Deck 13: The Trace Minerals

Question 1

Which of the following foods contains heme iron?

A)Green leafy vegetables
B)Mushrooms
C)Poultry
D)Legumes

Answer 1

Poultry

Question 2

Which one of the following is the regulation site for iodine and selenium?

A)Stomach
B)Small intestine
C)Kidneys
D)Liver

Answer 2

Kidneys

Question 3

In order to be classified as a trace mineral, a mineral must be required by the body in amounts less than _____ per day

A)1 g
B)10 mg
C)100 mg
D)1000 mg

Answer 3

100 mg

Question 4

Trace mineral status is regulated by the _____.

A)stomach, bone marrow, and pancreas
B)intestine, kidneys, and liver
C)liver, kidneys, and gallbladder
D)pancreas, bone marrow, and gallbladder

Question 5

Trace minerals are absorbed primarily in the _____ and circulated in the _____,

A)small intestine, blood
B)small intestine, lymph
C)stomach, blood
D)stomach, lymph

Question 6

Jack has no genetic disorders, does not consume excessive trace mineral supplements, and has not experienced environmental overexposure. Yet, he could still be at risk for developing either a deficiency or toxicity of which two trace minerals?

A)Iron and iodine
B)Selenium and molybdenum
C)Copper and manganese
D)Zinc and chromium

Question 7

If you wanted to develop a way to test how much of the copper in a new supplement was being excreted by the body, your test would need to measure the copper in _____.

A)urine
B)feces
C)blood
D)sweat

Question 8

How many trace minerals or "microminerals" are needed by the body?

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Question 9

_____ are excreted from the body in the urine.

A)Iron and iodine
B)Copper and manganese
C)Iodine and selenium
D)Selenium and manganese

Question 10

What is the most common trace mineral deficiency worldwide?

A)Iodine
B)Copper
C)Iron
D)Selenium

Question 11

Alice is about to eat a three-bean salad. She will enhance her absorption of iron if she consumes _____ as part of her meal.

A)milk
B)orange juice
C)tea
D)yogurt

Question 12

Bert has liver disease. What trace minerals will likely be poorly regulated by his body as a result?

A)Iron and zinc
B)Selenium and molybdenum
C)Copper and manganese
D)Iodine and chromium

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding trace minerals?

A)Trace minerals are found in a small number of plant- and animal-based foods.
B)The bioavailability of all trace minerals is regulated through absorption.
C)For most people, deficiencies and toxicities of trace minerals are rare.
D)There are no known instances of toxicity from any of the trace minerals.

Question 14

The snack item richest in nonheme iron is:

A)mushrooms stuffed with bread crumbs.
B)non-fat yogurt with fruit.
C)potato chips.
D)pretzels dipped in peanut butter.

Question 15

Enzymes that contain trace minerals are called:

A)zymogens.
B)trace enzymes.
C)metalloenzymes.
D)substrates.

Question 16

More than _____% of the iron in a typical diet is nonheme iron.

A)55
B)65
C)75
D)85

Question 17

When a mineralis part of an enzyme it is called a _____.

A)catalyst
B)medium
C)coenzyme
D)cofactor

Question 18

Which of the following is a general characteristic of trace minerals?

A)The amount of trace minerals in plant-based foods is consistent regardless of the mineral content of soil and water.
B)The amount of trace minerals present in foods is influenced by the cooking method and the length of the cooking process.
C)Trace minerals are circulated from the GI tract to the liver and throughout the body.
D)Toxicities from excess consumption of trace minerals from some food sources are common.

Question 19

Kate is shopping for an iron supplement. To enhance absorption, which of the following iron forms will her dietitian suggest she look for on the label of the product she chooses?

A)Ferric
B)Ferrous
C)Ferrite
D)Ferryte

Question 20

The _____ of trace minerals is influenced by many factors, such as nutritional status and other components of foods.

A)stability
B)formation
C)bioavailability
D)structure

Question 21

Which of the following foods contains polyphenols?

