Deck 9: Lifespan Development

Question 1

If the child indicated in the third photo that the tall narrow beaker still contains the same amount of liquid as the short wide beaker, it would indicate that she is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)event-specific

Answer 1

concrete operational

Question 2

If the child indicated in the third photo that the tall narrow beaker contained more liquid than the short wide beaker, it would indicate thatshe is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)sensorimotor stage

Answer 2

preoperational

Question 3

This drawing depicts some of the key structures involved in the biological basis of heredity. After studying the image, identify the letter that labels deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Developmental psychologists divide the lifespan into:

A)four distinct psychosocial stages of development and six physical stages of development.
B)genetic and environmental phases of development.
C)continuous and abrupt aspects of development.
D)eight age-related stages of development

Question 5

The task that this child is doing was developed by _____ to see if the child understands _____.

A)Jean Piaget; the principle of conservation
B)Renée Baillargeon; object permanence
C)Lev Vygotsky; the zone of proximal development
D)Mary Salter Ainsworth; secure attachment

Question 6

This drawing depicts some of the key structures involved in the biological basis of heredity. After studying the image, identifythe letter that labels a gene.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 7

Some aspects of development, such as prenatal development and language development, are closely tied to _____ which are periods during which a child is maximally sensitive to environmental influences.

A)germinal periods
B)critical periods
C)embryonic periods
D)fetal periods

Question 8

Which of the following statements BEST defines a chromosome?

A)a single unit of DNA instructions for making a particular protein molecule
B)the chemical genetic code that is the basis of heredity
C)a long, threadlike structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA and found in the cell nucleus
D)the observable traits or characteristics displayed by an organism

Question 9

These pictures depict a two-week-old infant reflexively responding to stimulation. The child is demonstrating two reflexes present at birth, called the _____ and the _____

A)rooting reflex; sucking reflex
B)stepping reflex; grasping reflex
C)rooting reflex; stepping reflex
D)sucking reflex; grasping reflex

Question 10

Dr. Professor's research examines cognitive changes that occuras people progress from young adulthood to late adulthood. Dr.Professor is a _____ psychologist.

A)biological
B)industrial/organizational
C)quantitative
D)developmental

Question 11

At the moment of conception, each person begins life as a single cell, which is called a(n):

A)embryo.
B)fetus.
C)placenta.
D)zygote.

Question 12

This psychologist proposed the idea that cognitive development is strongly influenced by social and cultural factors and developed the notion of the zone of proximal development. Heis:

A)Noam Chomsky,
B)Lev Vygotsky
C)Jean Piaget
D)Erik Erikson

Question 13

The study of how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout the lifespan is called:

A)cognitive psychology.
B)humanistic psychology.
C)developmental psychology.
D)epigenetics.

Question 14

At every age and stage of life, _____ psychologists investigate the influence of multiple factors on how people change physically, mentally, and socially, including biological,environmental, social, cultural, and behavioral factors.

A)epigenetic
B)cognitive
C)biological
D)developmental

Question 15

In terms of development, a critical period:

A)is the period of prenatal development extending from the third week through the eighth week.
B)is a period during which a child is maximally sensitive to environmental influences.
C)is a period during which a child is maximally sensitive to genetic influences.
D)is the third and longest period of prenatal development extending from the ninth week until birth.

Question 16

This drawing depicts some of the key structures involved in the biological basis of heredity. After studying the image, identify the letter that labels a chromosome.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 17

Which of the following statements BEST describes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

A)a harmful chemical preservative that is a known teratogen
B)a specific gene that is known to be associated with several serious birth defects
C)a double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions
D)the chemical "trigger" that activates cell division in the developing embryo

Question 18

Which best characterizes the typical course of human development?

A)Development occurs in distinct stages that are characterized by abrupt changes in physical, mental, and social growth.
B)Gradually unfolding changes throughout the ages and stages of life characterize human development
C)Development is viewed as occurring in four distinct stages: infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
D)Biological factors cause environmental factors to shape the course of development.

Question 19

Kyle is studying how language abilities change throughout childhood, and Kelly is studying cognitive changes in late adulthood. Both Kyle and Kelly are conducting studies in which area of psychology?

