Deck 11: Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Consuming large amounts of fat-soluble vitamins can _____.

A)decrease one's risk of developing heart disease
B)result in toxicities
C)benefit one's immune system
D)increase excretion of water-soluble vitamins

Answer 1

result in toxicities

Question 2

Following absorption, fat-soluble vitamins are initially circulated in the _____ via _____.

A)lymph, chylomicrons
B)lymph, transport proteins
C)blood, LDL
D)blood, triglycerides

Answer 2

lymph, chylomicrons

Question 3

Retinoids include _____.

A)retinyl, retinal acid, and retinin
B)retinase, retinin acid, and retyne
C)retinyl, retyne acid, and retamin
D)retinol, retinoic acid, and retinal

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Why is a low-fat diet likely to decrease vitamin A and carotenoid absorption?

A)The enzymes needed for digestion are in short supply.
B)The hormones needed for digestion are not available.
C)The body is unable to synthesize protein carriers.
D)Absorption requires dietary lipid and bile.

Question 5

What are carotenoids packaged with to be transported from the liver?

A)Retinol-binding protein
B)Transthyretin
C)VLDLs
D)HDLs

Question 6

Which of the following is true of fat-soluble vitamins?

A)They are circulated away from where they are absorbed via the blood.
B)They are typically circulated without being bound to any other molecules.
C)They function primarily as coenzymes for energy metabolism.
D)They are typically stored in the body.

Question 7

What are the carotenoids that can be converted in the body to vitamin A called?

A)Preretinoid A
B)Preformed vitamin A
C)Provitamin A
D)Proactive A

Question 8

Rhodopsin is made of the protein opsin and a _____ form of vitamin A.

A)retinol
B)retinal
C)retinoic acid
D)carotenoid

Question 9

Where are fat-soluble vitamins generally absorbed?

A)Stomach
B)Small intestine
C)Large intestine
D)Liver

Question 10

_____ must be present for fat-soluble vitamins to be absorbed.

A)Protein and enzymes
B)HCL and cofactors
C)Lipids and bile
D)Enzymes and carbohydrates

Question 11

In addition to lycopene, lutein, and astaxanthin, what is another non-provitamin A carotenoid?

A)Zeaxanthin
B)Xyanthin
C)Lycotein
D)Lutopene

Question 12

Which ois a water-soluble vitamin?

A)Vitamin A
B)Vitamin C
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin E

Question 13

_____ foods provide preformed vitamin A while _____ foods provide most of the provitamin A carotenoids.

A)Cooked, raw
B)Raw, cooked
C)Animal, plant
D)Plant, animal

Question 14

If you wanted to take advantage of the potential benefits of consuming carotenoids in terms of decreased risk for many diseases, what should your diet include in ample amounts?

A)Whole grains
B)Low-fat dairy products
C)Fruits and vegetables
D)Polyunsaturated oils

Question 15

What reaction has to occur each time light reaches the eye before the product of this reaction can be recombined with opsin to reform rhodopsin?

A)Cis-retinal must be reconverted to trans-retinal
B)Trans-retinal must be reconverted to cis-retinal
C)?-carotene must be reconverted to preformed vitamin A
D)Preformed vitamin A must be reconverted to ?-carotene

Question 16

What vitamin name is now given to a series of compounds called retinoids?

A)A
B)D
C)K
D)E

Question 17

Vitamin A and the carotenoids are important in regulation of _____.

A)gene expression, immune function, metabolism of alcohol, and synthesis of cholesterol
B)growth, reproduction, energy metabolism, transamination, and production of urea
C)bone formation, immune function, the breakdown of ammonia, and acid-base balance
D)growth, reproduction, vision, and bone formation

Question 18

Processing and heating seem to increase the bioavailability of _____.

A)vitamin D
B)some tocopherols
C)some carotenoids
D)vitamin K

Question 19

What unit is used to measure the vitamin A content of foods?

