Deck 8: Energy Balance and Body Weight Regulation

Question 1

What is the physiological response to having eaten enough called?

A)Contentment
B)Satisfaction
C)Satiety
D)Fulfillment

Answer 1

Satiety

Question 2

What happens when a person loses body fat?

A)The triglycerides in adipocytes are replaced with water.
B)The number of adipocytes decreases.
C)The number of adipocytes increases.
D)Adipocytes shrink in size.

Answer 2

Adipocytes shrink in size.

Question 3

If John wants to lose one pound of body fat, how many kcalories will he have to expend in activity and/or omit from his usual intake?

A)1,500 kcalories
B)2,000 kcalories
C)2,500 kcalories
D)3,500 kcalories

Answer 3

3,500 kcalories

Question 4

What primarily influences short-term food intake?

A)Neural and hormonal signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
B)Neural and hormonal signals from the brain and central nervous system
C)The interplay between hunger and satiety
D)The interplay of socio-cultural and visual stimuli

Question 5

When someone is in severe negative energy balance, what serves as the body’s primary energy source?

A)Food being consumed
B)Adipose tissue
C)Muscle tissue
D)Chylomicrons

Question 6

What “control center” in the body responds to hunger and satiety cues?

A)Liver
B)Hypothalmus
C)Pancreas
D)Gastrointestinal tract

Question 7

How do neurotransmitters differ from hormones?

A)They regulate activities mainly in the liver.
B)They regulate activities mainly in the central nervous system.
C)They regulate activities mainly in adipocytes.
D)They regulate activities mainly in the small intestine.

Question 8

What the process called when adipocytes grow in number?

A)Hypertrophic growth
B)Hyperplastic growth
C)Expansive growth
D)Unreserved growth

Question 9

Experts recommend that patients be considered for bariatric surgery only if they have a BMI of:

A)?30 kg/m² with or without a serious weight-related medical condition.
B)?35 kg/m² or ?30 kg/m² with a serious weight-related medical condition.
C)?40 kg/m² or ?35 kg/m² with a serious weight-related medical condition.
D)?40 kg/m² with or without a serious weight-related medical condition.

Question 10

You have gained weight, and your adipocytes are filling with triglycerides. This is called:

A)hypertrophic growth.
B)hyperplastic growth.
C)hypermetabolism.
D)hyperlipidemia.

Question 11

Negative energy balance is when:

A)energy intake = energy consumption.
B)energy intake < energy consumption.
C)energy intake > energy consumption.

Question 12

How is energy intake regulated?

A)By distinct hunger and satiety centers in the brain
B)By distinct hunger and satiety centers in the liver
C)By specific neural connections to and within the brain
D)By specific neural connections to and within the liver

Question 13

Which type of fat found deposited between internal organs and the torso is otherwise known as intra-abdominal fat?

A)VAT
B)SCAT
C)ABAT
D)TAT

Question 14

What is the branch of medicine that is concerned with treating obesity and obesity-related conditions called?

A)Hyperbarics
B)Neuro-physiology
C)Otolaryngology
D)Bariatrics

Question 15

One pound of stored body fat is equivalent to about _____ kcal.

A)3000
B)3500
C)4000
D)4500

Question 16

Gastric banding involves:

A)reducing the size of the stomach.
B)limiting food digestion and absorption.
C)creating a small stomach pouch.
D)a and c
E)All of the above

Question 17

What happens when the brain releases anabolic neurotransmitters?

A)Weight gain is promoted
B)Weight loss is promoted
C)Satiety is stimulated
D)Cravings are stimulated

Question 18

What happens when a person increases his or her energy intake?

A)There is always a corresponding increase in body weight.
B)There is usually a corresponding increase in body weight.
C)There is always a corresponding increase in blood glucagon.
D)There is usually a corresponding increase in neuropeptide production.

Question 19

All of the following statements about gastric bypass surgery are true except:

A)gastric bypass reroutes the GI tract to bypass the stomach.
B)bypass surgery reduces food intake, limiting nutrient digestion and absorption.
C)the risk of developing nutritional deficiencies is much greater after this procedure.
D)surgical reversal is difficult and can pose certain risks.

Question 20

Sara requires 2100 kcalories each day. Currently, she is consuming between 2200 and 2300. What is her state of energy balance?

A)Neutral
B)Negative
C)Positive
D)Balanced

Question 21

Basal metabolism is the energy expended to sustain all the following functions except:

A)respiration.
B)beating of the heart.
C)digestion.
D)nerve function.

Question 22

What is the Harris-Benedict equation used to calculate?

