reabsorption by the kidneys
C)Aldosterone and renin secretion increase, resulting in decreased salt reabsorption by the kidneys
D)Aldosterone and renin secretion decrease, resulting in increased salt reabsorption by the kidneys

Question 44

If a yeast bread recipe called for 1 tsp of salt and served 10, about how many milligrams of sodium would you have consumed if you ate 2 slices of bread?

A)200
B)400
C)600
D)800

Question 45

Jim has been training for a marathon and is up to 16 miles on his longest run. He just finished running, it is 82°F outside, and he is sweating profusely. He is feeling a little nauseous and dizzy. You suspect that Jim is experiencing dehydration and loss of:

A)NaCl.
B)K.
C)calcium.
D)phosphorus.

Question 46

Baby Ann, age 9 months, is vomiting and has diarrhea. This can be life threatening because of the losses of water and which two minerals?

A)Sodium, magnesium
B)Magnesium, potassium
C)Chloride, phosphorus
D)Sodium, chloride

Question 47

Which tissue is especially susceptible to the effects of magnesium deficiency?

A)Liver
B)Heart
C)Kidneys
D)Lungs

Question 48

If you make spaghetti with homemade tomato sauce for a family of four and add only 1 tsp of salt total when preparing both items, about how many milligrams of sodium would each person consume from both of the items?

A)250
B)500
C)700
D)1000

Question 49

Approximately what percentage of Americans have high blood pressure?

A)17%
B)23%
C)31%
D)39%

Question 50

Magnesium is vital for energy metabolism as it stabilizes:

A)ATP.
B)DNA.
C)NaCl.
D)RNA.

Question 51

What is the function of angiotensin II?

A)Prevent the adrenal glands from releasing aldosterone
B)Stimulate the adrenal glands to release more aldosterone
C)Prevent the lungs from producing renin
D)Stimulate the lungs to produce renin

Question 52

Low-salt foods must have:

A)less than 5 mg of sodium per serving.
B)less than 35 mg of sodium per serving.
C)less than 140 mg of sodium per serving.
D)less than 200 mg of sodium per serving.

Question 53

What is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluids?

A)Potassium
B)Magnesium
C)Sodium
D)Chloride

Question 54

If a food contributes sodium to the diet, what is its contribution of chloride likely to be?

A)Also good
B)Poor
C)Marginal
D)Inverse to that of sodium

Question 55

What level of sodium intake should be the maximum for the general population?

A)2300 mg/day
B)3000 mg/day
C)3800 mg/day
D)4400 mg/day

Question 56

Hyponatremia stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete _____, which in turn causes the _____ to reabsorb sodium.

A)antidiuretic hormone (ADH), bones
B)angiotensin I, blood
C)aldosterone, colon
D)aldosterone, kidneys

Question 57

Which mineral is a component of stomach acid?

A)Potassium
B)Sodium
C)Chloride
D)Phosphorous

Question 58

_____ contribute(s) the largest portion of sodium and chloride to the American diet.

A)Table salt
B)Processed foods
C)Fresh fruits and vegetables
D)Low-fat milk

Question 59

Over the course of a day, Sean adds about one teaspoon of salt to his food. About how many mg of sodium has he added in this way?

A)500
B)1000
C)2000
D)3000

Question 60

Who is at the greatest risk of developing magnesium toxicity?

A)Those who consume "farmed" seafood as opposed to non-farmed seafood
B)Those who consume foods grown near electrical power plants
C)Those who use medications containing magnesium for treatment of heartburn, indigestion, and constipation
D)Those who consume foods grown near nuclear power plants

Question 61

Which mineral increases blood pressure in some people, and which tends to lower it?

A)Phosphorous increases, chloride lowers
B)Sodium increases, potassium lowers
C)Potassium increases, sodium lowers
D)Chloride increases, phosphorous lowers

Question 62

The movement of which of the following primarily regulates water balance within different compartments of the body?

A)Electrolytes
B)Phospholipids
C)Fatty acids
D)Glucose

Question 63

Water accounts for what percentage of an adult’s total body weight?

A)23-25
B)28-40
C)42-48
D)50-70

Question 64

In addition to sodium, which of the following are considered to be predominant electrolytes?

A)Chloride, phosphate, calcium
B)Phosphate, potassium, magnesium
C)Potassium, phosphate, chloride
D)Magnesium, calcium, potassium

Question 65

How do electrolytes move into and out of cells?

A)Simple diffusion
B)Facilitated diffusion
C)Active transport
D)Exocytosis

Question 66

A typical 70-kg man has about 42 liters of water in his body. If two-thirds of his water is found inside of his cells, how many liters of intracellular fluid would he have?

A)14
B)21
C)28
D)35

Question 67

In addition to electrolytes that help move water into and out of cells, what else helps move water back into the intravascular space?

A)Proteins
B)Glucose
C)Enzymes
D)Phospholipids

Question 68

Cell membranes are semipermeable, which means that _____ can passively move across the membrane.

A)sodium ions
B)water
C)potassium ions
D)phosphorous ions

Question 69

When the movement of water in the body is regulated by osmosis, which way will the water move?

A)From a region of partial solute concentration to a region of complete solute concentration
B)From a region of complete solute concentration to a region of partial solute concentration
C)From a region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration
D)From a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration

Question 70

Low blood potassium is called:

A)hypernatremia.
B)hypokalemia.
C)hypopotassemia.
D)hyponatremia

Question 71

People who suffer from eating disorders are at increased risk for a mineral deficiency that can result in irregular heart function, muscular paralysis, decreased blood pressure, and difficulty breathing. What is this mineral, and what is the deficiency called?

A)Potassium, hypokalemia
B)Sodium, hyponatremia
C)Calcium, hypocalcemia
D)Phosphorous, hypophosphatemia

Question 72

A typical 70-kg man has about 42 liters of water in his body. If one-third of his water is found outside of his cells, how many liters of extracellular fluid would he have?

A)14
B)21
C)28
D)35

Question 73

What dietary intervention would be most beneficial for treating edema (swelling) in the lower extremities?

A)Restrict calcium
B)Restrict sodium and chloride
C)Restrict phosphate
D)Restrict potassium

Question 74

What is the most abundant cation in the intracellular fluids?

A)Potassium
B)Magnesium
C)Sodium
D)Chloride

Question 75

What is the most specific term for fluid located between cells?

A)Intracellular
B)Interstitial
C)Extracellular
D)Extrastitial

Question 76

Extracellular fluids include

A)intravascular fluid.
B)intracellular fluid.
C)interstitial fluid.
D)a and b
E)a and c

Question 77

Which of the following major minerals is most likely to be found abundantly in fruits?

A)Potassium
B)Phosphorous
C)Sodium
D)Chloride

Question 78

What mineral is typically found in legumes, potatoes, seafood, dairy products, meat, and a variety of fruits and vegetables such as sweet potatoes and bananas?

A)Anti-tensives
B)Dihydrates
C)Diuretics
D)Desiccators

Question 79

Fluid within the cells is:

A)intracellular.
B)interstitial.
C)intravascular.
D)extracellular.

Question 80

What electrolytes does the body selectively move to where more water is needed in order to maintain fluid balance?

A)Sodium, chloride
B)Magnesium, calcium
C)Chloride, calcium
D)Sodium, magnesium