Deck 3: Chemical, Biological, and Physiological Aspects of Nutrition

Question 1

Meat turns brown when exposed to air because the iron-containing proteins _____.

A)become contaminated with bacteria
B)become chemically unstable
C)are reduced
D)are oxidized

Answer 1

are oxidized

Question 2

Which subatomic units are found in the nucleus of an atom?

A)Neutrons and protons
B)Neutrons and electrons
C)Quarks and electrons
D)Protons and electrons

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Ions with an overall positive charge are called _____.

A)anions
B)neutrons
C)cations
D)protons

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Subatomic units that are positively charged are called _____.

A)electrons
B)neutrons
C)molecules
D)protons

Question 5

The reaction shown here represents _____. H₂ $\rightarrow$ 2H⁺ + 2e^-

A)redox
B)reduction
C)oxidation
D)oxygenation

Question 6

This is the chemical reaction that represents what usually happens when baking power reacts chemically while making a cake. This is an example of
$\mathrm{NaAl}\left(\mathrm{SO}_{4}\right)_{2}+3 \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3} \rightarrow \mathrm{Al}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}+2 \mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}+3 \mathrm{CO}_{2}$

A)a change in pH
B)hydrolysis
C)a redox reaction
D)condensation

Question 7

The human body consists of primarily the elements _____.

A)carbon, oxygen, iron, and calcium
B)oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and vitamin C
C)nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
D)carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and calcium

Question 8

When an atom of fluorine gains an electron it becomes the _____.

A)cation fluorine
B)cation fluoride
C)anion fluoride
D)anion fluorine

Question 9

Atoms consist of subatomic units called protons, electrons, and _____.

A)anions
B)neutrons
C)cations
D)quarks

Question 10

Elemental iron is composed of _____ atoms.

A)at least two different types of
B)no more than two different types of
C)no more than four different types of
D)several of the same

Question 11

The fundamental units of matter are called _____.

A)atoms
B)protons
C)ions
D)electrons

Question 12

What are proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids composed of?

A)Energy
B)Elements
C)Tissues
D)Calories

Question 13

In the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₂, how many atoms of oxygen are present?

A)1
B)2
C)6
D)12

Question 14

If an atom has 4 protons and 2 electrons it will be called a(n) _____.

A)quark
B)ion
C)lepton
D)fragment

Question 15

Molecules are composed of atoms that are _____ joined together.

A)physically
B)electronically
C)chemically
D)automatically

Question 16

Oxidation is the _____.

A)loss of 1 or more protons
B)loss of 1 or more electrons
C)gain of 1 or more protons
D)gain of 1 or more electrons

Question 17

An atom is neutral when the number of _____.

A)neutrons equals the number of electrons and protons
B)protons is twice the number of electrons
C)electrons is twice the number of protons
D)protons equals the number of electrons

Question 18

When one atom losses an electron and another atom simultaneously gains one, what has taken place is called _____.

A)synthesis
B)a redox reaction
C)reduction
D)metabolism

Question 19

Which of the following is one of the six most abundant elements in the human body?

A)Phosphorus
B)Iron
C)Zinc
D)Magnesium

Question 20

The attractive force between atoms formed through the transfer or sharing of electrons is called _____.

A)a chemical bond
B)magnetism
C)a magnetic bond
D)chemistry

Question 21

Tissues are composed of a group of _____ with similar form and function.

A)atoms
B)molecules
C)cells
D)organs

Question 22

The three main types of passive transport mechanisms for control of movement of substances into and out of cells are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and _____.

A)active transport
B)osmosis
C)exocytosis
D)endocytosis

Question 23

Which mechanism enables substances to move through the cell membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration without any energy expenditure?

A)Equilibrium
B)Vesicular transport
C)Exocytosis
D)Simple diffusion

Question 24

Active transport mechanisms include those that are carrier mediated and _____ transport.

A)vesicular
B)extracellular
C)luminal
D)chemical

Question 25

Water is neutral and has a pH of _____.

A)0
B)1
C)7
D)14

Question 26

What regulates the rate of facilitated diffusion?

A)Net movement of water across the cell membrane
B)Level of energy available to support the transport
C)Membrane-bound transport protein
D)Permeability of the cell membrane

Question 27

Which of the cell transport mechanisms requires energy?

A)Passive transport
B)Osmosis
C)Active transport
D)Facilitated diffusion

Question 28

The formula HCl tells you that this compound has _____.

A)more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions
B)more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions
C)a pH of 7
D)a pH between 7 and 14

Question 29

One type of chemical reaction that joins molecules together is called _____.

