Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called:

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)conditioning.
D)extinction.

Answer 1

conditioning.

Question 2

Ivan Pavlov was a(n):

A)Russian physiologist.
B)Russian psychologist.
C)American physiologist.
D)German psychologist.

Answer 2

Russian physiologist.

Question 3

The term elicited is:

A)used in operant conditioning and means that the response is emitted in order to obtain a reward or avoid punishment.
B)used in classical conditioning and means that the stimulus "draws out" or causes an existing behavior to occur.
C)used in observational learning to refer to obtaining an imitative response, such as using a jump rope or swinging a baseball bat.
D)used in operant conditioning to refer to creating a new response to inescapable punishment, such as passivity or unresponsiveness.

Answer 3

used in classical conditioning and means that the stimulus "draws out" or causes an existing behavior to occur.

Question 4

Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of:

A)learning that consequences follow a voluntarily emitted behavior.
B)learning new responses by observing others' behaviors.
C)learning the relationship between a behavior and a reinforcer.
D)learning an association between two stimuli

Question 5

The different schedules of reinforcement produce different patterns of responding. In the graph shown, which pattern represents the highest rate of responding?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 6

Six-year-old Blair liked the first grade right up until herteacher, Ms. Havemayer, took maternity leave. The substitute teacher, old Mrs. Snarly, was strict and scolded Blair onseveral occasions, making her cry. On one Saturday morningas Blair was helping her father with grocery shopping, she suddenly came face to face with old Mrs. Snarly. Blair instantly burst into tears. For Blair, Mrs. Snarly in the grocery store is an example of a(n):

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)unconditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 7

The photo shows a dolphin trainer making a specific hand gesture and a distinct sound to which the dolphin will respondby performing a somersault in the air. In operant conditioning terms, the hand gesture and sound are:

A)primary reinforcers.
B)negative reinforcers.
C)unconditioned stimuli.
D)discriminative stimuli.

Question 8

In response to a cold temperature, your body will shiver reflexively. Using Pavlov's terminology, the cold temperature would be termed a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
B)unconditioned response (UCR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)conditioned response (CR).

Question 9

What was Pavlov studying when he began his studies on the phenomenon that eventually became known as classical conditioning?

A)the development of learned helplessness in dogs given inescapable shock
B)the use of food rewards in training dogs
C)reflexive responses to sound, such as ringing bells
D)the role of saliva in digestion

Question 10

Which of the following learning concepts can be attributed to the person in this photo?

A)learned helplessness
B)instinctive drift
C)the "schedules of reinforcement"
D)the "law of effect"

Question 11

Psychologists formally define learning as:

A)a process that produces a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.
B)a process that produces a relatively permanent change in bperhocavior oresses.In kncoowlerrecdt ge due to natural or instinctive
C)a relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of developmental factors or maturation.
D)replacing old habits with new habits.

Question 12

In response to cutting up an onion, airborne irritants released by the onion will cause your eyes to automatically water orproduce tears. Using Pavlov's terminology, the tears would be termed a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
B)unconditioned response (UCR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)conditioned response (CR).

Question 13

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired?

A)a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response
B)a stimulus and a response
C)a behavioral response and a natural environmental consequence
D)an unconditioned stimulus and a voluntarily emitted behavioral response

Question 14

Which of the following learning concepts was extensively studied by the person in this photo?

A)observational learning
B)instinctive drift
C)conditioned taste aversions
D)biological preparedness

Question 15

If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____.

A)CS; UCS
B)CR; UCR
C)UCS; UCR
D)CS; CR

Question 16

The different schedules of reinforcement produce different patterns of responding. In the graph shown, the fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is reflected in which pattern of responding?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 17

When Rani was having problems at school, she often talked things over with her grandfather. Her grandfather, who always smoked a pipe, was warm, reassuring, and always supportive. Years later, Rani still finds the smell of pipe tobacco soothing. In classical conditioning terms, Rani'sfondness for the smell of pipe tobacco may be described asa(n):

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned response.
C)example of latent learning.
D)example of higher order conditioning.