A)clinical psychology
B)humanistic psychology
C)epigenetics
D)developmental psychology

Question 20

This picture shows Erik Erikson and his wife Joan. Erikson isbest known for:

A)proposing an influential theory of development that has eight stages over the lifespan, with each stage having a psychosocial conflict that has to be resolved.
B)proposing a theory of moral development with three distinct levels, each level having two stages that represent different degrees of moral reasoning.
C)proposing the notion of the zone of proximal development,
which refers to the gap between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent.
D)proposing that children progress through four distinct cognitive stages of development, and each stage marks a shift in how they think and understand the world.

Question 21

Alleles are:

A)different forms of a particular gene.
B)different types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
C)defective chromosomes that are missing a few key genes.
D)chemicals or other environmental agents that are known to cause birth defects.

Question 22

Michelle has freckles. It is likely that she inherited:

A)two recessive "no freckles" genes, one from each biological parent.
B)a dominant version of the "freckles" gene from either or both of her biological parents.
C)two recessive "freckles" genes, one from each biological parent.
D)a dominant version of the "no freckles" gene from either or both of her biological parents.

Question 23

The human genome:

A)is the complete map of the DNA in the human organism.
B)contains 23 pairs of genes.
C)is almost identical to that of primates and contains approximately 250,000 kinds of chromosomes.
D)has been hypothesized since the early 1900s but scientists have yet to prove that it exists.

Question 24

Because different genotypes react differently to environmental factors, psychologists and other scientists speak of _____ to develop in a particular way.

A)the genetic predisposition
B)the genetic blueprint
C)the environmental predisposition
D)the epigenetic tendency

Question 25

Your unique genotype:

A)has changed dramatically as you have progressed through the various ages and stages of the lifespan.
B)is found in the chromosomes of every cell in your body, except for your reproductive cells (sperm or eggs).
C)is comprised of 23 pairs of genes.
D)is found in dominant gene pairs but not in recessive gene pairs.

Question 26

A normal human genotype is made up of:

A)a set of 23 single chromosomes.
B)a set of 23 pairs of chromosomes.
C)46 pairs of genes.
D)over 1,000,000 different genes.

Question 27

Although all humans have the same basic set of genes, these genes can come in different versions. These different forms of a particular gene are called:

A)alleles.
B)phenotypes.
C)sex chromosomes.
D)karyotypes.

Question 28

According to the latest findings, the human genome consists of about _____ genes.

A)20,000 to 25,000
B)70,000 to 75,000
C)100,000 to 125,000
D)1 million

Question 29

The term genotype refers to:

A)a recessive gene that is found only on the X chromosome.
B)the genetic makeup of an organism.
C)a computer-enhanced image of the genes found embedded in a single chromosome.
D)a category of living organisms that are genetically related.

Question 30

Dominant and recessive genes are examples of:

A)genetic predispositions.
B)mutations.
C)zygotes.
D)alleles.

Question 31

Phenotype is to genotype as:

A)inherited genes are to expressed characteristics.
B)expressed characteristics are to inherited genes.
C)recessive traits are to dominant traits.
D)dominant traits are to recessive traits.

Question 32

The term _____ refers to the characteristics that are actually observed in an organism and these characteristics depend on which genes get expressed.

A)genotype
B)phenotype
C)allele
D)chromosome

Question 33

A unit of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule is the definition of:

A)a gene.
B)a zygote.
C)deoxyribonucleic acid.
D)a genotype.

Question 34

At conception, each biological parent contributes:

A)23 chromosomes.
B)23 pairs of chromosomes.
C)23 genes.
D)23 pairs of genes.

Question 35

The best known, although not the most common, pattern of allele variation is the simple:

A)karyotype variation.
B)dominant-recessive gene pair.
C)chromosomal version.
D)germinal gene pair.

Question 36

Which of the following BEST defines a gene?

A)the observable traits or characteristics displayed by an organism
B)a unit of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making a particular protein
C)a type of highly specialized cell that directs the development of other cells
D)one of several thousand different protein molecule

Question 37

Both Bonnie and Brendan spend a lot of time in the sun. Bonnie has freckles but her brother Brendan doesn't have freckles.You can safely assume that:

A)Bonnie and Brendan have the same genotype, even though their phenotypes differ.
B)Bonnie and Brendan have inherited different alleles for the trait of freckles.
C)Bonnie and Brendan have the same phenotypes even though their genotypes differ.
D)Bonnie inherited two recessive "no freckle" alleles and Brendan inherited one dominant allele of the freckle gene.