A)Tea
B)Chocolate
C)Blueberries
D)Tofu

Question 22

Which of the following breakfast cereals is most likely to interfere with the bioavailability of the iron in the enriched toast you are eating at the same time?

A)Puffed rice
B)Fruit-flavored Os
C)Bran nuggets
D)Corn flakes

Question 23

Dave typically has several cups of coffee with cream and sugar with his breakfast sausage. How much is his ability to absorb the iron in the sausage diminished as a result?

A)0%
B)5%-15%
C)20%-30%
D)40%-70%

Question 24

The individual who is least likely to be iron deficient is:

A)Jan, age 1.
B)John, age 6.
C)Beckie, age 30 (pregnant).
D)Bob, age 41.

Question 25

Iron is a component of _____ that serve as electron carriers in energy metabolism.

A)hemoglobin molecules
B)antioxidant enzymes
C)cytochromes
D)mitochondria

Question 26

The two iron storage compounds in the body are ferritin and _____.

A)hemoglobin
B)transferrin
C)albumin
D)hemosiderin

Question 27

Consuming one (1) cup of coffee or tea with a meal can decrease nonheme iron absorption by what percentage?

A)20-50
B)30-60
C)40-70
D)50-80

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of a chelator that binds nonheme iron, making it unavailable for absorption?

A)Polyphytates
B)Phenosorbates
C)Phenolphytates
D)Polyphenols

Question 29

What iron-containing protein is found in muscle cells?

A)Hemoglobin
B)Myoglobin
C)Albumin
D)Hemosiderin

Question 30

What protein is the most abundant in the red blood cells and is responsible for delivering oxygen and picking up carbon dioxide?

A)Hemoglobin
B)Transferrin
C)Myoglobin
D)Hemosiderin

Question 31

Which of these foods contain phytates?

A)Green vegetables, milk, and cheese
B)Meats, dairy products, and vegetables
C)Vegetables, grains, and seeds
D)Fruits, breads, and cereals

Question 32

Which of the following is true?

A)The bioavailability of nonheme iron is two to three times that of heme iron.
B)Absorption of nonheme iron is generally most affected by the body's need for more iron.
C)Enriched foods are good sources of nonheme iron.
D)Nonheme iron is found in shellfish.

Question 33

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of which trace mineral?

A)Manganese
B)Copper
C)Iron
D)Selenium

Question 34

What factor enhances the bioavailability of nonheme iron?

A)Meat factor
B)Beef factor
C)Protein factor
D)Intrinsic factor

Question 35

What produced by the liver delivers iron to all body cells?

A)Ferritin
B)Transferrin
C)Albumin
D)Hemosiderin

Question 36

Because of the extent of iron deficiency in the U.S., some legislators want to pass a bill requiring that more foods like fruit juices and most snacks are iron fortified. As the dietitian called as an expert witness, what position will you take based upon nutrition science?

A)Support the legislation because iron deficiency is widespread and the body excretes excess iron in the urine.
B)Oppose the legislation because fatal iron toxicity could occur since adult males lose very little iron once it has been absorbed.
C)Support the legislation because iron deficiency is widespread and the body excretes excess iron in the feces.
D)Oppose the legislation because fatal iron toxicity could occur in breast-fed infants.

Question 37

Where is excess iron stored in the body?

A)Liver, bone marrow, and spleen
B)Liver, bone marrow, and muscle tissue
C)Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
D)Liver, bone marrow, and kidney

Question 38

Iron is important for optimal growth and development because it is _____.

A)a cofactor for synthesis of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
B)a cofactor for DNA synthesis
C)a structural component of cell membranes
D)a structural component of bone

Question 39

Reducing agents increase the bioavailability of nonheme iron by _____.

A)storing iron in the enterocyte until the body needs more iron
B)binding ferrous iron to ferric iron
C)making possible the transport of nonheme iron across intestinal membranes
D)preventing hemochromatosis

Question 40

When an elite athlete decides to donate blood during training and then have it transfused back into his body just before a competition, he is trying to increase his _____ and therefore the amount of _____ available to tissues in order to increase the rate of _____ energy metabolism.