Question 18

Six-year-old Blair liked going to school right up until her first-grade teacher, Ms. Hanemayer, took maternity leave. The substitute teacher, old Mrs. Snarly, was strict and scolded Blair on several occasions, making her cry. On one Saturday morning as Blair was helping her father with grocery shopping, she suddenly came face to face with old Mrs. Snarly.Blair instantly burst into tears. Blair's crying at just the sightof Mrs. Snarly is an example of:

A)instinctive drift.
B)an unconditioned response.
C)an unconditioned stimulus.
D)a conditioned response.

Question 19

What is going on in this famous photo?

A)Edward Thorndike's research assistant is investigating the law of effect and trial and error learning in a young child.
B)Albert Bandura's research assistant is demonstrating observational learning by showing how this infant lost his fear of a tame lab rat after watching other infants play with the animal.
C)Ivan Pavlov and his daughter V.I.Pavlova Pavlov are conducting basic research on classically conditioned responses in an infant.
D)John Watson and his graduate student Rosalie Rayner are conducting research on the classically conditioned fear response in their subject, "Little Albert."

Question 20

What is shown in this photo?

A)the use of shaping and positive reinforcement to teach a child self-defense skills
B)an experimental demonstration of the cause and effect relationship between watching violent behavior in the media behavior in real life
C)a demonstration of the phenomenon of “learned
helplessness” in children
D)the imitation of an adult's aggressive actions that the child saw in a movie

Question 21

Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate inresponse to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower inpitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called:

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)stimulus discrimination.
C)backward conditioning.
D)stimulus generalization.

Question 22

Initially, an infant has no response to a nurse's white uniform.But after a couple of painful experiences of getting a vaccination shot from a nurse in a white uniform, the infant will react with fear in response to a nurse in a white uniform who simply walks into the examining room. In this example,the sight of a nurse in a white uniform has become a(n) _____to the infant.

A)unconditioned response (UCR)
B)conditioned response (CR)
C)conditioned stimulus (CS)
D)unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 23

If you touch something hot, you will reflexively withdraw your hand. Using Pavlov's terminology, reflexively withdrawing your hand would be termed a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
B)unconditioned response (UCR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)conditioned response (CR).

Question 24

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will makethe dog salivate. At this point, the sound of the bell is a(n):

A)conditioned stimulus (CS).
B)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
C)unconditioned response (UCR).
D)conditioned response (CR).

Question 25

Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws was a thriller about agreat white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing. Asthe unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, thesound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear inthe audience even though the shark still had not appeared. Atthat point, the sound of the eerie music was a(n):

A)unconditioned response (UCR).
B)conditioned response (CR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 26

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse'swhite uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection.Using Pavlov's terminology, when the white uniform elicits afear response, it would be termed a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
B)unconditioned response (UCR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)conditioned response (CR).

Question 27

Fred's dog was classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell. Fred then repeatedly paired the bell with another stimulus, a whistle. Now whenever he blows the whistle, his dog salivates, even though the whistle has never been paired with food. This example illustrates:

A)higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning).
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)a placebo response.
D)biological preparedness.

Question 28

After a dog had been conditioned to salivate at the sight ofmeat powder, the meat powder was presented to the dog every three minutes and held just out of the dog's reach. Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva secreted by the dog decreased to zero, indicating that _____ had occurred.

A)negative reinforcement
B)biological preparedness
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 29

Your dog tends to salivate and get excited when you shake abox of dog biscuits. However, your dog does not drool when you shake a bag of cat food. This is an example of:

A)stimulus generalization.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)higher order conditioning.

Question 30

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if:

A)the UCS was always presented before the CS.
B)the CR always occurred before the UCR.
C)there were many pairings of the CS and the UCS.
D)the interval between the CS and the UCS was an hour or longer.

Question 31

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. Ifthe young child begins reacting with fear to the sight of any white jacket, what has occurred?

A)stimulus generalization
B)spontaneous recovery
C)stimulus discrimination
D)higher order conditioning

Question 32

Every Friday, Dr. Cruz would give a quiz in his psychology class. Students quickly learned to be nervous on Friday mornings, just before each quiz. Halfway through the semester, Dr. Cruz stopped giving quizzes on Fridays and the students' anxiety began to diminish with each passing week in which there was no quiz. The decrease in the students' anxiety may be attributed to the process of:

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)extinction.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)latent learning.