Question 38

Genes make up _____ of human DNA.

A)99.9 percent
B)about 20 to 25 percent
C)less than 2 percent
D)about 60 percent

Question 39

With the exception of the reproductive cells, every cell in a person's body contains:

A)a complete copy of that person's genotype
B)only the genes that control that cell's characteristic.
C)a complete copy of that person's phenotype.
D)the developing zygote.

Question 40

Each human chromosome contains:

A)1 gene.
B)23 genes.
C)23 pairs of genes.
D)thousands of genes.

Question 41

In addition to interactions among genes, and between genotype and environmental influences, another crucial factor in therelationship between genotype and phenotype is:

A)the fact that gene expression is inflexible and unresponsive to internal factors.
B)that genes can mutate or spontaneously change from one generation to the next.
C)that because of the blood-brain barrier, teratogens such as exposure to radiation or chemical toxins do not affect the genotype or damage DNA.
D)the fact that the vast majority of genes in the human genome are never expressed.

Question 42

If Gerry's genotype contains a copy of the dominant freckles gene:

A)he will never develop freckles even with exposure to sunlight.
B)he will inevitably develop freckles regardless of environmental influences, such as exposure to sunlight.
C)he will not develop freckles unless the expression of that dominant gene is triggered by a specific environmental factor, sunlight.
D)it will also contain two inherited recessive genes that need to be activated in order for him to develop freckles.

Question 43

A male has an _____ combination in the _____.

A)XX; 1st pair of genes
B)XX; 23rd pair of chromosomes
C)XY; 1st pair of chromosomes
D)XY; 23rd pair of chromosomes

Question 44

Humans carry all of the genes necessary to develop a tail but we typically don't develop tails because:

A)those genes are never activated.
B)those genes can only be activated by external factors that no longer exist in our present environment.
C)we have also inherited a copy of the dominant "no tails" gene.
D)we have also inherited two recessive "no tails" genes.

Question 45

The diverse characteristics of different cells in the body develop because:

A)each cell type contains a distinct set of genes that is specific to that type of cell.
B)each body cell type contains a different set of chromosomes.
C)they contain a different genotype.
D)different genes are "expressed" or activated

Question 46

Unlike Donna, who usually gets a nice tan when exposed to sunlight, Derek has a tendency to sunburn easily. Donna and Derek obviously have different sensitivities to the same environmental factor. This example illustrates their different_____.

A)epigenetic predispositions
B)environmental predispositions
C)karotypic predispositions
D)genetic predispositions

Question 47

In an experiment, it was found that newborn rats who were genetically predisposed to be skittish, nervous, and high-strung would develop into calm, exploratory, and stress-resistant adultrats when raised by genetically unrelated, attentive mothers.The researchers concluded that:

A)although the rats' DNA did not change, the chemicals that controlled their gene expression did change
B)the genes controlling the rats' behavior must have mutated.
C)although the rats' DNA changed, the chemicals that controlled their gene expression did not.
D)the epigenetic changes were inherited from the previous generation of temperamental rats and were only expressed when the environment was favorable.

Question 48

The _____ pair of chromosomes, called the sex chromosomes,determines a person's biological sex.

A)22nd
B)46th
C)23rd
D)1st

Question 49

Which of the following factors was listed in your textbook as a possible trigger for gene activity?

A)internal chemical changes
B)external environmental factors
C)the activity of other genes
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 50

A female has an _____ combination in the _____.

A)XX; 1st pair of genes
B)XX; 23rd pair of chromosomes
C)XY; 1st pair of chromosomes
D)XY; 23rd pair of chromosomes

Question 51

Sheena and Tina are identical twins who developed from asingle zygote and share identical DNA. Nevertheless, as they develop, differences in physical and psychological characteristics become evident. These differences are due to:

A)each twin's unique genetic blueprint.
B)epigenetic change.
C)allele variation.
D)genotypic change.

