Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Motivation is usually inferred from outward behavior.
B)Activation, persistence, and intensity characterize motivated behavior.
C)Motivational concepts are often used to explain or understand the behavior of others.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Answer 1

All of these answers are correct.

Question 2

Motivation is defined as:

A)the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that act on or within an organism to activate and direct behavior.
B)an impulse that activates behavior to reduce a need and restore homeostasis.
C)full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities.
D)a distinct psychological state that involves subjective experience, physical arousal, and a behavioral expression or response.

Answer 2

the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that act on or within an organism to activate and direct behavior.

Question 3

As the date of the state championships drew closer, Evan worked harder and longer in practice. Evan was demonstrating which characteristic of motivation?

A)initiation
B)intensity
C)autonomy
D)activation

Answer 3

intensity

Question 4

Persistence is a characteristic of motivation that is demonstrated by the:

A)initiation or production of behavior toward a goal.
B)continued efforts or determination to achieve a particular goal, often in the face of obstacles.
C)greater vigor in responding that usually accompanies motivated behavior.
D)subjective experience and physiological response that usually accompanies motivated behavior.

Question 5

The characteristic of motivation known as activation refers to the:

A)initiation or production of behavior.
B)increased vigor in behavior toward a goal.
C)efforts to achieve the desired goal.
D)subjective experience and physiological response that usually accompanies motivated behavior.

Question 6

The image depicts the interaction of some of the key hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate hunger, including where they are manufactured in the body, and whether they increase(+) or decrease (-) hunger. Which letter indicates the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 7

The chapter Prologue describes Randy's decision to take part in the Tulsa Run. Even though Randy encountered a set-back dueto a twisted ankle, he continued to train by working out in thepool. This determination to participate in the Tulsa Run demonstrates a characteristic of motivation called:

A)persistence.
B)autonomy.
C)intensity.
D)activation.

Question 8

The triangle depicts Maslow's famous hierarchy of needs.Identify the letter that corresponds to self-actualization in Maslow's motivational hierarchy.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 9

Intensity in motivation is seen as the:

A)initiation or production of behavior toward a goal.
B)continued efforts or determination to achieve a particular goal, often in the face of obstacles.
C)greater vigor in responding that usually accompanies motivated behavior.
D)subjective experience and physiological response that usually accompanies motivated behavior.

Question 10

In his landmark text, Principles of Psychology, _____ includedfear, disgust, greediness, cleanliness, modesty, and parental lovein his list of human instincts.

A)William James
B)Charles Darwin
C)Walter Cannon
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 11

Which of the following concepts is associated with this person?

A)self-determination theory
B)the hierarchy of needs
C)the facial feedback hypothesis
D)the cognitive-appraisal theory of emotion

Question 12

The image depicts the interaction of some of the key hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate hunger, including where they are manufactured in the body, and whether they increase(+) or decrease (-) hunger. Which letter indicates the hormone ghrelin?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 13

As shown in the figure below, when faced with a potentially threatening stimulus, such as a snake dangling from a branch in front of you, two pathways in the brain are activated. The directpathway involves _____and the indirect pathway involves _____.

A)thalamus ? amygdala; thalamus ? visual cortex ? amygdala
B)amygdala ? thalamus ? endocrine system; thalamus ? amygdala ? sympathetic nervous system ? endocrine
C)syste thalmam Inucs ? viorrecsut al cortex? amygdala; thalamus ? amygdala
D)amygdala ? thalamus; amygdala ? visual cortex ? thalamus

Question 14

The triangle depicts Maslow's famous hierarchy of needs.Identify the letter that corresponds to safety needs in Maslow's motivational hierarchy.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 15

Because of a genetic mutation, both of these mice lack the ability to manufacture a hormone that is normally produced by their body fat. The mouse on the right has been given supplemental injections of the hormone. What is that hormone?

A)insulin
B)ghrelin
C)leptin
D)neuropeptide Y

Question 16

Although Hunter keeps falling when he tries to learn to ice skate, he keeps working at being a better skater so he can play ice hockey. Hunter is demonstrating the motivation characteristic of:

A)competence.
B)intensity.
C)persistence.
D)initiation.

Question 17

The three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation are:

A)self-fulfillment, self-actualization, and self-efficacy.
B)activation, persistence, and intensity.
C)autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
D)drive, incentive, and arousal.

Question 18

These pictures show the difference between a "true" smile and a"fake"smile. The person pictured here is _____, who has studied the facial expression of emotions for more than four decades.

A)Richard Ryan
B)Paul Ekman
C)Edward Deci
D)Richard Lazarus

Question 19

Participants in this study thought cartoons were funnier when holding a pen between their teeth (left) compared to when holding a pen between their lips (right). These pictures show aparticipant in a study testing the _____.