A)acidification
B)hydrolysis
C)condensation
D)compounding

Question 30

The process used to transport some molecules across cell membranes against the prevailing concentration gradient requires _____ and _____.

A)ADP, ATP
B)ATP, a transport protein
C)osmosis, diffusion
D)ADP, osmosis

Question 31

If the pH of one glass of lemonade is 4 and the pH of a second glass of lemonade is 5, the second glass of lemonade is _____ than the first glass.

A)2 times less acidic
B)10 times less acidic
C)2 times less basic
D)10 times less basic

Question 32

The environmenois called the _____ environment.

A)intracellular
B)extercellular
C)extracellular
D)intercellular

Question 33

What is a solution that reacts with both acids and bases to maintain a constant pH called?

A)Buffer
B)Lipid
C)Barrier
D)Liquid

Question 34

Within the body’s cells, there are small membrane-bound compartments called _____ that carry out specialized functions that are critical for life.

A)phospholipids
B)functioning spaces
C)organelles
D)vesiculars

Question 35

In the notation 3 C₆H₁₂O₆, what does the “three” indicate?

A)The number of atoms contained in the molecule
B)The number of different atoms contained in the molecule
C)The number of molecules present
D)The number of different molecules present

Question 36

If the movement of molecules in the body requires ATP and a transport protein, the transport system is _____.

A)facilitated diffusion
B)osmosis
C)passive transport
D)carrier mediated

Question 37

The movement of water across cell membranes is is carefully regulated by _____ within and surrounding the cell.

A)adjusting the rates of facilitated diffusion
B)controlling the intake of protein
C)modifying active and vesicular transport
D)concentrating various solutes

Question 38

What are molecules composed of two or more different atoms called?

A)Ions
B)Bonds
C)Electrons
D)Compounds

Question 39

The structures that carry out intracellular activities are called _____.

A)ribosomes
B)centrioles
C)mitochondria
D)organelles

Question 40

As the pH of a glass of tomato juice decreases, it becomes ____.

A)hydrophobic
B)hydrophilic
C)more acidic
D)more basic

Question 41

The gastrointestinal tract consists of how many layers that carry out its functions?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 42

Which type of tissue plays an important role in communications within the body?

A)Connective
B)Neural
C)Muscle
D)Epithelial

Question 43

How many organ systems do humans have?

A)5
B)7
C)9
D)11

Question 44

What dose the muscularis do?

A)Stimulates the contraction of the muscles that control the beating of the heart
B)Makes possible the voluntary muscle contractions required for movement
C)Controls the contraction and expansion of the lungs
D)Enables food to mix and move through the GI tract

Question 45

The gastrointestinal tract has three functions, one of which is digestion. What are the other two?

A)Chemical breakdown of food and transfer of nutrients to the body's muscle tissue
B)Physical breakdown of food and transfer of nutrients to the spinal column
C)Secretion and egestion/excretion
D)Absorption and egestion/excretion

Question 46

Blood is a connective tissue made up of cells and a fluid called _____.

A)plasma
B)lymph
C)serum
D)water

Question 47

The accessory organs are organs that participate in digestion but are not part of the GI tract, and include the _____.

A)salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
B)appendix, liver, and gallbladder
C)salivary glands, spleen, liver, and kidney
D)pancreas, gallbladder, and kidney

Question 48

Organs consis_____.

A)homogenous types of tissue
B)two or more cell types linked through redox reactions
C)two or more different types of tissue
D)cells that share a common cell membrane

Question 49

Which cellular organelles are responsible for converting the energy in glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into ATP, a form of energy that the cells can use?

A)Peroxisomes
B)Lysosomes
C)Mitochondria
D)Ribosomes

Question 50

The layers of the GI tract carry out its functions of motility, movement, _____.

A)neural transmission, circulation, and aspiration
B)secretion, communication, and protection
C)contraction, communication, and circulation
D)secretion, excretion, and fortification

Question 51

Maria was complaining of abdominal pain, bloating, and gas. The dietitian asked her if she was having any problems with egestion. The dietitian was asking her if she was having difficulty with _____.

A)absorption of essential minerals such as iron and calcium
B)gastric reflux
C)digestion of foods containing more than 50% protein
D)the process by which solid waste is removed from the body

Question 52

DNA is contained primarily in the _____ of a cell.

A)mitochondria
B)nucleus
C)cell membrane
D)Golgi apparatus

Question 53

The digestive system consists of the organs of the GI tract and _____ organs.

A)digestive
B)secretory
C)accessory
D)peristaltic

Question 54

What is the term for the type of tissue in the human body that provides a protective layer on skin and the lining of body cavities?