Question 52

The term phenotype refers to:

A)a dominant gene found only on the X chromosome.
B)a computer-enhanced image of the chromosomal makeup of a single organism.
C)the observable characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.
D)the complete set of genes that an organism has inherited.

Question 53

Most developmental psychologists believe that gene expressionis:

A)inflexible and unresponsive to both internal and external factors.
B)primarily influenced by the fixed, master plan, or genotype that people are born with.
C)flexible and responsive to both internal and external factors.
D)determined by the genetic blueprint people are born with and unfolds in an inevitable manner over the lifespan.

Question 54

In an experiment, it was found that newborn rats who were genetically predisposed to be calm and stress-resistant grew upto be nervous, high-strung, and easily stressed adult rats when raised by genetically unrelated, inattentive mothers. The explanation for these results was that:

A)the rats' DNA changed because of their upbringing.
B)epigenetic changes had taken place that changed their brain chemistry and literally "reprogrammed" their future behavior.
C)severe genetic mutations had taken place from one generation to the next.
D)the rats' DNA was damaged by environmental factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet light, radiation, or chemical toxins.

Question 55

In an experiment, it was found that newborn rats who were genetically predisposed to be skittish, nervous, and high-strung would develop into calm, exploratory, and stress-resistant adultrats when raised by genetically unrelated, attentive mothers.Although the rats' DNA did not change, the chemicals that controlled their gene expression did change, a phenomenon called:

A)epigenetic change.
B)allele variation.
C)recessive gene mutation.
D)dominant gene mutation.

Question 56

According to the text, studies examining the impact of early stress on epigenetic changes in humans have shown that childhood stress or adversity:

A)does not cause epigenetic changes in humans.
B)can cause distinct epigenetic changes in brain tissue.
C)can cause epigenetic changes in accident victims but not suicide victims.
D)causes epigenetic changes but these are not observable in adulthood.

Question 57

People with a particular genetic configuration will be more orless sensitive to particular environmental factors. This is referred to as a person's _____ to develop in a particular way.

A)epigenetic tendency
B)genetic blueprint
C)environmental predisposition
D)genetic predisposition

Question 58

One problem with the genotype-as-a-blueprint analogy is that:

A)environmental factors influence the actual phenotype displayed.
B)even though genes directly control physical development and behavior, the final result is never predictable.
C)the genotype does not direct and control any aspect of development as it unfolds over the lifespan.
D)environmental factors have little or no influence on the phenotype displayed.

Question 59

In his research, Dr. Maxwell investigates how gene activity is regulated within a cell, what signals switch genes "on" or "off,"and in particular, what determines whether a given cell will become a skin cell, a nerve cell, or a heart muscle cell. His area of research is called:

A)genetic mutation research.
B)zygotic research.
C)epigenetics.
D)the human genome project.

Question 60

Epigenetics refers to:

A)the study of the mechanisms that control gene expression and its effect on behavior and health.
B)the study of harmful agents or substances that can cause malformation or defects in an embryo or fetus.
C)the study of karyotypes and the contribution of chromosomes to the development of genotypes.
D)the scientific study of the complete set of DNA in the human organism.

Question 61

Researchers at State University study cells that can divide indefinitely, renew themselves, and give rise to a variety of other types of cells. These researchers are investigating:

A)epigenetic cells.
B)chromosomes.
C)stem cells.
D)teratogens.

Question 62

Cells that can divide indefinitely, renew themselves, and give rise to a variety of other types of cells are called:

A)epigenetic cells.
B)zygotic cells.
C)stem cells.
D)karyotypic cells.

Question 63

Chronic stress, depression, and anxiety during pregnancy are associated with:

A)low birth weight and premature birth
B)fetal alcohol syndrome.
C)fetal teratogen syndrome.
D)ventricle malformation.

Question 64

During the embryonic period, the:

A)mother can feel the fetus moving.
B)fetus gains an additional three to four pounds of body fat.
C)organs and major systems of the body form
D)zygote undergoes rapid cell division.

Question 65

Some teratogens such as cocaine, cigarette smoke, or alcohol,can damage the developing fetus:

A)only during the germinal period.
B)only during the fetal period.
C)at any stage before birth.
D)during the germinal period and the fetal period but not the embryonic period.