A)cognitive-appraisal theory of emotion
B)two-factor theory of emotion
C)facial-feedback hypothesis
D)self-efficacy hypothesis

Question 20

The chapter Prologue describes Randy's decision to take part inthe Tulsa Run. Randy's decision to pursue running illustrates which characteristic of motivation?

A)persistence
B)autonomy
C)intensity
D)activation

Question 21

In contemporary psychology, the evolutionary perspective:

A)is considered to be pseudoscience.
B)considers how our evolutionary heritage may influence patterns of human behavior.
C)has been replaced by the biological perspective.
D)has all but been abandoned because research has consistently failed to find evidence to support its basic ideas.

Question 22

It is an innate characteristic of Canada geese to fly south in the winter. This behavior is an example of:

A)intrinsic motivation.
B)incentive motivation.
C)an instinct.
D)a drive.

Question 23

"People have a sociability motive because interacting with other saffords more opportunities to find a potential mate." This statement best illustrates _____ theories of motivation.

A)drive
B)incentive
C)instinct
D)arousal

Question 24

When you feel cold, you engage in behavior to reduce this unpleasant feeling such as putting on your coat. This desire to reduce internal tension is a crucial aspect of _____ theories of motivation.

A)drive
B)arousal
C)instinct
D)incentive

Question 25

_____ refers to the notion that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels.

A)Self-actualization
B)The basal metabolic rate (BMR)
C)Incentive motivation
D)Homeostasis

Question 26

About 10 or 15 minutes after Jim starts his daily five-mile jog,he usually begins to perspire heavily. His body's tendency to maintain a steady temperature through the cooling action of sweating is a function of:

A)homeostasis.
B)self-determination.
C)incentive motivation.
D)autonomy.

Question 27

Dr. Mathias believes that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs that"push" us to behave in certain ways. Dr. Mathias's views aremost consistent with _____ theories of motivation.

A)instinct
B)drive
C)incentive
D)humanistic

Question 28

One short coming of incentive theories is that they:

A)describe behavior but fail to explain behavior.
B)fail to explain behaviors that are not primarily motivated by any kind of external incentive.
C)only explain behaviors that have internal incentives as motivators.
D)can account for the initiation and persistence of behavior but fail to account for the intensity of behavior.

Question 29

"To get someone to come to do a great job and take pride in their work, a monetary bonus is obviously the best motivator."This statement best illustrates _____ theories of motivation.

A)incentive
B)humanistic
C)drive
D)arousal

Question 30

Which of the following is a criticism of instinct theories of motivation?

A)Research demonstrated that humans do not have innate behavior patterns.
B)Instinct theorists believed that there were only four human instincts.
C)Instinct theories merely described and labeled behaviors rather than actually explaining them.
D)activation

Question 31

Reduction of internal tension would be most closely associated with which theory of motivation?

A)instinct theories
B)incentive theories
C)drive theories
D)self-actualization theories

Question 32

After working all afternoon cleaning up the attic, Mr. Dixon isvery thirsty and drinks a big glass of orange juice. His motivation to drink in order to reduce his feeling of thirst canbest be explained by:

A)self-determination theory.
B)drive theories.
C)incentive theories.
D)arousal theory.

Question 33

In the late 1800s, the newly founded science of psychology initially embraced _____ theories to explain motivation.

A)instinct
B)drive
C)incentive
D)arousal

Question 34

The perspective that considers how our ancestral heritage may influence patterns of human behavior, such as eating behavioror the expression of emotions, is called the:

A)cognitive-appraisal theory.
B)hierarchy of needs perspective.
C)anthropomorphic approach.
D)evolutionary perspective.

Question 35

Which influential scientist inspired psychologists, such as William James and William McDougal, to devise lists of instincts to account for human behavior?

A)Charles Darwin
B)Walter Cannon
C)Paul Ekman
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 36

Which of the following is a criticism of drive theories of motivation?

A)People often engage in behaviors that serve to increase tension and physiological arousal.
B)There is no evidence that humans engage in behaviors to maintain homeostasis.
C)Homeostasis has been disproved.
D)Drive theories cannot explain behaviors that have biological components, such as hunger and thirst.

Question 37

_____ theories of motivation claim that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

A)Drive
B)Incentive
C)Humanistic
D)Instinct

Question 38

The perspective that considers how our ancestral heritage may influence patterns of human behavior, such as eating behavioror the expression of emotions, is called the:

A)cognitive-appraisal theory.
B)hierarchy of needs perspective.
C)anthropomorphic approach.
D)evolutionary perspective.

Question 39

The view that some human motives are innate and due to genetic programming is a description of:

A)instinct theories.
B)drive theories.
C)incentive theories.
D)humanistic theories.

Question 40

The view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals,such as rewards, is suggested by:

A)drive theories.
B)arousal theory.
C)self-determination theory.
D)incentive theories.

