Deck 4: Carbohydrates

Question 1

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are bonded together as a result of a _____ reaction

A)hydrolysis
B)condensation
C)glycosidic
D)synthesis

Answer 1

condensation

Question 2

The most abundant monosaccharides found in food include glucose, _____, and _____.

A)lactose, fructose
B)sucrose, maltose
C)sucrose, lactose
D)fructose, galactose

Answer 2

fructose, galactose

Question 3

Simple carbohydrates include monosaccharides and _____.

A)amylose
B)amylopectin
C)disaccharides
D)pectins

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What whether a carbohydrate is digestible or indigestible?

A)The type of glycosidic bond
B)The amount of carbohydrate eaten at the same time
C)Whether or not the food is cooked
D)Whether or not the food contains monosaccharides

Question 5

Which of the following artificial sweeteners contains phenylalanine and thus poses a potential risk to people who have the genetic condition phenylketonuria?

A)Equal
B)Sugar Twin
C)Sweet One
D)Splenda

Question 6

Sucrose, maltose, and lactose all include the monosaccharide:

A)glucose.
B)fructose.
C)galactose.
D)raffinose.

Question 7

Which monosaccaride is often called “blood sugar” and is the most abundant sugar in our bodies?

A)Glucose
B)Fructose
C)Galactose
D)Sucrose

Question 8

Oligosaccharides can be found in which of the following foods?

A)Apples, oranges, and/or grapes
B)Cereal, rice, and/or potatoes
C)Dried beans, soybeans, peas, and/or lentils
D)Hamburger, chicken, and/or pork

Question 9

What the primary function of glucose?

A)To facilitate synthesis of some amino acids
B)To provide a ready source of glycosidic bonds
C)To provide a source of energy to cells
D)To facilitate synthesis of glycogen

Question 10

What foods represent the most significant sources of fructose in the typical U.S. diet?

A)Honey and fruits
B)Fruits and vegetables
C)Fruit drinks and fruit beverages
D)Foods and beverages sweetened with HFCS

Question 11

Currently, high-fructose corn syrup accounts for what percentage of the total energy intake in the U.S.?

A)3%
B)5%
C)7%
D)9%

Question 12

Glycogen is highly branched, just like which other polysaccharide?

A)Amylose
B)Amylopectin
C)Dietary fiber
D)None of the above

Question 13

Which monosaccharide is the preferred energy source for the nervous system and the sole source for the red blood cells?

A)Sucrose
B)Fructose
C)Galactose
D)Glucose

Question 14

The body stores glycogen primarily in the _____ and _____.

A)brain, skeletal muscles
B)liver, central nervous system
C)muscles, central nervous system
D)liver, skeletal muscles

Question 15

Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate?

A)Galactose
B)Amylose
C)Raffinose
D)Glycogen

Question 16

Your diet soda is sweetened with a compound composed of phenylalanine plus aspartic acid. The sweetener is:

A)saccharin.
B)aspartame.
C)acesulfame K.
D)sucralose.

Question 17

Amylose is _____, unlike amylopectin.

A)a branched chain of glucose
B)not absorbed by the body
C)a linear chain of glucose
D)found in the liver

Question 18

What is the major food source of galactose?

A)Fruit
B)Whole grains
C)Vegetables
D)Milk

Question 19

What is the consumption of high-fructose corn syrup (in pounds per year per person) by Americans estimated by the USDA?

A)12
B)22
C)35
D)44

Question 20

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is derived from corn and consists of almost equal amounts of:

A)fructose and galactose.
B)fructose and glucose.
C)glucose and maltose.
D)glucose and galactose.

Question 21

Dietary fiber is not:

A)a plant polysaccharide.
B)digested or absorbed by the human intestine.
C)composed of glucose units bonded together by beta-glycosidic bonds.
D)found in whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.

Question 22

With long-term constipation, areas along the colon wall can become weak and develop protruding pouches.What this condition called?

A)Diverticulosis
B)Flatulence
C)PKU
D)Diabetes

Question 23

Which component of grain is the best source of fiber?

A)Germ
B)Endosperm
C)Bran
D)All of the above

Question 24

The starch can be found in which component of grain?

A)Germ
B)Endosperm
C)Bran
D)All of the above

Question 25

Which brush border enzyme is required to accomplish the hydrolysis of $\alpha$ -1,6 glycosidic bonds, completing the digestion of amylopectin?

A) $\alpha$ -amylase
B)maltase
C) $\alpha$ -dextrinase
D)sucrase

Question 26

Amy got up late this morning so she skipped breakfast and went straight to her soccer practice. Which fuel source is her body relying upon to supply the glucose that her brain needs to function?

A)Fatty acids
B)Liver glycogen
C)Glycolysis
D)Muscle glycogen

Question 27

What type of dietary fiber is most prevalent in whole-grain flour, seeds, carrots, and peppers?

