Deck 1: Introductionand Research Methods

Question 1

It took him over ten years to write Principles of Psychology, which had to bepublished in two volumes because it was over 1,400 pages long. Which of theindividuals pictured was the author of Principles of Psychology?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Answer 1

c

Question 2

For centuries, philosophers debated which was more important:the inborn _____ of the individual or the environmentalinfluences that _____ the individual.

A)nature; nurture
B)nurture; naturalize
C)dualism; condition
D)monism; condition

Answer 2

nature; nurture

Question 3

French philosopher René Descartes:

A)strongly opposed the idea of establishing psychology as a separate science.
B)promoted a doctrine called interactive dualism
C)was the first of Wundt's students to receive a doctorate in psychology.
D)was a philosopher who wrote extensively about topics such as sleep, dreams, the senses, and memory more than 2,000 years ago.

Answer 3

promoted a doctrine called interactive dualism

Question 4

One of the individuals pictured wrote a textbook titled The Animal Mind andadvocated the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species.Who was that person?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 5

Which of the following is the correct combination of names?

A)1 = Freud, 2 = Sumner, 3 = Calkins
B)1 = James, 2 = Wundt, 3 = Watson
C)1 = Titchener, 2 = Washburn, 3 = Sumner
D)1 = James, 2 = Washburn, 3 = Skinner

Question 6

Which of the following individuals was influential in establishing humanistic psychology and developing a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 7

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)The Greek philosopher Aristotle first defined psychology as the "scientific study of behavior and mental processes."
B)In contemporary psychology, the nature-nurture issue explores the influence of hereditary versus environmental factors in behavior.
C)The mind-body issue has now been settled and psychologists no longer explore the relationship between mental activity and the brain.
D)The principle of interactive dualism was formulated by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago.

Question 8

One of the individuals pictured played a key role in establishing the approach called humanistic psychology, which emphasized each person's unique potential forpsychological growth and self-direction. Who was that person?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 9

Of the people pictured, who is credited with founding psychology as anexperimental science when he/she opened the first psychology research laboratoryin 1879?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 10

Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively aboutpsychological topics such as sleep and dreaming, the senses,memory, and learning?

A)Aristotle
B)Descartes
C)Calkins
D)James

Question 11

Which of the following statements is one of the reasons that thisperson is famous in the early history of psychology?

A)She is Margaret Floy Washburn, the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology.
B)She is Renee Descartes, who is famous for proposing a doctrine called interactive dualism, which stated that the mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce conscious experiences.
C)She is comparative psychologist Rebecca Snyder, who is famous for her research on giant pandas.
D)She is Mary Whiton Calkins, who became the first female president of the American Psychological Association.

Question 12

In thinking about psychology and consciousness, the idea thatthe mind and the body are separate entities that interact makesa lot of sense to you. This view is most like the view of:

A)Aristotle.
B)Descartes.
C)Watson.
D)Skinner.

Question 13

_____ is a branch of biology that studies the functions and partsof living organisms, including humans.

A)Neurology
B)Dualism
C)Epigenetics
D)Physiology

Question 14

Among this person's notable achievements were establishing the first psychologyresearch laboratory in the United States and founding the AmericanPsychological Association. Who was this individual?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 15

Identify the person who said: "Behaviorism, on the contrary, holds that the subject
matter of human psychology is the behavior of the human being. Behaviorism claimsthat consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, whohas been trained always as an experimentalist, holds, further, that belief in theexistence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic."

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 16

Which of the individuals pictured studied with Wilhelm Wundt in Germanyand founded the early school of psychology called structuralism?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 17

Three of the individuals pictured played key roles in establishing the approach topsychology called behaviorism. Which person was NOT involved in establishingbehaviorism?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 18

Professor Lewis studies the history of psychology. She wouldmost likely agree with which of the following statements aboutpsychology's early history?

A)From its inception, psychology has always focused on the study of people who exhibit unusual behaviors or suffer from psychological disorders.
B)Early psychologists disagreed about many issues including which methods psychologists should use and what kinds of behavior psychologists should study.
C)All the early schools of psychology shared the common view that psychology should be the study of immediate conscious experience.
D)The methods, definition, and scope of psychology have remained unchanged since psychology was founded in the nineteenth century.

Question 19

Which of the individuals pictured wrote On the Origin of Species, a book thatprovided a compelling account of evolution through the mechanism of naturalselection?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 20

Which of the following fields had the greatest impact on theemergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline?

A)history
B)mathematics
C)physics
D)physiology

Question 21

_____ is to structuralism as _____ is to functionalism.

A)Wilhelm Wundt; Edward Titchener
B)William James; Mary Whiton Calkins
C)Edward Titchener; William James
D)Mary Whiton Calkins; Wilhelm Wundt

Question 22

Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the followingphenomena?

