Deck 6: Lipids

Question 1

The human body cannot create double bonds in fatty acids in the _____ positions.

A)?-3 and ?-6
B)?-3 and ?-7
C)?-6 and ?-9
D)?-7 and ?-9

Answer 1

?-3 and ?-6

Question 2

Nigel wants to choose a lipid to use in stir-frying that is more stable and thus won’t smoke and burn as readily when he cooks with medium-high heat. To accomplish this, he should select a lipid that contains _____ fatty acids.

A)mostly long-chain
B)mostly short-chain
C)a mix of short- and medium-chain
D)a mix of long- and medium-chain

Answer 2

mostly long-chain

Question 3

Lea wants to limit her intake of trans fatty acids. Complete the following statement to assist her in identifying this type of fatty acid. Trans fats are _____.

A)typically liquids at room temperature
B)generally found in foods containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
C)produced commercially via a process called partial hydrogenation
D)generally found in non-organic foods

Answer 3

produced commercially via a process called partial hydrogenation

Question 4

What are the two essential fatty acids for adults?

A)Linoleic and arachidonic
B)Linoleic and linolenic
C)Arachidonic and palmitic
D)Palmitic and docosahexaenoic (DHA)

Question 5

What does the alpha (?) end of a fatty acid contain?

A)A phosphorus atom
B)A carboxylic acid group
C)A methyl group
D)A nitrogen atom

Question 6

In 2004, which city claimed to be the first “trans fat-free city,” leading the movement on establishing trans fat-free zones?

A)Tiburon, California
B)Chicago, Illinois
C)New York City, New York
D)Seattle, Washington

Question 7

You are purchasing a spread for your dinner rolls. The spread most likely to contain substantial amounts of trans fatty acids is:

A)jelly.
B)apple butter.
C)butter.
D)margarine.

Question 8

Atemperature, oils can be distinguished from fats because oils are _____ while fats are _____.

A)fluid, dense
B)firm, stable
C)unstable, dehydrated
D)liquids, solids

Question 9

A saturated fatty acid contains _____ carbon-to-carbon bonds.

A)only single
B)only double
C)more single than double
D)more double than single

Question 10

Relatively high amounts of linoleic acid are found in soybean, safflower, and corn oils and _____.

A)milk and dairy products
B)leafy green vegetables
C)walnuts and seeds
D)squash and pumpkins

Question 11

You are observing an outpatient dietitian working in a busy prenatal clinic. Which of the following reasons is justification for promoting breastfeeding over formula feeding?

A)Formula lacks some of the conditionally essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
B)Formula provides too much of the conditionally essential long-chain PUFAs
C)Formula provides too much of the conditionally essential monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)
D)Formula lacks some of the conditionally essential MUFAs

Question 12

Lipids are generally soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water. Thus, they are classified as____.

A)hydrophilic
B)alpha oils
C)hydrophobic
D)beta oils

Question 13

Dietitians often recommend that we frequently consume foods containing omega-3 fatty acids. An omega-3 fatty acid is one that has its first double bond _____ end of the molecule.

A)between the third and fourth carbons from the carboxylic acid
B)between the second and third carbons from the carboxylic acid
C)between the second and third carbons from the methyl
D)between the third and fourth carbons from the methyl

Question 14

Essential fatty acids are themselves required for the proper functioning of the body and because they _____.

A)These compounds tend to cause a heightened immune response in reaction to trauma.
B)These compounds tend to cause dilation or constriction of blood vessels.
C)These compounds tend to cause a lesser immune response in reaction to trauma.
D)These compounds tend to cause increased production of white blood cells.

Question 15

Which of the following items in your grocery cart would be considered the main sources of trans fatty acids in your diet?

A)Dairy products and fruits
B)Bakery products and margarine
C)Vegetables and fatty fish
D)Salad dressings and cooking oils

Question 16

Where is arachidonic acid found?

A)Corn oil
B)Palm oil
C)Peanut butter
D)Fish oils

Question 17

Your friend Ashok is consuming a very-low-fat diet in an attempt to lose weight. He considers all dietary fats as “bad” for him and he thinks that the less fat he eats the better. You should point out to him that a very-low-fat diet could put him at risk for developing _____.

A)diabetes
B)gout
C)an essential fatty acid deficiency
D)an essential mineral deficiency

Question 18

What process is used to convert corn oil into sticks of corn-oil margarine?

A)Complete condensation
B)Partial saturation
C)Partial hydrogenation
D)Complete oxygenation

Question 19

A medium-chain fatty acid contains _____ carbon atoms.