A)Cellulose
B)Hemicellulose
C)Lignin
D)Pectin

Question 28

Dietary fiber is indigestible because it contains _____ bonds.

A) $\alpha$ -glycosidic
B)double
C) $\beta$ -glycosidic
D)ionic

Question 29

Where does the digestion of starch begin?

A)The stomach
B)The large intestine
C)The mouth
D)The small intestine

Question 30

Carbohydrate digestion requires a variety of enzymes produced in the salivary glands, ____, and _____.

A)small intestine, liver
B)gallbladder, large intestine
C)gallbladder, liver
D)pancreas, small intestine

Question 31

Dietary fiber has been shown to contribute to healthy bowel function and _____.

A)diminish blood glucose regulation
B)increase blood cholesterol levels
C)prevent colon cancer
D)promote satiety

Question 32

Diverticular disease:

A)development is associated with a high-fiber diet.
B)is characterized by the presence of pouches that form along the intestinal wall.
C)is always associated with development of diverticulitis.
D)a and b
E)a and c

Question 33

The enzymes involved in the digestion of starches include various _____.

A)condensers
B)amyloses
C)amylases
D)cofactors

Question 34

Glucose and galactose are absorbed by which transport mechanism?

A)Vesicular active transport
B)Carrier-mediated active transport
C)Facilitated diffusion
D)Diffusion

Question 35

Which componenin vitamins and minerals?

A)Germ
B)Endosperm
C)Bran
D)All of the above

Question 36

What is produced as the result of the digestion of amylose and amylopectin?

A)Disaccharides
B)Glucose
C)Sucrose
D)Polysaccharides

Question 37

Liam sometimes suffers from constipation. What foods might he eat because they are the best sources of fiber with high water-holding capacity, and thus make the fecal matter easier to eliminate?

A)High-pectin fruits
B)Leafy green vegetables
C)Oat bran, barley, and legumes
D)Gelatin salads and grains

Question 38

The fiber in oats, rice, bran, psyllium seeds, soy, and some fruits consists mostly of _____.

A)insoluble fiber
B)lignin
C)endosperm
D)soluble fiber

Question 39

Which ois an FDA-approved health claim for fiber?

A)"Diets low in fat and rich in high-fiber foods reduce the risk of heart disease."
B)"Diets high in whole-grain foods and other plant foods and low in total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol may help reduce the risk of heart disease and certain cancers."
C)"Diets low in fat and rich in fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of most cancers."
D)"Diets low in fat and rich in whole oats and psyllium seed husk reduce the incidence of heart disease."

Question 40

Because humans lack the _____ needed to digest two of the oligosaccharides commonly found in dried beans, soybeans, peas, and lentils, these foods are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.

A)enzymes
B)gastric acid
C)raffinose
D)stachyose

Question 41

Which hormone is an important regulator of glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle?

A)Glucagon
B)Epinephrine
C)Norepinephrine
D)Insulin

Question 42

Suppose that Alicia wants to include foods in her diet that may lower her risk of developing cardiovascular disease. To do this, she should choose foods with a glycemic index of _____.

A)at least 100
B)75-95
C)60-70
D)less than 55

Question 43

Why are skeletal muscle cells able to take up glucose without insulin during exercise?

A)Muscle contractions can activate movement of glucose transporters from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane.
B)The cell membranes of muscle cells contain glucose receptors.
C)Muscle cells can take up glucose without insulin.
D)Muscle cells do not depend on glucose transporters for uptake of glucose.

Question 44

Which monosaccharide, once digested, is absorbed into the enterocytes through facilitated diffusion?

A)Glucose
B)Fructose
C)Galactose
D)Maltose

Question 45

Glucose enters cells via:

A)endocytosis.
B)osmosis.
C)exocytosis.
D)facilitated diffusion.

Question 46

When are blood glucose levels lowesmost people?

A)In the morning before breakfast
B)Late afternoon
C)Late evening
D)When asleep

Question 47

What is the term for the impact of different foods on the size and duration of the rise in blood glucose after a meal?

A)Sugar spine
B)Glucagon spike
C)Glycemic response
D)Carbohydrate reaction

Question 48

Glycogenesis is:

A)the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
B)the synthesis of glucose.
C)the breakdown of glycemia indices.
D)the formation of glycogen from glucose.

Question 49

After she ate her usual dinner, Kamala had an ice cream sundae for dessert. Which metabolic process is predominating?

A)Glycogenesis
B)Glucose synthesis
C)Glycogenolysis
D)Gluconeogenesis

Question 50

Which hormones work together to maintain the blood glucose level within an acceptable range?