A)nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualism
B)fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual and auditory stimuli
C)mental disorders and abnormal behavior
D)damaged areas of the human brain

Question 23

What was NOT a criticism of introspection as a technique?

A)It was an unreliable method since different participants often provided different reports about the same stimulus.
B)There was too great an emphasis on the physiological mechanisms that made the technique work so effectively.
C)Introspection could not be used to study children or animals.
D)A number of topics, including learning, development, and mental disorders could not be studied using this technique.

Question 24

Which early school of psychology relied on a method called introspection?

A)functionalism
B)humanism
C)behaviorism
D)structuralism

Question 25

"What are the most basic units or structures of consciousness?"This is a question that would most likely be of interest to a follower of:

A)humanism.
B)behaviorism.
C)functionalism.
D)structuralism.

Question 26

Scientists in the nineteenth century who believed that specieshad not been created once and for all but had changed over timewere called:

A)introspectionists.
B)structuralists.
C)evolutionists.
D)behaviorists.

Question 27

Physiology is:

A)a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms, including humans.
B)the idea that mind and body are separate entities.
C)the first major school of thought in psychology.
D)sometimes referred to as the "third force" in American psychology.

Question 28

Wilhelm Wundt outlined the connections between physiologyand psychology in:

A)his famous textbook titled Principles of Physiological Psychology, published in 1874.
B)a series of famous lectures at Clark University in 1909.
C)a public debate with William James at Harvard University.
D)his famous book Principles of Psychology, published in two volumes in 1890.

Question 29

Which of the early schools of psychology was the first to disappear?

A)psychoanalysis
B)functionalism
C)behaviorism
D)structuralism

Question 30

Which of the following was the first "school"of thought orapproach in psychology?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)behaviorism
D)psychoanalysis

Question 31

At which university was the very first psychology researchlaboratory established?

A)Johns Hopkins University
B)Harvard University
C)University of Leipzig
D)Cornell University

Question 32

One important limitation of introspection as a research methodwas that introspection:

A)could not be used to study behavior in children or animals.
B)could be used only to study the behavior of people in groups.
C)emphasized unconscious mental processes rather than conscious mental processes.
D)was appropriate only as a method to study complex topics, such as learning, development, and personality.

Question 33

_____ wrote On the Origin of Species, which was published in_____.

A)Charles Darwin; 1859
B)Margaret Floy Washburn; 1908
C)William James; 1890
D)Sigmund Freud; 1909

Question 34

Which early approach or"school" of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt's student Edward Titchener?

A)behaviorism
B)humanistic psychology
C)functionalism
D)structuralism

Question 35

As a subject in an experiment, you are told to look at a coffeemug carefully and then report all your sensations and feelingsabout the coffee mug after viewing it. What psychologicaltechnique have you been told to use?

A)psychoanalysis
B)introspection
C)interactive dualism
D)natural selection

Question 36

Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as:

A)a new branch of physiology.
B)the study of the behavior of humans and other animals.
C)a branch of philosophy, not science.
D)the study of consciousness.

Question 37

Structuralism:

A)promoted the use of nonhuman animals to study brain functions.
B)ended when Descartes demonstrated that the brain consisted of multiple structures, not one.
C)was based on the idea that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into basic mental "structures" of sensations and feelings.
D)contended that basic human thoughts are contained in common genetic structures that are passed from generation to generation.

Question 38

You are a subject in an experiment you are told: "Look at thisapple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations andfeelings as you experience them." The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology?

A)psychoanalysis
B)functionalism
C)structuralism
D)behaviorism

Question 39

The early psychological school called structuralism emphasizedthe study of:

A)habits and adaptive behavior.
B)physiology.
C)the relative importance of nature versus nurture.
D)the elemental components of sensations, feelings, and conscious experience.

Question 40

How did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychologyas a separate scientific discipline?

A)In defining the boundaries of their science, physiologists rejected the study of mental processes and behavior.
B)Physiologists in the late nineteenth century proposed that psychology should be a separate subdiscipline of philosophy.
C)Physiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could be applied to understanding human behavior and mental processes.
D)Physiologists in the late nineteenth century were unable to apply scientific methods to the study of human behavior and thinking, and consequently psychology was no longer part of that discipline.

Question 41

Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she hadearned in her graduate studies of psychology at Harvard University?

A)Her research was in an area called comparative psychology that was not recognized as a legitimate part of scientific psychology at Harvard University at the time.
B)At the time, Harvard University forbade the use of nonhuman animals in psychology research.
C)William James was opposed to opening the field of psychology to women and refused to support her application despite the fact that she was his most brilliant student.
D)She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution.