A)2-4
B)4-8
C)8-12
D)12-20

Question 20

A food product information sheet states that the food you are eating contains omega-6 fatty acids. Therefore, you know that the fatty acids in this food each have

A)6 carbons.
B)6 double bonds.
C)a double bond between carbons 6 and 7.
D)All of the above

Question 21

Which of the following food selections is most likely to provide a source of essential fatty acids?

A)A salad with an oil and vinegar dressing
B)A smoothie made with strawberries and bananas
C)A chicken salad whole-wheat wrap
D)A vitamin- and mineral-fortified sports beverage

Question 22

The body produces _____ from fatty acids when its supply of glucose is limited.

A)glucose
B)glycogen
C)triglycerides
D)ketones

Question 23

Which of the foods listed below is most likely to provide you with a dietary source of saturated fatty acids?

A)Green, leafy vegetables
B)Nuts, salad dressings, and cooking oils
C)Fruits and whole grains
D)Milk, eggs, and meat

Question 24

Why do dietitians recommend that people eat salmon and other fatty fish and seafood?

A)They are good sources of palmitic acid
B)They are good sources of longer-chain ?-3 fatty acids
C)They are good sources of arachidonic acid
D)They are good sources of shorter-chain ?-6 fatty acids

Question 25

Which of the following nutrients can the body store the most of in the least amount of space?

A)Protein
B)Glucose
C)Fat
D)Glycogen

Question 26

Because lipids are not water soluble, they require _____ to facilitate their circulation in the body.

A)phospholipids
B)sodium
C)bile acids
D)cholesterol esters

Question 27

Cell membranes effectively serve as barriers between cells and the surrounding spaces because they are made of _____ phospholipids.

A)amphipathic
B)hydrophilic
C)hydrophobic
D)lipogenic

Question 28

Which of the following contains the greatest percentage of saturated fatty acids?

A)Pork fat
B)Margarine
C)Olive oil
D)Flaxseed oil

Question 29

Fatty acids not required for energy or other bodily functions are stored as _____ in specialized cells called _____.

A)triglycerides, adipocytes
B)fatty acids, fat depositories
C)glycerol, lipid silos
D)ketones, ketose depositories

Question 30

What is the process of breaking down triglycerides for the production of ATP called?

A)Lipid breakdown
B)Lipid degradation
C)Lipolysis
D)Lipogenesis

Question 31

Which of the following is a common phospholipid often used as a stabilizer in food?

A)Agar
B)Ascorbic acid
C)Lecithin
D)Gum Arabic

Question 32

If you have just eaten a big holiday meal, which hormone stimulates your body to store triglycerides?

A)Insulin
B)Lipase
C)Glucagons
D)Epinephrine

Question 33

How many fatty acids does a phospholipid contain?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 34

Triglycerides consist of a _____ molecule chemically bonded to three fatty acids.

A)glycerol
B)glycogen
C)glucose
D)glucagon

Question 35

Which term refers to body fat or adipose tissue that is found around the vital organs?

A)Subcutaneous
B)Hidden
C)Concealed
D)Visceral

Question 36

The development of which of the following is an indication that someone lacks sufficient subcutaneous adipose tissue?

A)Wrinkled skin
B)Lanugo
C)Muscle weakness
D)Lipiditis

Question 37

Marie wants to limit her intake of saturated fatty acids. To accomplish this, she should avoid foods that have _____ oil or _____ oil as ingredients.

A)flaxseed, canola
B)coconut, palm
C)soy, corn
D)safflower, cottonseed

Question 38

Fatty acids are bonded to glycerol via _____ linkages.

A)ester
B)hydrogen
C)peptide
D)sulfur

Question 39

Fatty acids are typically found in food and in our bodies in the form of _____.

A)enzymes
B)triglycerides
C)hormones
D)glycerol

Question 40

Lipolysis is catalyzed by which of the following enzymes?

A)Amylase
B)Pancrease
C)Lipase
D)?-phosphatase

Question 41

The FDA has approved a health claim that indicates that including at least 3.4 grams of _____ in two meals daily may reduce the risk of heart disease.

A)plant sterols
B)aspirin
C)"light" margarine
D)yogurt

Question 42

In the first phase of intestinal triglyceride digestion, large lipid molecules are dispersed into smaller lipid droplets called _____ so that they will not separate out into an oily layer and thus can be further digested.

A)micelles
B)emulsions
C)suspensions
D)globules

Question 43

Eating a low-kcalorie or low-carbohydrate diet can decrease cholesterol synthesis in _____.