A)Resting energy expenditure (REE)
B)Estimated energy requirement (EER)
C)Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
D)Total energy expenditure (TEE)

Question 23

All of the following contribute to causing food cravings except:

A)overly restrictive food regimens.
B)too much sleep.
C)stress.
D)inactivity.

Question 24

Shivering when you are cold at an event outdoors is an example of:

A)thermic effect of food.
B)physical activity.
C)basal metabolism.
D)adaptive thermogenesis.
E)nonexercise activity thermogenesis.

Question 25

What is the definition of resting energy expenditure (REE)?

A)The amount of kcalories required during an 8-hour period usually associated with sleep
B)The amount of kcalories required for the 16-hour period associated with one's time not spent in sleep
C)The amount of kcalories required for a 24-hour period by the body during a non-active period
D)The amount of kcalories required for a 24-hour period by the body during a period of fasting and inactivity

Question 26

What two foods are good sources of tryptophan and thus may promote both satiety and sleepiness?

A)Whole grains and peanut butter
B)Grapes and bananas
C)Avocado and beef
D)Turkey and dairy products

Question 27

How much food can the stomach hold after gastric banding?

A)1 tablespoon
B)2-3 tablespoons
C)½ cup
D)1 cup

Question 28

Why would 2 cups of grapes increase satiety more than ¼ cup of raisins?

A)The grapes have more kcalories than the raisins.
B)The grapes contain more sugar than the raisins.
C)The volume of grapes is greater than that of the raisins.
D)There is no difference-they are both fruits.

Question 29

About how much of one’s total energy expenditure is due to one’s basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A)30-40 percent
B)50-70 percent
C)10-20 percent
D)60-95 percent

Question 30

A rise in what in the blood following a meal seems to stimulate satiety?

A)Low-density lipoproteins or micelles
B)Triglycerides or phospholipids
C)Glucose or amino acids
D)Epinephrine or norepinephrine

Question 31

Which hormone whose level is increased after tryptophan intake helps people feel calm and relaxed?

A)Ghrelin
B)Galanin
C)Serotonin
D)Leptin

Question 32

Which of the following food choices reflect(s) the most commonly craved foods?

A)Steak and a mug of beer
B)Slice of pizza and a Coke®
C)Hot fudge sundae with nuts
D)Fresh fruit salad

Question 33

What do the appearance, taste, and aroma of food stimulate?

A)Hunger
B)Appetite
C)Hypertrophic growth
D)Hyperplastic growth

Question 34

Melanie is pregnant and is having a craving for chocolate brownies. What do scientists think may be causing her to crave the brownies?

A)Need for a nutrient provided by the brownies
B)High serotonin levels in the brain
C)Low glucagon levels in the blood
D)Scientist do not have a clear explanation.

Question 35

_____ can be defined as the longing or desire for food.

A)Hunger
B)Satiety
C)Appetite
D)Thermic effect of food

Question 36

What are the three main components of total energy expenditure?

A)Thyroid activity, environmental temperature, and mental activity
B)Mental activity, basal metabolism, and thermic effect of food
C)Basal metabolism, physical activity, and thermic effect of food
D)Environmental temperature, basal metabolism, and thyroid activity

Question 37

Which of the following is not a symptom of dumping syndrome, a possible side effect of gastric bypass?

A)Hyperglycemia
B)Nausea
C)Dizziness
D)Diarrhea

Question 38

The majority of TEE is accounted for by:

A)thermic effect of food.
B)physical activity.
C)basal metabolism.
D)adaptive thermogenesis.
E)nonexercise activity thermogenesis.

Question 39

In order to use the Harris-Benedict equation to calculate an individual’s REE, you will need all of the following except the individual’s:

A)gender.
B)age.
C)height.
D)activity level.

Question 40

What recently discovered hormone appears to increase food intake by signaling the release of anabolic neurotransmitters?

A)Ghrelin
B)Melatonin
C)Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D)Oxytocin

Question 41

In order to estimate energy requirements (EER) for adults, which of the following information will you need?

A)Age, weight, and height
B)Age, weight, height, gender, and physical activity level
C)Age, weight, height, physical activity level, and thermic effect of food
D)Age, weight, height, gender, physical activity level, and stress factor

Question 42

What does indirect calorimetry measure?

A)Heat lost from the body
B)The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
C)Heat gained by the body
D)The number of kcalories consumed from 24 hours of food intake

Question 43

Even though they are the same age and have the same height and weight, Matt has more lean mass than Rob. Which of the following is true in this case?