Question 33

A conditioned stimulus from one learning trial is used in place of an unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial,where it is paired with a second conditioned stimulus. The second conditioned stimulus then comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus. This is a description of a procedure called:

A)stimulus generalization training.
B)higher order conditioning or second-order conditioning.
C)latent learning training.
D)the extinction procedure.

Question 34

Prior to conditioning, a dog does not salivate to the sound of a ringing bell. At this point, the ringing bell is a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)neutral stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 35

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. The dog's salivation to the sound of the bell is called the:

A)unconditioned response (UCR).
B)conditioned response (CR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 36

Which of the following has the greatest impact on the strength of the conditioned response?

A)the magnitude of the reinforcer
B)the timing of stimulus presentations
C)the size of the unconditioned response
D)the degree of latent learning during conditioning trials

Question 37

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on adog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the dog's salivating was a(n):

A)conditioned stimulus (CS).
B)unconditioned response (UCR).
C)conditioned response (CR).
D)operant response (OR).

Question 38

If you own a dog that tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits, you may have noticed that your dog also drools when you shake a bag of cat food. If so,this would be an example of:

A)stimulus generalization.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)higher order conditioning.

Question 39

After establishing a classically conditioned response to a tone,the experimenter then set up a second trial using a new conditioned stimulus, a red light. He repeatedly paired the new conditioned stimulus (the red light) with the conditioned stimulus from the first trial (the tone). This procedure resulted in the conditioned response being elicited by the red light alone, even though it had never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus. The experimenter has demonstrated:

A)extinction.
B)higher order conditioning (second-order
C)con learditionnedin hg)elp.lessn(Truee Ass.n sInwceor )Correctrrec t
D)the partial reinforcement effect.

Question 40

When Micah was 2 years old, he was frightened by his AuntMabel's little dog, which had nipped him on the leg. Because of the incident, Micah developed a strong fear of small dogsbut not of large dogs. This best illustrates which of the following?

A)spontaneous recovery
B)stimulus discrimination
C)stimulus generalization
D)higher order conditioning

Question 41

Whenever Kim and Russ make love, they always play Ravel'sclassic instrumental work "Boléro" in the background. One day, as Kim is walking past a music appreciation class, she realizes that the class is listening to Ravel's "Boléro." As she continues to walk down the hall, she smiles to herself as erotic thoughts of Russ cross her mind. Which of the following best represents the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

A)the sound of Ravel's "Boléro"
B)intimate physical contact with her partner
C)the sight of the musical appreciation classroom
D)sexual arousal in response to the classical work "Boléro"

Question 42

In Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

A)the loud clanging sound
B)the sight of the white rat
C)fear in response to the loud clanging sound
D)fear in response to the sight of the rat

Question 43

The prologue to Chapter 5 describes the story of Erv getting accidentally locked in the attic by his wife Fern. Because of the incident, Erv now experiences a conditioned emotional reaction of fear whenever he must go up in the attic. Erv'sinitially being trapped in the airtight attic represents the_____, and the fear he experienced on that first occasion represents the _____.

A)conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
C)unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Question 44

Modern research on advertising and marketing techniques has shown that:

A)most people are not affected by the use of classical conditioning methods in advertising.
B)attitudes toward a product or a particular brand can be influenced by the use of classical conditioning techniques in advertising campaigns.
C)modern advertising has abandoned the use of classical conditioning techniques, since they have been shown to be ineffective.
D)pairing products with stimuli that naturally elicit fear is the only way in which classical conditioning techniques affect brand preferences or product choices.

Question 45

Which of the following represents a valid criticism of the methodology of Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

A)Using a loud clang as a conditioned stimulus is not an acceptable scientific practice.
B)The behavior of an infant is not representative of adult human behavior.
C)Albert's fear and distress were not objectively measured, but were subjectively evaluated by the experimenters themselves.
D)The experimenters did not evaluate Albert's responsiveness to different stimuli.

Question 46

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery provides support for the idea that:

A)a conditioned response that is extinguished is not unlearned or completely eliminated.
B)a conditioned stimulus can return to being a neutral stimulus after extinction.
C)stimulus generalization is a stronger, more easily produced response than stimulus discrimination.
D)it is easier to produce learned associations between natural stimuli than artificial stimuli.