A)everyone
B)adults over 50
C)some people
D)children under the age of 6

Question 44

What the body's central command center for regulating lipid metabolism?

A)Brain
B)Liver
C)Pancreas
D)Large intestine

Question 45

What enzyme produced by muscle and adipose tissues enables the cells in these tissues to release fatty acids from circulating chylomicrons?

A)Lipoprotein dehydrogenase
B)Lipid synthetase
C)Lipid oxygenase
D)Lipoprotein lipase

Question 46

Lipoproteins vary in density. Select the grouping below that correctly orders the lipoproteins from least to most dense (left to right).

A)HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL
B)Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL
C)Chylomicons, LDL, HDL, VLDL, IDL
D)HDL, chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, IDL

Question 47

In order for short- and medium-chain fatty acids to be circulated away from the small intestine in the blood, they are first bound to _____.

A)cholesterol
B)vitamin D
C)triglycerides
D)albumin

Question 48

Which of the following foods provides the most cholesterol in a single 3-ounce serving?

A)Peanut butter
B)Milk
C)Avocado
D)Bagel

Question 49

What substance stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic lipase?

A)Thyroxin
B)Secretin
C)Homocysteine
D)Phospholipids

Question 50

Gastrin circulates in the blood and stimulates the release of gastric lipase that is produced in stomach cells. What is gastrin?

A)An enzyme
B)A very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
C)A hormone
D)A high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 51

Which of the grocery items below does not contain significant amounts of cholesterol?

A)Lean beef
B)Chicken breast
C)Pork loin
D)Tofu
E)2% milk

Question 52

Enzymes that can hydrolyze ester linkages are not produced in the

A)mouth.
B)stomach.
C)pancreas.
D)gallbladder.

Question 53

The difference between chylomicrons and VLDL is that chylomicrons are made from the fat in ingested food by the _____ while VLDL can be made from excess carbohydrate, lipid, or protein by the _____.

A)liver, adipocytes
B)gallbladder, adipiocytes
C)intestinal cells, liver
D)stomach, pancreas

Question 54

Where does lipid digestion begin?

A)In the mouth
B)In the stomach
C)In the small intestine
D)In the large intestine

Question 55

In the body, cholesterol is incorporated into cell membranes and is used to synthesize many hormones and _____.

A)vitamin C
B)digestive enzymes
C)vitamin K
D)bile acids

Question 56

Kay has had her gallbladder removed. Which of the following foods is most likely to be difficult for her to digest?

A)Spicy salsa
B)Steamed shrimp
C)French fries
D)Poppy-seed rolls

Question 57

The more protein and less fat that a lipoprotein contains, the more _____ it is.

A)dense
B)unstable
C)bulky
D)resilient

Question 58

After fat is eaten, the majority of its digestion will take place in the:

A)mouth.
B)stomach.
C)small intestine.
D)large intestine.

Question 59

What hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum?

A)Retinolase (RNS)
B)Cholecystokinin (CCK)
C)Insulin
D)Glucagon

Question 60

Which lipoprotein do intestinal cells synthesize in order to circulate long-chain fatty acids away from the gastrointestinal tract?

A)VLDL
B)Chylomicrons
C)Triglycerides
D)LDL

Question 61

If an individual consumes a diet high in PUFAs, omega-3 fatty acids, or dietary fiber, his or her LDL levels will probably:

A)decrease.
B)stay the same.
C)increase.
D)None of the above

Question 62

Experts advised which of the following recommendations to reduce the risk of cancer?

A)Consume high-fat "fast foods" sparingly if at all
B)Choose energy-dense foods from each food group
C)Reduce overall kcalorie intake by consuming foods that contain "fat substitutes"
D)All of the above

Question 63

According to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs), how much of Leslie’s 2400-kcalorie intake should come from lipid?

A)200-240 kcal
B)250-330 kcal
C)360-470 kcal
D)480-840 kcal

Question 64

Which of the following reflects the major role of HDL, otherwise termed reverse cholesterol transport?

A)To retrieve excess cholesterol from cells and transport it back to the liver
B)To convert cholesterol into a less harmful intermediate and transport it back to the gallbladder
C)To chemically alter cholesterol so that it cannot form plaque and transport it out of the body
D)To transport cholesterol to the intestines to be eliminated from the body

Question 65

The alpha end of a fatty acid is a methyl group.

Question 66

What are the Adequate Intakes (AIs) of linoleic acid for adults?