Question 42

Which of the following approaches was referred to as the "thirdforce" in American psychology?

A)psychoanalysis
B)functionalism
C)humanistic psychology
D)cognitive psychology

Question 43

Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkinsis FALSE?

A)Calkins was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association.
B)Calkins conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality.
C)Calkins established one of the first psychology laboratories in the United States.
D)Calkins founded behaviorism as one of the early schools of psychology.

Question 44

Dr. Professor has used a relatively new technique called the fMRI scan to examine changes in the brain that occur with age.Dr. Professor most likely subscribes to the _____ perspective ofpsychology.

A)biological
B)psychodynamic
C)behavioral
D)humanistic

Question 45

Both structuralists and functionalists agreed that:

A)psychology should focus not on the study of conscious experience but rather on the investigation of observable behaviors.
B)psychologists should directly observe the behaviors of animals in natural settings.
C)psychology should study conscious experience
D)psychological findings should be applied to areas like education, mental illness, health, and child rearing.

Question 46

The _____ perspective emphasizes studying the physical bases ofhuman and animal behavior, including the nervous system,endocrine system, immune system, and genetics.

A)psychodynamic
B)humanistic
C)behavioral
D)biological

Question 47

Key figures in the development of behaviorism include:

A)Wundt, Titchener, and James.
B)James, Watson, and Calkins.
C)Maslow, Freud, and Rogers.
D)Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner.

Question 48

Sigmund Freud:

A)refused to visit the United States but lectured extensively at universities throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.
B)trained Carl Rogers in the use of scientific methods to study the unconscious mind.
C)promoted the importance of the nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualism in understanding human behavior.
D)delivered a series of lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University in Massachusetts in the early 1900s.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkinsis TRUE?

A)She was the first woman to study with Wilhelm Wundt and receive a Ph.D.in psychology from Leipzig University.
B)She was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association and conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality.
C)In 1908 she published an influential textbook titled The Animal Mind.
D)She was a comparative psychologist who conducted groundbreaking research on the giant panda.

Question 50

Which of the following approaches dominated Americanpsychology for the first half of the twentieth century?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)behaviorism
D)psychoanalysis

Question 51

Which early school of psychology examined how psychologycould be applied to education, child rearing, and the work environment?

A)structuralism
B)behaviorism
C)psychoanalysis
D)functionalism

Question 52

Humanistic psychology emphasized:

A)the active role played by mental processes in organizing sensations into meaningful perceptions.
B)the experimental study of overt, observable behaviors.
C)unconscious determinants of personality and behavior.
D)free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential.

Question 53

Neuroscience refers to the study of the:

A)endocrine system.
B)immune system.
C)nervous system.
D)the genome.

Question 54

In recent decades, increased interest in the _____ perspectivehas occurred due to the development of new drugs forpsychological disorders and the development of new techniquesto study the human brain.

A)psychodynamic
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)biological

Question 55

Which school of psychology would agree that "psychologyshould stress the study of how behavior and mental processesallow people and animals to adapt to their environments"?

A)structuralism
B)behaviorism
C)functionalism
D)psychoanalysis

Question 56

Psychoanalysis emphasized:

A)unconscious causes of behavior.
B)overt behavior and principles of learning.
C)psychological growth and conscious experience.
D)the perception of whole figures.

Question 57

The development of techniques such as PET, MRI, and fMRI scans to study the structure and function of the brain hasenhanced the work of psychologists in the _____ perspective of psychology.

A)behavioral
B)biological
C)psychodynamic
D)humanistic

Question 58

Your therapist is very interested in your dreams, blockedmemories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach topsychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy?

A)structuralism
B)psychoanalysis
C)behaviorism
D)functionalism

Question 59

Humanistic psychology was called the "third force" because it:

A)provided an alternative viewpoint to the two approaches that were dominant at the time, behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
B)was based upon the belief that there were three forces that
C)m optivatroposed that ted all humhaner be weheavior.re thre Ine mcoerrecthodt s tha t could be used to scientifically study human behavior.
D)was composed of three separate branches, or schools.

Question 60

Behaviorism was characterized by:

A)the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus upon observable behavior.
B)a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience.
C)a focus upon the importance of free will, self-determination, and psychological growth.
D)an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality.

Question 61

Freud's landmark theory of psychoanalysis became the basis ofwhich perspective in contemporary psychology?

A)cognitive
B)psychodynamic
C)humanistic
D)cross-cultural

Question 62

Dr. Professor, who follows the _____ perspective,conceptualizes human thinking, memory, and perception interms of an information-processing model.

A)positive psychology
B)behavioral
C)biological
D)cognitive

Question 63

Watson and Skinner's contentions that psychology should focuson observable behaviors to discover the fundamental laws oflearning form the basis of which major perspective incontemporary psychology?