A)Epithelial
B)Connective
C)Muscle
D)Neural

Question 55

What system controls physiological functions through production and release of hormones?

A)Reproductive system
B)Endocrine system
C)Digestive system
D)Muscular system

Question 56

The gastrointestinal tract can be thought of as a hollow tube that runs from the _____.

A)mouth to the anus
B)esophagus to the rectum
C)stomach to the large intestine
D)stomach to the small intestine

Question 57

The accessory organs of the digestive system release a variety of _____ needed for digestion.

A)electrolytes
B)secretions
C)acids
D)impulses

Question 58

Which of the following aids in the circulation of dietary fat away from the GI tract?

A)Mucosa
B)Muscularis
C)Lymph
D)Serosa

Question 59

By detecting an imbalance, communicating information about this imbalance, and responding to this imbalance, the body is able to maintain _____.

A)growth
B)homeostasis
C)mental acuity
D)gastric motility

Question 60

The hormone insulin, which is produced by the cells of the pancreas, is released into the surrounding extracellular fluid by an energy-requiring process called _____.

A)exocytosis
B)secretion
C)emission
D)endocytosis

Question 61

GI motility and the release of GI secretions are carefully regulated by _____.

A)neural and hormonal signals
B)cardiovascular circulation
C)dietary and muscular signals
D)lymphatic circulation

Question 62

The rate of gastric motility and the release of gastric juice _____ when the food moves into the small intestine.

A)increase significantly
B)decrease
C)remain steady
D)increase slightly

Question 63

What is the approximate transit time for food to pass from the mouth to the anus?

A)6 - 12 hours
B)12 - 24 hours
C)18 - 36 hours
D)24 - 72 hours

Question 64

The variety of secretions needed for digestion are produced and released from accessory organs and from specialized cells in the _____ of the GI tract.

A)submucosa
B)mucosal lining
C)muscularis
D)serosa

Question 65

GI motility and the release of GI secretions are coordinated with the introduction of _____ into each of the regions of the GI tract.

A)enzymes
B)acids
C)food
D)bases

Question 66

What is the anatomical birth defect that results in an opening between the oral and nasal cavities called?

A)Dysphagia
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Crohn's disease
D)Cleft palate

Question 67

Smelling cookies baking will likely make you hungry because the GI tract communicates with the _____ system.

A)digestive
B)muscular
C)endocrine
D)central nervous

Question 68

The secretions needed for digestion include water, acid, enzymes, and _____.

A)blood
B)lymph
C)hydrolytes
D)bicarbonate

Question 69

The term “GI _____” refers to the mixing and propulsion of material by muscular contractions in the GI tract.

A)motility
B)activity
C)hydrolysis
D)circulation

Question 70

Structures called _____ regulate the flow othe GI tract.

A)sphincters
B)enzymes
C)hormones
D)buffers

Question 71

The food in the digestive tract is mixed and moved by way of muscular contractions called _____.

A)contraction and relaxation
B)propulsion and static
C)segmentation and peristalsis
D)contraction and propulsion

Question 72

Digestive enzymes break starch and protein into smaller components through the chemical process of _____.

A)osmosis
B)ectocytosis
C)hydrolysis
D)endocytosis

Question 73

Food undergoes partial physical and chemical breakdown in the _____.

A)mouth
B)esophagus
C)stomach
D)duodenum

Question 74

Digestion in the small intestine is facilitated by secretions from the _____ and _____.

A)mouth, stomach
B)esophagus, kidney
C)pancreas, gallbladder
D)liver, stomach

Question 75

What sphincter separates the esophagus and the stomach?

A)Esophagealgastric
B)Pyloric
C)Nasopharynx
D)Gastroesophageal

Question 76

Jan is about to eat a slice of pizza. In what order will the pizza pass through the organs of her GI tract?

A)Mouth, ileum, duodenum
B)Stomach, duodenum, and large intestine
C)Small intestine, stomach, and large intestine
D)Jejunum, colon, and cecum

Question 77

Of the two types of movement in the GI tract, which is the vigorous propulsion of food through the tract?

A)Segmentation
B)Peristalsis
C)Impetus
D)Contraction

Question 78

Gastric relates to or pertains to the _____.

A)esophagus
B)stomach
C)small intestine
D)large intestine

Question 79

Stretching or distension in the walls of the GI tract is detected by y _____.

A)chemoreceptors
B)mechanoreceptors
C)stretchreceptors
D)distoreceptors

Question 80

Neural regulation of GI motility and the release of GI secretions involves both the central nervous system and the _____ nervous system.

A)enteric
B)muscular
C)endocrine
D)intracellular