A)15 g/day for males, 10 g/day for females
B)17 g/day for males, 12 g/day for females
C)19 g/day for males, 14 g/day for females
D)21 g/day for males, 16 g/day for females

Question 67

The USDA Dietary Guidelines recommend that we give priority to limiting our intake of trans fatty acids, cholesterol, and _____.

A)triglycerides
B)cis fatty acids
C)monounsaturated fatty acids
D)saturated fatty acids

Question 68

Food manufacturers are required to add vitamins D, A, K, and E to foods containing “olestra.” Why are these vitamins added?

A)Olestra increases the body's utilization of fat-soluble vitamins.
B)Olestra interferes with the absorption of these fat-soluble vitamins in the gastrointestinal tract.
C)Olestra increases the conversion of fat-soluble vitamins into cholesterol.
D)Olestra interferes with the uptake of fat-soluble vitamins by cell membranes.

Question 69

Healthy adults are recommended to consume _____ of their energy from lipids.

A)5%-20%
B)20%-35%
C)35%-50%
D)50%-65%

Question 70

Refer to the food labels for milk, cereal, bagels, and cream cheese when answering question
$$\text { Food Labels for Milk, Sunny Start Cereal, Oscar's Bagels, and Auntie Em's Cream Cheese (left to right) }$$



-What percentage of the DV from trans fatty acids would you consume in the following meal: 1 serving of Sunny Start Cereal with 1 cup of milk, 1 bagel with 1 Tbsp cream cheese and 1 cup of milk?

A)Negligible, 0
B)Less than 1%
C)Closer to 2%
D)Unable to calculate; the FDA has not set a DV for trans fat

Question 71

If Heather needs 1800 kcalories each day, what is the maximum number of kcalories that should come from saturated fatty acids based on the American Heart Association recommendations?

A)135
B)180
C)360
D)126

Question 72

While the relationship between diet and LDL blood levels is complex, there is evidence that _____ and/or _____ can increase LDL concentrations. can increase LDL concentrations.

A)polyunsaturated fatty acids, ?-9 fatty acids
B)?-3 fatty acids, cis fatty acids
C)fiber, ?-6 fatty acids
D)saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids

Question 73

The Dietary Guidelines suggest that saturated fatty acids should constitute no more than _____ percent of one’s total kcalories.

A)10
B)15
C)20
D)25

Question 74

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) can contribute to the build-up of plaque that narrows blood vessels; however, LDLs are necessary because they are used to synthesize _____.

A)cis fatty acids
B)?-3 fatty acids
C)eicosanoids
D)chylomicrons

Question 75

Refer to the food labels for milk, cereal, bagels, and cream cheese when answering question
$$\text { Food Labels for Milk, Sunny Start Cereal, Oscar's Bagels, and Auntie Em's Cream Cheese (left to right) }$$



-Given that quantities of macronutrients <0.5 g may be rounded down to 0 g for food labels, what is the maximum amount of trans fatty acids that you would consume in the following meal: 1 serving of Sunny Start cereal with 1 cup of milk, 1 bagel with 1 Tbsp cream cheese, and 1 cup of milk?

A)2 g
B)3 g
C)4 g
D)5 g

Question 76

Current research suggests that diets that are _____ in carbohydrate may actually increase the risk of heart disease in some people because they sometimes lower HDL-C levels.

A)low
B)moderate
C)high
D)very high

Question 77

The ability of the cells to take up LDL particles may be influenced by mutations in the genes that code for _____.

A)VLDL lipase
B)LDL receptor proteins
C)SFA receptor proteins
D)MUFA transferase

Question 78

Refer to the food labels for milk, cereal, bagels, and cream cheese when answering question
$$\text { Food Labels for Milk, Sunny Start Cereal, Oscar's Bagels, and Auntie Em's Cream Cheese (left to right) }$$



-Given that the Daily Value for cholesterol is 300 mg, what percentage of the DV for cholesterol would you consume in the following meal: 1 serving of Sunny Start cereal with 1 cup of milk, 1 bagel with 1 Tbsp cream cheese, and 1 cup of milk?

A)7
B)11
C)14
D)16

Question 79

If the AI for linolenic acid is 1.6 and 1.1 g/d for adult males and females, respectively, how much soybean oil would an adult need to consume in a day to meet his needs?

A)1 teaspoon
B)1 ½ teaspoons
C)1 tablespoon
D)1 ½ tablespoons

Question 80

All fatty acids contain a methyl end, a carboxylic acid end, and a backbone composed of a carbon chain.