A)Rob has a higher basal metabolic rate than Matt.
B)Rob has a higher estimated resting energy expenditure than Matt.
C)Matt has a higher estimated resting energy expenditure than Rob.
D)Matt has a higher basal metabolic rate than Rob.

Question 44

Sheila is 20 and her mother, Donna, is 50 years of age. Which statement accurately describes the relationship between their basal metabolic rates (BMR)?

A)Donna's BMR is roughly twice that of Sheila.
B)Sheila's BMR is twice that of Donna.
C)Donna's BMR is 4 to 10% less than Sheila's.
D)Sheila's BMR is roughly 30% less than Donna's.

Question 45

Ramón consumed 2700 kcalories yesterday. What was his thermic effect of food (TEF) estimated to be?

A)135-270 kcalories
B)170-350 kcalories
C)215-405 kcalories
D)260-475 kcalories

Question 46

What is the definition of “obesity”?

A)Excess weight in proportion to height
B)A BMI of 20-25
C)Abundance of body fat
D)A BMI of 25-30

Question 47

Why is it difficult to lose weight by simply eating fewer kcalories?

A)The body's response to receiving fewer calories is to increase the BMR.
B)The body's response to receiving fewer calories is to reduce the BMR.
C)The body's response to receiving fewer calories is to increase the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
D)The body's response to receiving fewer calories is to reduce the synthesis of neurotransmitters.

Question 48

What is the approximate BMI for a person who weighs 220 pounds and is 5 feet 11 inches tall?

A)25 kg/m²
B)27 kg/m²
C)29 kg/m²
D)31 kg/m²

Question 49

Your client is 69 inches tall and weighs 185 pounds. His BMI is:

A)23.6.
B)25.9.
C)27.3.
D)45.4.

Question 50

Which technique is considered to be the “gold standard” for estimating total energy expenditure (TEE)?

A)Indirect calorimetry
B)Use of doubly labeled water
C)Circuitous calorimetry
D)Harris-Benedict equation

Question 51

Stan participated in a scientific study in which he had measurements of oxygen and hydrogen taken. What did Stan experience?

A)Direct calorimetry
B)Indirect calorimetry
C)Use of the Harris-Benedict equation
D)Use of doubly labeled water

Question 52

Your Asian-American, female client is 25 years old, weighs 110 pounds, and is 61 inches tall. According to the Harris-Benedict equation, her REE (in kcal/day) is:

A)1296.
B)1414.
C)1531.
D)1741.

Question 53

Assessing your client’s BMI (69 inches, 175 pounds), you find that she is:

A)underweight.
B)at a healthy weight.
C)overweight.
D)obese.

Question 54

Juan-Juan is an elite athlete who runs a marathon 3-5 times each year. Would relying on her BMI to assess body weight be appropriate?

A)No, because she has a high lean mass relative to fat.
B)No, because she has inadequate body fat.
C)Yes, because the formula for calculating BMI considers body composition.
D)Yes, because she has nearly the same fat mass as other people.

Question 55

What effect does hyperthyroidism have on basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A)It causes BMR to increase.
B)It causes BMR to decrease.
C)It causes BMR to decrease only during sleep.
D)It causes BMR to increase only during sleep.

Question 56

Which of the following is a list of energy expenditure factors arranged in order, left to right, from the one that requires the most to the one that requires the fewest kcalories?

A)Basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, energy for physical activity
B)Energy for physical activity, basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food
C)Energy for physical activity, thermic effect of food, basal metabolic rate
D)Basal metabolic rate, energy for physical activity, thermic effect of food

Question 57

What is the energy expenditure called the “thermic effect of food” used for?

A)Warming ingested food to 98.6 degrees-that is, body temperature
B)Transport of stored food nutrients to body tissues between meals
C)Digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism, and storage of nutrients following a meal
D)Modifying the temperature of both hot and cold foods to 98.6 degrees-that is, body temperature

Question 58

Physical activity can be quite variable, accounting for, at most, _____% of TEE.

A)10
B)15
C)30
D)50

Question 59

What two factors are not accounted for in the formula for calculating one’s resting energy expenditure (REE)?

A)Height and current body weight
B)Physical fitness and body composition
C)Age and height
D)Current body weight and physical fitness

Question 60

Which food combination would have the highest thermic effect of food (TEF)?

A)6 fried chicken wings, French fries, and soda
B)One slice of pepperoni pizza with extra cheese and lemonade
C)One bagel with jelly, whole-milk yogurt, and orange juice
D)6 ounces of roast turkey, baked sweet potato, and skim milk

Question 61

What principle is hydrostatic weighting based upon?