Question 41

_____ is the main source of energy in your body.

A)Glucose
B)Leptin
C)Insulin
D)Cholecystokinin

Question 42

Which of the following is secreted by the pancreas, helps control blood levels of glucose, and promotes the uptake of glucose by the muscles and other body tissues?

A)cholecystokinin
B)dopamine
C)leptin
D)insulin

Question 43

Humanistic theories of motivation emphasize the idea that:

A)motivation is learned through the basic principles of reinforcement and punishment.
B)motivation is determined by unconscious thought processes.
C)motivation is affected by how we perceive the world, how we think about ourselves, and the degree to which the environment is supportive and encouraging.
D)an understanding of basic biological mechanisms, such as homeostasis, is the best way to understand human motivation.

Question 44

The desire to avoid boredom is to _____ theory as the desire to drink when thirsty is to _____ theory.

A)arousal; drive
B)drive; arousal
C)humanistic; incentive
D)incentive; humanistic

Question 45

Six-year-old Patrick was very excited and curious when hisparents took him to the circus for the first time. However, when the clowns climbed over the barrier and started playing trickson some of the children nearby, Patrick became visibly upset.Patrick's initial curiosity and his later fear and apprehension in this situation are best explained by:

A)drive theory.
B)instinct theory.
C)incentive theory.
D)arousal theory.

Question 46

A monkey spends hours trying to open a complicated lock even though there is no reward for doing so. The monkey's behavioris best explained by _____ theory.

A)drive
B)instinct
C)arousal
D)incentive

Question 47

People who rank high on the need for varied, complex, and unique sensory experiences:

A)are high in achievement motivation but low in competence motivation.
B)have a high level of extrinsic motivation and a low level of intrinsic motivation.
C)are referred to as sensation seekers.
D)are referred to as self-actualized.

Question 48

_____ find the heightened arousal of novel experiences very pleasurable.

A)Introverts
B)Overachievers
C)Sensationalists
D)Sensation seekers

Question 49

"Oh, man, that was awesome! Let's do it again!" Marcela said as she climbed out of the front roller coaster seat. Which category of motivational theories would best explain Marcela's behavior?

A)arousal theories
B)incentive theories
C)drive theories
D)humanistic theories

Question 50

Nelson feels that he has all the material possessions he needs in life and is now determined to devote all his energy to creativeself-expression through music. Nelson's motivation is best accounted for by:

A)instinct theories.
B)drive theories.
C)humanistic theories.
D)arousal theories.

Question 51

Glucose is also called:

A)blood sugar.
B)dopamine.
C)cholecystokinin.
D)adipose tissue.

Question 52

Approximately _____ of your body's energy is used forcontinuous bodily functions that are essential to life, such asbreathing, heartbeat, and the production of body heat.

A)one-tenth
B)one-fifth
C)one-third
D)two-thirds

Question 53

The view that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal that is neither too high nor too low is called:

A)drive theory.
B)arousal theory.
C)incentive theory.
D)humanistic theory.

Question 54

Dr. Pierpoint believes that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal. When the level of arousal is too low, wetry to increase it by seeking out stimulating experiences. When itis too high, we seek to reduce arousal in a less stimulating environment. Dr. Pierpoint's views are most consistent with:

A)instinct theory.
B)arousal theory.
C)humanistic theory.
D)incentive theory.

Question 55

Kai-Ling ate fried caterpillars, scorpions, and some grilled dogmeat for dinner. It is very likely that Kai-Ling:

A)is very poor and malnourished.
B)is influenced in his eating habits by social and cultural factors.
C)is mentally ill.
D)eats regularly at the college cafeteria.

Question 56

One reason you eat is to maintain a reserve of stored energy,and _____ tissue is the main source of stored calories in the body.

A)leptin
B)insulin
C)muscle
D)adipose

Question 57

The motivation to eat is influenced by:

A)psychological factors.
B)biological factors.
C)social and cultural factors.
D)All of these factors are correct.

Question 58

Well-established learning principles, such as the different types of reinforcement, are most closely associated with which type of motivation theories?

A)instinct theories
B)incentive theories
C)drive theories
D)humanistic theories

Question 59

_____ motivational theories emphasize the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in humans, including the motivation to strive for a positive self-concept and the realization of personal potential.

A)Humanistic
B)Incentive
C)Drive
D)Instinct

Question 60

The rate at which your body uses energy for vital bodily functions when at rest is called the:

A)body mass index (BMI).
B)set-point rate.
C)basal metabolic rate (BMR).
D)settling point rate.

Question 61

Which of the following is referred to as "the hunger hormone"?

A)ghrelin
B)insulin
C)glucose
D)cholecystokinin

Question 62

High blood levels of the hormone ghrelin:

A)cause negative energy balance and weight loss.
B)stimulate appetite and eating behavior
C)cause a loss of appetite and a sharp reduction in eating behavior.
D)sensitize stretch receptors in the stomach and stop eating behavior.