A)Insulin and cholecystokinin
B)Cortisol and epinephrine
C)Glucagon and insulin
D)Amylopectin and glucagon

Question 51

The glycemic load takes into account the:

A)carbohydrate content of a food and glycemic index of a food.
B)fiber content of a food and glycemic index of a food.
C)carbohydrate and fiber content of a food.
D)calorie content and glycemic index of a food.

Question 52

Which hormone promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen and body fat?

A)Glucagon
B)Cortisol
C)Insulin
D)Epinephrine

Question 53

Once absorbed, monosaccharides are first carried in the blood away from the small intestine and to the _____.

A)central nervous system
B)liver
C)muscle
D)gallbladder

Question 54

What would happen if Tammy, a type 1 diabetic, routinely decided to skip her evening insulin injection?

A)She would experience hyperglycemia and lose weight.
B)She would experience hypoglycemia and gain weight.
C)Her body would eventually adjust to the lack of insulin.
D)Her body would eventually adjust to the lack of insulin as long as she didn't eat in the evening.

Question 55

You are a healthy individual, and you just ate breakfast. Therefore:

A)glucagon will be secreted by your pancreas.
B)insulin will be secreted by your pancreas.
C)your liver will break down glucagons.
D)your blood glucose levels will decrease.

Question 56

Which organ is able to converand fructose into glucose?

A)Muscle
B)Liver
C)Small intestine
D)Large intestine

Question 57

Sunil finished his evening meal of curried chicken, rice, fruit, salad, cookies, and tea about 30 minutes ago. Which of the following best describes what is happening?

A)His blood concentration of glucagon exceeds that of insulin.
B)His blood concentration of insulin exceeds that of glucagon.
C)His blood contains glucagon but no insulin.
D)His blood contains insulin but no glucagon.

Question 58

Which organ synthesizes the hormone glucagon?

A)Liver
B)Pancreas
C)Gallbladder
D)Large intestine

Question 59

What does it mean if a tissue has “insulin-requiring glucose transporters”?

A)The tissue is said to have impaired glucose regulation.
B)The tissue functions less effectively in the presence of insulin.
C)The tissue requires insulin to stimulate the uptake of glucose.
D)The tissue is not dependent on insulin for the uptake of glucose.

Question 60

Which ometabolic pathways increases glucose availability?

A)Glycogenesis
B)Ketogenesis
C)Gluconeogenesis
D)None of the above

Question 61

Tammy, a type 1 diabetic, has been sick for more than a week. She has had no appetite at all and consequently has not been able to eat much of anything. What is likely causing the lack of appetite?

A)Hypoglycemia
B)Reactive hyperglycemia
C)Ketosis

Question 62

Tammy, a type 1 diabetic, consumes 2000 kcalories a day. How many grams of fiber should she consume per day?

A)21
B)25
C)28
D)32

Question 63

What is the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose called?

A)Glycolysis
B)Glycogenolysis
C)Glycogenesis
D)Gluconeogenesis

Question 64

To protect itself from excessive muscle loss, the body decreases its need for glucose by using _____ as an energy source.

A)ketones
B)amino acids
C)cortisol
D)amylose

Question 65

The average daily intake of fiber in the U.S. equals about _____ of what is recommended.

A)25%
B)33%
C)50%
D)66%

Question 66

Dietary Guidelines recommend that adults consume _____ grams of dietary fiber per 1,000 kcalories.

A)7
B)14
C)21
D)28

Question 67

Jane’s one-day intake revealed that she consumed the following carbohydrate sources: 2 cups of cornflakes, 2 slices of whole-grain bread, 1 cup white rice, 1 cup of fresh fruit, 1 cup broccoli, and 1 cup tossed salad. What does she need to do to improve her intake to meet MyPlate recommendations?

A)Replace the cornflakes or white rice with a whole-grain alternative
B)Add at least an additional ½-cup serving of fruit
C)Add at least an additional 1-cup serving of vegetable
D)a and b
E)b and c

Question 68

Ketogenesis:

A)occurs in the pancreas.
B)is the formation of ketones.
C)is stimulated by glucagon.
D)a and b
E)b and c

Question 69

Ketones are formed from _____ when there is a relative absence of _____.

A)fatty acids, glucose
B)glucose, glycogen
C)glucose, fatty acids
D)fatty acids, glycogen

Question 70

The Adequate Intake (AI) for dietary fiber ranges from _____ to ______ grams oper day.