A)cognitive
B)biological
C)humanistic
D)behavioral

Question 64

Even though Dr. Castro does not agree with Freud'spsychoanalytic approach, she still thinks that unconsciousprocesses and interpersonal relationships are critical toexplaining human behavior. Thus, Dr. Castro follows the _____perspective in psychology.

A)behavioral
B)biological
C)psychodynamic
D)humanistic

Question 65

In contemporary psychology, the psychodynamic perspective,the behavioral perspective, and the humanistic perspective:

A)are often emphasized among psychologists working in the mental health field.
B)are considered pseudosciences.
C)have been combined to form a new major perspective in modern psychology called comparative psychology.
D)focus on how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think.

Question 66

Which of the following perspectives in psychology seeks to counterbalance psychology's traditional emphasis onpsychological problems and disorders?

A)positive psychology
B)psychodynamic
C)evolutionary
D)cross-cultural

Question 67

"I hate doing group projects in my classes,"Hillary, anAmerican student, complained. "When we do a group project,people just don't work as hard as they do when they areworking alone." Hillary's observation reflects a psychological phenomenon called:

A)an illusionary correlation.
B)ethnocentrism.
C)social loafing.
D)random selection.

Question 68

Psychologists following the _____ perspective have investigatedthe diversity of human behavior in different countries and havediscovered that some well-established psychological findings arenot as universal as once thought.

A)positive psychology
B)cross-cultural
C)evolutionary
D)cognitive

Question 69

Discovering the fundamental laws of learning through studyingobservable behavior is a focus of the _____ perspective ofpsychology.

A)cognitive
B)humanistic
C)behavioral
D)cross-cultural

Question 70

According to the _____ perspective, psychologists shouldinvestigate only overt, observable behavior and should notconcern themselves with internal mental processes that cannotbe precisely observed and measured.

A)behavioral
B)biological
C)evolutionary
D)cross-cultural

Question 71

Theresa is attracted to a relatively new area of psychology thatfocuses on the conditions and processes that contribute tooptimal functioning of people, groups, and institutions. She believes that psychology should be concerned with topics such as personal happiness, optimism, creativity, wisdom, and theinstitutions that foster these qualities in individuals andcommunities. Her views are most consistent with the _____perspective in psychology.

A)biological
B)behavioral
C)positive psychology
D)psychodynamic

Question 72

During the 1960s, the movement away from traditionalbehaviorism and toward the study of how mental processesinfluence behavior was called:

A)"the cognitive revolution" and was influenced by the development of the first computers.
B)the "third force" in American psychology.
C)the positive psychology perspective.
D)neuroscience or neuropsychological and was influenced by the development of the first computers.

Question 73

The term cognitive revolution refers to:

A)the founding of humanistic psychology as the "third force" in psychology that strongly opposed psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
B)a renewed emphasis upon the study of mental processes, which represented a break from traditional behaviorism.
C)the discovery of the role played by neurotransmitters in the brain during complex behaviors
D)the revolt of research participants against unethical practices and experiments, which led to new ethical standards in psychology.

Question 74

As a psychology researcher, you have found that the publicexpression of emotions differs among people from the UnitedStates, Japan, Switzerland, and Israel. This type of research fitsbest with which perspective in psychology?

A)evolutionary
B)cross-cultural
C)cognitive
D)humanistic

Question 75

The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on:

A)the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think.
B)how overt behavior is acquired and modified by environmental influences.
C)the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries.
D)the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self- concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential.

Question 76

The _____ perspective of psychology emphasizes theimportance of unconscious influences and early life experiencesin explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior.

A)cognitive
B)positive psychology
C)humanistic
D)psychodynamic

Question 77

Research on social loafing demonstrated that Europeanparticipants worked harder on a task when working alone,whereas Chinese participants worked harder on a task whenthey were part of a group. These results illustrate theimportance of the _____ perspective in psychology.

A)cross-cultural
B)cognitive
C)biological
D)humanistic

Question 78

Dr. Ramen believes that, in order to effectively treat his clients'psychological disorders, it is essential to understand his clients'early life experiences. Dr. Ramen takes the _____ perspective in psychological treatment.

A)behavioral
B)biological
C)psychodynamic
D)humanistic

Question 79

John's therapist focuses on how interpersonal relationshipshave influenced John's self-concept. John's therapist likely takes which of the following perspectives in psychology?

A)positive psychology
B)humanistic
C)evolutionary
D)cross-cultural

Question 80

Dr. Jackson is interested in how stress affects the brain andexamines PET scans of individuals before and after stressfulsituations. Dr. Jackson's approach is part of the _____perspective.

A)behavioral
B)cross-cultural
C)biological
D)psychodynamic