Question 63

What will happen if you consistently experience negative energy balance?

A)Your body fat stores will shrink and you will lose weight.
B)The amount of CCK in your bloodstream will increase and remain elevated until homeostasis is achieved.
C)Your body fat cells will expand and multiply, and you will gain weight.
D)You will experience leptin resistance.

Question 64

In a study by researcher Donald Cummings described in your text, participants lost weight by dieting. In response, the participants' overall blood levels of ghrelin:

A)increased, but their feelings of hunger decreased.
B)decreased, but their feelings of hunger increased.
C)remained the same, but their feelings of hunger decreased.
D)increased, and their feelings of hunger increased.

Question 65

When she arrived as a freshman at State College, Mackenzie wanted to take advantage of the cafeteria meals that were included in the cost of her room and board. But between the eat-as-much-as-you-want cafeteria meals, the hours spent studying each day, and mostly sitting for her job at the library reception desk, Mackenzie had gained 12 pounds by Thanks giving break.Mackenzie was experiencing:

A)positive energy balance.
B)leptin resistance.
C)negative energy balance.
D)energy homeostasis.

Question 66

Your typical or average body weight is called your:

A)basal weight.
B)energy balance weight.
C)positive weight.
D)baseline body weight.

Question 67

A regulatory process called _____ helps you maintain your baseline body weight.

A)energy homeostasis
B)positive energy balance
C)negative energy balance
D)leptin resistance

Question 68

The hormone ghrelin is primarily manufactured in the:

A)cells lining the stomach.
B)adipose tissue or body fat.
C)pancreas.
D)dopamine receptors of the brain.

Question 69

Increased blood levels of which of the following hormones has been shown to strongly stimulate appetite?

A)insulin
B)leptin
C)ghrelin
D)cholecystokinin

Question 70

Excess caloric intake is to _____ as restricted caloric intake is to_____.

A)BMR; BMI
B)positive energy balance; negative energy balance
C)BMI; BMR
D)negative energy balance; positive energy balance

Question 71

As part of your biological psychology class, you conduct an experiment in which a rat's brain is continuously infused with ahormone called ghrelin. Based on what you've learned about ghrelin in your psychology text, you predict that the rat will:

A)display negative energy balance and lose weight gradually.
B)develop a huge appetite and gain weight
C)lose its appetite and stop eating altogether.
D)display a significant decrease in its body mass index (BMI).

Question 72

If your caloric intake falls short of the amount of calories expended for energy, you experience:

A)leptin resistance.
B)energy balance.
C)negative energy balance.
D)positive energy balance.

Question 73

Increased levels of three of the following chemical signals reduce eating behavior. Which one does NOT?

A)leptin
B)ghrelin
C)insulin
D)cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 74

As part of your psychology course, you need to pair off with another student and conduct a simple research study. Your assignment is to monitor the other student's blood levels of the hormone ghrelin. Your partner is of normal weight and eats at normal times. Throughout the day, you take blood samplese very 30 minutes. As compared with the blood sample you took at 10 AM, the blood sample you took at noon just before your partner ate lunch contained ____ blood level of ghrelin.

A)a much higher
B)a much lower
C)a slightly lower
D)about the same

Question 75

The concept of energy homeostasis is illustrated by which of the following observations?

A)Despite day-to-day variability in how much food is eaten, most people maintain a fairly constant baseline body weight.
B)Body temperature is always maintained at a constant level.
C)Despite voracious appetites, ob/ob mice display characteristics that are very similar to that of a starving animal.
D)Excess calories are stored in adipose tissue.

Question 76

Adipose tissue is another name for:

A)leptin.
B)insulin.
C)muscle.
D)body fat.

Question 77

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)During a meal and shortly thereafter, body temperature increases and metabolism decreases.
B)During a meal, blood glucose levels return to normal before the food is actually digested and absorbed
C)The onset of eating behavior is typically triggered by a sharp increase in blood levels of insulin, followed by a sharp decrease in blood glucose levels.
D)Before and during a meal, blood levels of glucose and fats fluctuate wildly.

Question 78

Over time, most people experience _____ which means that the number of calories you consume almost exactly matches the number of calories you expend for energy.

A)energy homeostasis
B)energy balance
C)negative energy balance
D)positive energy balance

Question 79

If your caloric intake exceeds the amount of calories expended for energy, you experience:

A)leptin resistance.
B)energy balance.
C)negative energy balance.
D)positive energy balance.

Question 80

Your body's reserve of stored energy is:

A)directly correlated with blood levels of a hormone called ghrelin.
B)constantly monitored by the hormone called
C)ch oleccontained iystokininn you.Inrc adorriepcose tt issue.
D)contained in brain areas such as the hypothalamus and the cerebellum.