A)8, 16
B)13, 15
C)25, 52
D)21, 38

Question 71

$\text { Table } 3$
$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Food }&\begin{array}{c}\text { Serving } \\\text { Size }\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}\text { Insoluble } \\\text { Fiber }(\mathrm{g})\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}\text { Soluble } \\\text { Fiber }(\mathrm{g})\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}\text { Total Dietary } \\\text { Fiber }(\mathrm{g})\end{array} \\\hline \text { Orange } & 1 \text { medium } & 0.7 & 1.3 & 2.0 \\\hline \text { All-Bran(B) cereal } & 1 / 2 \text { cup } & 7.6 & 1.4 & 9.0 \\\hline \text { Oat bran } & 1 / 2 \mathrm{cup} & 2.2 & 2.2 & 4.4 \\\hline \text { Cornflakes(B) cereal } & 1 \text { cup } & 0.5 & 0 & 0.5 \\\hline \text { Whole-wheat bread } & 1 \text { slice } & 1.1 & 0.3 & 1.4 \\\hline \text { White bread } & 1 \text { slice } & 0.1 & 0.3 & 0.4 \\\hline \text { Fiber supplement } & 1 \text { tablespoon } & 0.6 & 2.4 & 3.0\\\hline\end{array}$

-John, a 52-year-old construction worker, was recently diagnosed with diverticular disease.How could his breakfasimproved to increase his fiber intake to aone-third orequirement? His usual John, a 52-year-old construction worker, was recently diagnosed with diverticular disease. How could his breakfast be improved to increase his fiber intake to at least one-third of his daily requirement? His usual breakfast consists of: 1 cup of orange juice, 1 cup of Cornflakes with 1 cup whole milk, 2 slices white toast with 2 tsp margarine and 2 tsp strawberry jelly, and 1 cup coffee with cream and 2 tsp sugar. (Refer to Table 3.)

A) Replace the whole milk with 1% milk and replace the orange juice with 1 medium orange
B) Replace the 2 slices of white toast with whole-wheat bread and replace the orange juice with 1 medium orange
C) Replace the Cornflakes with All-Bran Cereal and the white bread with whole-wheat bread.
D) In addition to the changes recommended in “choice c,” John will need to take a fiber supplement to achieve one-third of his daily requirements at breakfast because his fiber needs are so high.

Question 72

The Institute of Medicine recommends a range of _____ of total energy from carbohydrates.

A)5%-25%
B)20%-40%
C)45%-65%
D)55%-75%

Question 73

How many grams of carbohydrate are required daily during pregnancy?

A)125
B)150
C)175
D)200

Question 74

Ashley experiences nausea, dizziness, lethargy, and irritability within one to four hours after eating foods high in carbohydrates. She should be encouraged to eat _____.

A)foods with a high glycemic index
B)small, frequent meals throughout the day
C)meals that are high in protein and fat
D)meals that are high in soluble fiber

Question 75

The Institute of Medicine recommends that added sugars contribute no more than _____% of total kcalories

A)10
B)18
C)25
D)28

Question 76

What the Recommended Dietary Allowance for carbohydrate for adults, in grams per day?

A)130
B)150
C)160
D)180

Question 77

Insulin does not promote:

A)protein synthesis.
B)uptake of glucose into muscle and adipose tissue cells.
C)glycogenolysis.
D)fat synthesis in adipose tissue.

Question 78

Which two hormones are released by the adrenal glands in the fight-or-flight response?

A)Glucagon and cortisol
B)Insulin and cortisol
C)Cortisol and epinephrine
D)Epinephrine and insulin

Question 79

$\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$$\text { Table } 2$
$\begin{array}{|l|l|c|}\hline \text { Food } & \text { Serving Size } & \text { Added Sugar (g) } \\ \hline \text { Milkshake } & 10 \mathrm{oz} & 36 \\\hline \text { Sweetened breakfast cereal } & 1 \mathrm{cup} & 12 \\\hline \text { Cookies } & 3(33 \mathrm{~g}) & 24\\\hline\end{array}$


-Mike requires about 2600 kcal a day. He typically consumes a 20-oz. milkshake, 3 cookies, and 2 cups of sweetened breakfast cereal each day. Using Table 2, which of the following would he have to give up in his diet to meet the Institute of Medicine’s recommendations for amount of added sugars per day?

A)The cookies
B)The sweetened breakfast cereal
C)The milkshake
D)None of the above-his added sugar intake does not exceed recommendations

Question 80

$\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$$\text { Table } 2$
$\begin{array}{|l|l|c|}\hline \text { Food } & \text { Serving Size } & \text { Added Sugar (g) } \\ \hline \text { Milkshake } & 10 \mathrm{oz} & 36 \\\hline \text { Sweetened breakfast cereal } & 1 \mathrm{cup} & 12 \\\hline \text { Cookies } & 3(33 \mathrm{~g}) & 24\\\hline\end{array}$


-Using Table 2 as a reference, how many kcalories did Mike include in his diet from added sugar in one day if he consumed the following: a 20-oz. milkshake, 3 cookies, and 2 cups of sweetened breakfast cereal?

A)324
B)372
C)432
D)480