A)Retinol activity equivalent (RAE)
B)Active retinol unit (ARU)
C)Retinol functional equivalent (RFE)
D)Functional retinol unit (FRU)

Question 20

What is vitamin A attached to in the liver prior to being released into the blood?

A)Retinol-binding protein and transthyretin
B)Cis-retinal and opsin
C)Trans-retinal and rhodopsin
D)Retinoic acid and albumin

Question 21

When adequate vitamin A is present, bone formation is favored over bone breakdown because the activity of _____ is favored over that of _____.

A)osteoclasts, osteoblasts
B)osteoblasts, osteoclasts
C)cis-retinal, trans-retinal
D)trans-retinal, cis-retinal

Question 22

The carotenoids are potent antioxidants that protect cell membranes, DNA, and proteins from _____.

A)damage from the sun's UBV rays
B)inactivation during cooking
C)damage from free radicals
D)being lost via respiration

Question 23

Vitamin D toxicity can result in _____ and deposit of calcium in _____.

A)bone loss, soft tissues
B)bone loss, nerves
C)brittle bones, kidneys
D)brittle bones, gallbladder

Question 24

Consuming too much of which vitamin can result in birth defects and reduced bone strength?

A)D
B)K
C)E
D)A

Question 25

Provision of vitamin A supplements to children in developing nations reduces the incidence and severity of what disorder?

A)Rickets
B)Malaria
C)Mal-absorptive syndrome
D)Hemolytic anemia

Question 26

Scientists think that the health-promoting effects of some carotenoids are due to their _____.

A)function as free radicals
B)ability to stimulate the immune system
C)role in energy regulation
D)antioxidant function

Question 27

The dietitian notices that the client with anorexia has bumpy, rough, irritated skin. What vitamin deficiency does s/he suspect?

A)A
B)D
C)K
D)E

Question 28

Golden Rice 2 is an example of biotechnology in which rice has been modified. What vitamin does Golden Rice 2 contain as a result of biotechnological changes?

A)E
B)D
C)K
D)A

Question 29

Which type of cells most depend on vitamin A to function?

A)Muscle
B)Bone
C)Nerve
D)Epithelial

Question 30

Dietitians working with senior citizens should encourage them to include foods containing carotenoids in their diets because higher circulating levels have been associated with a decreased risk of _____, an age-related deterioration of the retina.

A)cataracts
B)macular degeneration
C)xerophthalmia
D)retinal degradation

Question 31

Xerophthalmia can lead to blindness and is due to a deficiency of vitamin _____.

A)A
B)C
C)D
D)K

Question 32

Dietary intervention trials suggest that the protective effect of carotenoids is available from _____ but not from _____.

A)meats, dairy products
B)eggs, meat
C)carotenoid supplements, eggs
D)fruits and vegetables, carotenoid supplements

Question 33

What results from a vitamin A deficiency?

A)Night blindness and increased risk of infection
B)Rickets and loss of balance
C)Hemolytic anemia and hearing loss
D)Bleeding and poor muscle control

Question 34

Children with vitamin A deficiency commonly experience chronic diarrhea and respiratory disease because vitamin A is important for production of immune cells, maintenance of the intestinal tract lining, and the _____.

A)synthesis of antibodies
B)synthesis of osteoclasts
C)reformation of osteoblasts
D)formation of free radicles

Question 35

Experts caution against taking long-term, high-dose supplements of vitamin _____ because they are believed to increase risk of lung and colorectal cancers in some people.

A)A
B)D
C)K
D)E

Question 36

Cell _____ is the process by which immature cells become mature, functioning cells.

A)maturation
B)differentiation
C)establishment
D)discrimination

Question 37

How many forms of vitamin D occur in our foods?

A)One
B)Two
C)Three
D)Four

Question 38

Which vitamin can humans produce in significant amounts?

A)E
B)D
C)A
D)C

Question 39

What are functional immune cells called?

A)Red blood cells
B)Immunocytes
C)Lymphocytes
D)Opsin cells

Question 40

What form of vitamin D is found in animal foods?