A)myoglobin, cytochromes, aerobic
B)transferrin, glucose, anaerobic
C)hemoglobin, oxygen, aerobic
D)hemosiderin, ATP, anaerobic

Question 41

If Sue, age 22 and not pregnant, attempted to meet her RDA for iron by eating 3-ounce hamburgers, how many would she have to eat each day?

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Question 42

Low blood levels of _____ stimulate the pituitary gland to increase release of TSH.

A)iron
B)copper
C)selenium
D)iodine

Question 43

Which trace mineral is an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

A)Iodine
B)Magnesium
C)Selenium
D)Zinc

Question 44

What blood tests can the dietitian use to identify patients with mild iron deficiency?

A)Hemoglobin, total iron-binding capacity, and serum transferrin saturation
B)Ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and hematocrit
C)Ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and serum transferrin saturation
D)Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum ferritin saturation

Question 45

How much may iron requirements increase in endurance athletes?

A)10%
B)25%
C)45%
D)70%

Question 46

Copper homeostasis occurs in part through adjustments in _____.

A)losses via sweat
B)absorption
C)losses via urine
D)ionization

Question 47

Signs and symptoms of anemia include all of the following except:

A)fatigue.
B)difficulty concentrating.
C)compromised immune function.
D)nervousness.

Question 48

Which food below is the best source of copper?

A)Liver
B)Poultry
C)Broccoli
D)Winter squash

Question 49

Which of the following groups of foods includes good sources of copper?

A)Whole grains, shellfish, and nuts
B)Green beans, ham, and salad dressing
C)Apples, pasta, and yogurt
D)Cheese, grapes, and wine

Question 50

Marcia’s doctor has instructed the dietitian to assist her is developing an iron supplement regime to treat her iron-deficiency anemia. The dietitian will most likely follow the CDC recommendation and suggest that Marcia take one _____ mg tablet of ferrous sulfate twice daily for _____ months.

A)100, 1
B)200, 2
C)300, 3
D)400, 4

Question 51

Synthesis of norepinephrine and collagen requires _____.

A)selenium
B)zinc
C)copper
D)iron

Question 52

Why does a diet high in iron decrease the absorption of copper?

A)Copper and iron bind together to form insoluble complexes.
B)Copper depends upon magnesium for transport and iron binds magnesium.
C)Copper is oxidized to its less absorbable cupric form by iron.
D)Copper and iron compete for the same transport proteins.

Question 53

The best source of iodine in the American diet is:

A)shellfish.
B)iodized salt.
C)nuts.
D)milk products.

Question 54

_____ transports copper.

A)Hematocrit
B)Ceruloplasmin
C)Cytochrome c oxidase
D)Glutathione peroxidase

Question 55

Iodine uptake by the thyroid is regulated by:

A)thyroid-regulating hormone.
B)thyroid-stimulating hormone.
C)goitrogen.
D)thyroxine.

Question 56

Which form of supplemental iron below is least absorbed by the body?

A)Ferrous fumarate
B)Ferrous sulfate
C)Ferrous gluconate
D)Ferric sulfate

Question 57

Sarah has frequent heartburn, so she regularly takes antacids. To lessen her risk of developing a(n) _____ deficiency she could add _____ to her diet.

A)selenium, vegetable oil
B)zinc, nuts
C)iodine, organ meats
D)copper, legumes

Question 58

Which compounds inhibit iodine uptake by the thyroid gland?

A)Polyphenols
B)Phytates
C)Iodine blockers
D)Goitrogens

Question 59

Josie is pregnant and craves red clay from her back yard. The dietitian suspects Josie has a(n) _____ deficiency.

A)zinc
B)copper
C)iodine
D)iron

Question 60

What type of anemia results from severe iron deficiency?