Question 66

A teratogen is a:

A)specific type of genetic mutation that typically results in severe birth defects.
B)harmful agent, such as a chemical, drug, or disease, which can cause abnormal development or birth defects.
C)segment of DNA that is sometimes found on both the X and Y chromosome and that commonly results in mental retardation.
D)recessive gene which is usually found only on the Y chromosome and that causes hemophilia and red-green color blindness in males.

Question 67

Extending from the placenta on the mother's uterine wall to the embryo's abdominal area, the _____ delivers nourishment,oxygen, and water, and carries away carbon dioxide and other wastes.

A)umbilical cord
B)amniotic sac
C)embryo
D)teratogen

Question 68

Two crucial factors in the relationship between genotype and phenotype are interactions among genes, and interactions between genotype and environmental influences. Which of thefollowing is NOT listed as important in considering the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

A)DNA can be damaged by environmental factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet light, radiation, or chemical toxins.
B)Errors in the genetic code can disrupt production of the correct proteins and lead to birth defects or genetic disorders.
C)Genes can mutate, or change spontaneously, from one generation to the next.
D)Epigenetic changes determine how an individual's genetic blueprint directs and controls all aspects of development as it unfolds over the lifespan.

Question 69

Which of the following is TRUE of the placenta?

A)It is the fluid-filled sac that houses the developing embryo and fetus.
B)It forms during the seventh month of prenatal development.
C)It is fully developed about six months after birth.
D)It prevents the mother's blood from mixing with the blood of the developing embryo and fetus.

Question 70

As a general rule, the greatest vulner ability to _____ occurs during the _____ period of prenatal development.

A)teratogens; embryonic
B)epigenesis; embryonic
C)epigenesis; germinal
D)teratogens; germinal

Question 71

During the peak periods of brain development, new cells are being generated at the rate of _____ per minute.

A)100 to 150
B)1 million
C)250,000
D)500 or 600

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT one of the teratogens listed in your textbook?

A)radiation exposure
B)viruses and bacteria
C)drugs, such as alcohol, cocaine, and heroin
D)deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 73

During the germinal period:

A)the zygote becomes implanted on the mother's uterine wall.
B)the pregnant woman is highly susceptible to colds and infections.
C)the mother can feel the fetus moving.
D)all of the organs and the major body systems have formed.

Question 74

Excessive drinking during pregnancy can cause _____ which is characterized by physical and mental problems such asabnormal facial features or learning disabilities.

A)fetal alcohol syndrome
B)teratogen immunity
C)alcohol tolerance
D)fetal teratogen syndrome

Question 75

By the third week after conception, a sheet of primitive neural cells has formed:

A)a hollow tube called the neural tube.
B)a cavity called the ventricle.
C)a hollow tube called the stem cell.
D)a cavity called the amniotic sac.

Question 76

Elizabeth is in the fifteenth week of her pregnancy. In terms of prenatal development, Elizabeth's pregnancy is in the _____period.

A)fetal
B)germinal
C)embryonic
D)zygotic

Question 77

Which of the following represents the correct order of prenatal development?

A)embryonic period, germinal period, fetal period
B)fetal period, embryonic period, germinal period
C)germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period
D)germinal period, zygotic period, fetal period

Question 78

Which of the following is (are) TRUE regarding the neural tube?

A)The neural tube is formed from a sheet of primitive neural cells.
B)The neural tube is lined with stem cells.
C)The neural tube eventually thickens into three bulges that will form the three main regions of the brain; the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain.
D)All of these statements are true regarding the neural tube.

Question 79

Heather is in her fourth month of a healthy pregnancy, and she has started to experience _____ which means that she can feel the fetus moving.

A)epigenetic movement
B)quickening
C)rooting
D)induction

Question 80

Stem cells are:

A)long, threadlike structures composed of twisted parallel strands of deoxyribonucleic acid.
B)cells that can divide indefinitely, renew themselves, and give rise to a variety of other types of cells.
C)cells that have mutated or spontaneously changed during transmission from one generation to the next.
D)cells that have been damaged by environmental factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet light, radiation, or chemical toxins.