A)Osteocalciferol
B)Cholecalciferol
C)Malacalciferol
D)Ergocalciferol

Question 41

What stimulates the production of the active form of vitamin D?

A)Cholecystokinin (CCK)
B)Glucagon
C)Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D)Epinephrine

Question 42

Which of the following foods would be the best candidate for fortification with vitamin D?

A)One that is not cooked before being eaten
B)Something that is sold in a non-transparent package
C)One that is considered low fat and high fiber
D)One that contains calcium

Question 43

Compared to light-skinned people, how much more or less sun exposure do people with dark skin need to produce enough vitamin D?

A)Up to three times more
B)Twice as much
C)One-third less
D)One-half less

Question 44

Adequate calcium in the blood facilitates muscle contractions, blood pressure regulation, and _____.

A)conversion of carotenoids into vitamin A
B)conversion of cholesterol into vitamin D
C)conduction of neural impulses
D)conduction of glucose to muscle tissues

Question 45

The active form of vitamin D is formed from cholecalciferol by the action of first the _____ and then the _____.

A)stomach, large intestine
B)small intestine, large intestine
C)small intestine, liver
D)liver, kidneys

Question 46

How much mid-day sun exposure is typically enough for healthy, light-skinned individuals to produce adequate amounts of cholecalciferol?

A)40 minutes daily
B)5-30 minutes two times each week
C)45-60 minutes three times each week
D)60 minutes daily

Question 47

In order to regulate calcium in the blood, what does vitamin D facilitate?

A)Increased absorption of calcium by the small intestine and decreased uptake of calcium by the liver
B)Uptake of phosphorous by the liver and increased excretion of calcium by the kidneys
C)Decreased absorption of calcium by the stomach and increased storage of calcium by bones
D)Release of calcium from bones and decreased excretion of calcium by the kidneys

Question 48

A metabolite of what compound is used to synthesize vitamin D when human skin is exposed to ultraviolet light?

A)Serotonin
B)Thiamin
C)Cholesterol
D)Phenylalanine

Question 49

A deficiency of vitamin _____ causes osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults.

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 50

_____is the active form of vitamin D.

A)Calcitriol
B)Ergocalciferol
C)Cholecalciferol
D)Procalcitriol

Question 51

In addition to fatty fish, butter, and egg yolks, which of the following foods naturally contain(s) vitamin D?

A)Red meat
B)Fruits and vegetables
C)Cereal
D)Mushrooms

Question 52

Observational human and experimental animal studies have provided evidence that vitamin D deficiency might lead to greater susceptibility to _____.

A)multiple sclerosis
B)personality disorders
C)heart disease
D)lung cancer

Question 53

What does the body produce when the amount of calcium in the blood is low?

A)More menadione
B)More calcitriol
C)Less calcitriol
D)Less menadione

Question 54

Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating blood concentrations of _____.

A)calcium
B)sodium
C)cholesterol
D)free radicals

Question 55

Sal made a cake that included flour, sugar, eggs, vegetable oil, and milk. What vitamin would most likely be in the finished cake in nearly the same amounts as it was in the “raw” ingredients?

A)D
B)K
C)C
D)E

Question 56

What is inadequate bone mineralization in infants and children called?

A)A and D
B)D and E
C)E and K
D)K and A

Question 57

In the small intestine, dietary vitamin D is packaged into _____ with the help of _____.

A)blood, lipase
B)blood, cholecalciferol
C)micelles, bile
D)micelles, lipase

Question 58

What inadequate bone mineralization in infants and children called?

A)Osteomalacia
B)Antieoplasis
C)Osteo-degeneration
D)Rickets

Question 59

Which circumstance is most likely to negatively impact one’s ability to get adequate vitamin D?

A)Living in southern climates
B)Living in rural areas
C)Being elderly
D)Having fair skin

Question 60

Why are skim and 1% milk typically good sources of vitamin D?

A)They naturally contain calcium.
B)Both are usually fortified with vitamin D.
C)Neither contains much fat.
D)They both provide calcitriol.