A)Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
B)Macrocytic, normochromic anemia
C)Pernicious anemia
D)Megaloblastic anemia

Question 61

What disease is caused by a severe selenium deficiency?

A)Goiter
B)Cretinism
C)Keshan disease
D)Acrodermatitis enteropathica

Question 62

When a baby experiences iodine deficiency in utero, _____ may result.

A)anemia
B)Keshan disease
C)cretinism
D)acrodermatitis enteropathica

Question 63

Dan's grandfather has a goiter.The goiter could be the resul of_____.

A)iodine deficiency but not iodine toxicity
B)either an iodine deficiency or iodine toxicity
C)either iodine deficiency or an enzyme imbalance
D)iodine toxicity but not iodine deficiency

Question 64

Which of the following foods provides the least amount of chromium in the diet?

A)Dairy foods
B)Vegetables
C)Fruit
D)Whole-grain bread

Question 65

Compounds that inhibit iodine uptake by the thyroid gland are found in which of the following foods?

A)Cruciferous vegetables
B)Citrus fruits
C)Red meats
D)Milk products

Question 66

When iodine deficiency occurs in children and adults, the thyroid gland grows and becomes enlarged, producing _____, the classic sign of iodine deficiency.

A)tracheatitis
B)esophageal varices
C)dysphagia
D)a goiter

Question 67

The functions of selenium include all of the following except:

A)decreasing risk for cancer.
B)protecting the body from toxins and free radicals.
C)slowing the aging process.
D)improving bone health.

Question 68

If Sadie wanted to avoid cruciferous vegetables, she would _____.

A)green beans, broccoli, and sweet potatoes
B)carrots, mushrooms, and spinach
C)cabbage, cauliflower, and brussels sprouts
D)peas, kale, and lima beans

Question 69

How much chromium is actually absorbed by the body regardless of intake?

A)<2%
B)<5%
C)<8%
D)<10%

Question 70

How much manganese is actually absorbed by the body regardless of intake?

A)<35%
B)<30%
C)<20%
D)<10%

Question 71

The best sources of selenium are:

A)nuts, seafood, and meat.
B)green leafy vegetables and fruit.
C)olive oil, hard cheese, and red wine.
D)milk, yogurt, and soft cheeses.

Question 72

Chromium's bioavailability is increased by ______ and decreased by _____.

A)vitamin A, aspirin
B)vitamin C, antacids
C)vitamin D, iron
D)iron, vitamin E

Question 73

_____ is a selenoprotein.

A)Thyroxine
B)Superoxide dismutase
C)Cytochrome c oxidase
D)Glutathione peroxidase

Question 74

Which trace mineral is thought to be needed for glucose homeostasis and insulin function in humans?

A)Iron
B)Magnesium
C)Iodine
D)Chromium

Question 75

Iodine deficiency results in all of the following except:

A)severe mental retardation.
B)excessive growth in stature.
C)infertility.
D)increased risk of mortality.

Question 76

Excess chromium is excreted:

A)through sweat.
B)via the lungs.
C)in the urine.
D)in the feces.

Question 77

Which trace mineral was designated an essential nutrient because its deficiency in animals caused a diabetic-like state?

A)Chromium
B)Zinc
C)Iodine
D)Magnesium

Question 78

Consuming large amounts of _____ can cause a garlic-like odor of the breath, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and brittleness of the teeth and fingernails.

A)selenium
B)zinc
C)chromium
D)iron

Question 79

What trace mineral is part of the structure of an enzyme that protects the body from free radical damage?

A)Iodine
B)Copper
C)Manganese
D)Selenium

Question 80

According to most controlled studies conducted to date, what is the effect of chromium supplements on athletic performance and blood glucose regulation?

A)The stamina of endurance athletes is increased and blood glucose levels are more stable.
B)The stamina of high-intensity athletes is increased and blood glucose levels are more stable.
C)There are no beneficial outcomes.
D)The stamina of endurance athletes is increased; however, blood glucose levels are more variable.