A)The more fat a person has, the more dense he/she is and the more he/she weighs underwater.
B)The less fat a person has, the more dense he/she is and the less he/she weighs underwater.
C)The more fat a person has, the less dense he/she is and the more he/she weighs underwater.
D)The more fat a person has, the less dense he/she is and the less he/she weighs underwater.

Question 62

According to the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, how much time, at a minimum, should children spend being physically active per week?

A)30 minutes a day, at least 5 days a week
B)45 minutes a day, at least 5 days a week
C)60 minutes a day, preferably 7 days a week
D)90 minutes a day, preferably 7 days a week

Question 63

What body fat percentages for males and females, respectively, indicate obesity?

A)females, > 25%; males, > 20%
B)females, > 40%; males, > 30%
C)males, > 25%; females, > 33%
D)males, > 15%; females, > 20%

Question 64

What have researchers found when studying portion sizes?

A)When larger portions are served, people tend to eat the same amount.
B)When larger portions are served, people tend to eat more.
C)People depend more on social cues than on visual cues to judge how much to eat.
D)People depend more on physiological cues than on visual cues to judge how much to eat.

Question 65

What is considered to be the healthy range for an adult’s BMI?

A)18.5-24.9 kg/m²
B)14.5-19.0 kg/m²
C)25.0-28.9 kg/m²
D)29.5-35.0 kg/m²

Question 66

Your female client has 28 percent body fat. She is:

A)normal.
B)borderline obese.
C)obese.

Question 67

By approximately how many kcalories has the daily energy intake of American adults increased over the last 40 years?

A)100-200
B)200-300
C)300-400
D)400-500

Question 68

Choose the list that correctly orders the following groups of Americans from the greatest prevalence of obesity (left) to the least (right).

A)African-American females, Hispanic females, white females
B)Hispanic females, white females, African-American females
C)White females, African-American females, Hispanic females
D)White females, Hispanic females, African-American females

Question 69

What percentage of adults and children, respectively, are estimated to eat fast food daily?

A)13, 18
B)25, 30
C)37, 42
D)49, 54

Question 70

Which body composition assessment method is considered the “gold standard”?

A)Hyrdrostatic weighing
B)Bioelectrical impedance (BIA)
C)Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
D)Skinfold thickness

Question 71

What is the definition of moderate-intensity physical activity?

A)Exertion that does not raise your heart rate or cause you to sweat
B)Exertion that is 2.0-2.5 times as intense as rest
C)Exertion that is 3.0-5.9 times as intense as rest
D)Exertion that raises your heart rate to the point of breathlessness

Question 72

What type of obesity is associated with increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension?

A)"Pear-shaped" adiposity
B)Subcutaneous adiposity
C)Central adiposity
D)Etymoloid adiposity

Question 73

What type of relationship is there between the level of physical activity and the risk of being overweight?

A)Proportional
B)Converse
C)Direct
D)Inverse

Question 74

What are the characteristics of central adiposity?

A)Large amounts of subcutaneous fat in the thighs and hips
B)Accumulation of adipose tissue in the abdominal region
C)Large amounts of subcutaneous fat in the upper arms and chest
D)Accumulation of adipose tissue that is evenly distributed throughout the body

Question 75

Approximately what percentage of adults in the United States are classified as obese?

A)26%
B)35%
C)42%
D)65%

Question 76

What is the technique for determining body composition that relies on measuring the conduction of weak electric currents by adipose and lean tissue called?

A)Hydrostatic weighing
B)Bioelectrical impedance
C)Near-infrared interactance
D)Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

Question 77

Ryan has a waist circumference of 43 inches and a hip circumference of 40. What might a clinician conclude about Ryan?

A)He has central adiposity
B)He has subcutaneous adiposity
C)He has a low risk of cardiovascular disease
D)He has a favorable body composition

Question 78

If Sal added an extra mile of walking to his routine every day for one month, how much weight could he expect to lose by making only this change?

A)One pound
B)Two pounds
C)Three pounds
D)Five pounds

Question 79

A super-sized “value” fast-food meal can provide _____ of the calories required in a day.

A)more than one-third
B)more than half
C)more than two-thirds
D)more than three-fourths

Question 80

Which of the following recommendations is not included in the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans?

A)Every U.S.adult should get 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity activity five days a week (or an equivalent amount of vigorous-intensity activity).
B)Every U.S.adult should get 25 minutes a day, 3 days a week, of vigorous-intensity physical activity (or an equivalent amount of moderate-intensity activity).
C)Every U.S.adult should perform moderate- or vigorous-intensity muscle-strengthening activities at least twice a week.
D)Every U.S.adult should get 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity activity twice a week.