Question 61

Vitamin K refers to three related compounds: menaquinone, mendione, and _____.

A)Kenadione
B)Phyllodione
C)Phylloquinone
D)Kenaquinone

Question 62

In addition to fish and legumes, what else is a good source of dietary vitamin K?

A)Dark green vegetables
B)Dairy products
C)Vegetable oils
D)Nuts

Question 63

How much vitamin D supplement should all breast-fed infants receive daily?

A)200 IU
B)400 IU
C)600 IU
D)800 IU

Question 64

For Les to obtain his vitamin D RDA of _____ µg exclusively from milk, he would need to consume _____ cups of vitamin D-fortified milk each day.

A)2, 3
B)6, 5
C)8, 8
D)15, 12

Question 65

In addition to nuts and seeds, which of the foods listed below is an especially abundant source of vitamin E?

A)Mushrooms
B)Vegetable oils
C)Dairy products
D)Carrots and sweet potatoes

Question 66

Where do humans store excess vitamin E?

A)Muscles
B)Skin
C)Adipose tissue
D)Liver

Question 67

The term vitamin E refers to how many different compounds that all have somewhat similar chemical structures?

A)4
B)6
C)8
D)10

Question 68

What is the form of vitamin K that is produced by bacteria present in the large intestine called?

A)Menadione
B)Phyllodione
C)Phylloquinone
D)Menaquinone

Question 69

_____ is a symptom of vitamin E toxicity.

A)Hemolytic anemia
B)Kidney stones
C)Neuromuscular problems
D)Bleeding

Question 70

What do antioxidants primarily protect?

A)Proteins used for synthesis of muscles
B)Enzymes essential for energy metabolism
C)Amino acids used for synthesis of insulin
D)Fatty acids contained in phospholipids

Question 71

What is the most biologically active form of vitamin E called?

A)?-menaquinone
B)Fibrinogen
C)?-tocopherol
D)Phylloquinone

Question 72

Diets high in vitamin E are associated with a decreased risk of _____.

A)infections and dementia
B)cancer and cataracts
C)dementia and arthritis
D)osteoporosis and rickets

Question 73

In order to avoid vitamin D toxicity, one should avoid _____.

A)concentrated food sources
B)extensive exposure to the sun
C)high-dose supplements
D)consuming several food sources of vitamin D together

Question 74

Which of the following would likely give Chloe the most vitamin E intake from the same amount of vegetable oil?

A)Potatoes fried in oil
B)German potato salad made with hot oil dressing
C)A veggie stir-fry made with oil
D)A cold salad with an oil and vinegar dressing

Question 75

The difference between osteomalacia and osteoporosis is that osteomalacia is _____ while osteoporosis is _____.

A)demineralization of bone, inadequate bone mineralization
B)hereditary, diet related
C)inadequate bone mineralization, demineralization of previously healthy bone
D)prevalent in adults, prevalent in children

Question 76

Which of the following foods would retain the greatest amount of its original vitamin K when served?

A)Well-cooked collard greens
B)Cole slaw stored in the refrigerator for several hours
C)Spinach salad that has been on the buffet table for several hours
D)Stir-fried broccoli

Question 77

Sasha is taking an antibiotic. Her status of which fat-soluble vitamin is most likely to be negatively impacted by her treatment?

A)Vitamin D
B)Vitamin E
C)Vitamin A
D)Vitamin K

Question 78

Which ois the mosresult otoxicity?

A)Bone loss
B)Hypocalciuria
C)Hypocalcemia
D)Deposits of vitamin D in soft tissues

Question 79

What can result from too little vitamin E?

A)Hemolytic anemia
B)Excessive calcium loss
C)Night blindness
D)Dangerous bleeding

Question 80

Which of the following nutrients act to prevent oxidation and free radical damage?

A)Carotenoids and vitamin E
B)Vitamins A and D
C)Vitamin A and carotenoids
D)Vitamins D and E