Question 47

In the famous study of "Little Albert," John Watson and Rosalie Rayner:

A)used changes in heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure as their operational definition of fear in the infant.
B)did not extinguish the conditioned emotional reaction in the infant.
C)were criticized for their conclusions because the infant was fearful of many different objects before the study began.
D)successfully removed the infant's conditioned fear of furry animals and fuzzy objects.

Question 48

In the early 1900s, Ivan Pavlov:

A)believed that the study of classical conditioning should be expanded to investigate how conscious thoughts, perceptions, and other subjective mental states influence the conditioning process.
B)wanted nothing to do with the newly established science of psychology, with its emphasis on studying subjective states of consciousness.
C)founded behaviorism as a new school of thought and was elected president of the American Psychological Association.
D)began investigating the role of classical conditioning in schizophrenia and other mental disorders.

Question 49

What was the conditioned response (CR) in Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study?

A)the loud clanging sound
B)the sight of the white rat
C)fear in response to the loud clanging sound
D)fear in response to the sight of the rat

Question 50

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus,what will occur?

A)stimulus generalization
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 51

Which of the following advertising techniques is based onclassical conditioning principles?

A)including a $1.00 mail-in rebate in the ad for Brand X
B)a salesperson explaining why Brand X is superior
C)a sexy model using Brand X
D)a picture of a shelf filled with Brand X products

Question 52

John Watson believed that human emotions were:

A)due to repressed psychological conflicts.
B)the result of natural selection and evolutionary adaptation.
C)operant responses, strengthened through reinforcement and weakened through punishment.
D)reflexive responses that involved the muscles and glands.

Question 53

Which of the following represents a valid criticism of the ethics of Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

A)Watson and Rayner filmed the infant's behavior without permission.
B)Watson and Rayner intentionally induced a lasting fear in an infant, and they did not attempt to extinguish it when the
C)exp It is uerimennet wthical to usas over.e ( inTrufane Answts and e anr )Coimals irrecnt t he same research study.
D)Treatment of the rats, rabbits, and other animals used in the study did not conform to APA regulations.

Question 54

Which of the following does NOT illustrate classical conditioning?

A)Whenever Elizabeth smells British Sterling cologne, she feels a tingle of romantic excitement because it reminds her of her boyfriend, who always wears that cologne.
B)The sound of a neighbor's drill sends a shudder up Janeen's spine because it reminds her of the dentist's office.
C)Jack felt energized after drinking three cups of coffee, even though the coffee was actually decaffeinated.
D)Leslie always pays her electric bill on time in order to avoid a late charge.

Question 55

Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws was a thriller about agreat white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music pickedup. After the audience had experienced this a few times, thesound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear inthe audience even though the shark still had not appeared. Atthat point, fear in response to the sound of the eerie music was a(n):

A)unconditioned response (UCR).
B)conditioned response (CR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 56

The early "school" or approach to psychology called behaviorism emphasized which of the following ideas?

A)the scientific study of mental processes in humans and animals
B)the scientific study of the cognitive process involved in human and animal intelligence
C)the scientific study of observable behaviors rather than mental processes
D)the scientific study of how associations are formed between mental events and overt behaviors

Question 57

Which of the following best illustrates classical conditioning?

A)After watching another three-year-old stick out her tongue at the daycare worker, Beth does the same thing.
B)Jenny studied hard to achieve a high grade point average.
C)Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Allen gets anxious in small, enclosed rooms
D)Susan gives her daughter five dollars a week to help with chores around the house.

Question 58

At the beginning of the twentieth century, psychology's early founders had defined psychology as the scientific study of the mind. These early founders advocated the use of introspectiveself-reports to achieve two fundamental goals. What were these two goals?

A)describe and explain conscious thought and perceptions
B)characterize and explain theories of learning
C)describe and evaluate learned emotional responses
D)describe and explain learned behaviors

Question 59

Professor Lake is a strong advocate of the behavioral perspective. He would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

A)Human behavior is shaped by experience and environmental events.
B)Human behavior can best be explained by genetics and heredity.
C)Most human behavior is the result of unconscious psychological conflicts.
D)The understanding of mental processes is the key to understanding human behavior.

Question 60

What was the unconditioned response (UCR) in Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study?

A)the loud clanging sound
B)the sight of the white rat
C)fear in response to the loud clanging sound
D)fear in response to the sight of the rat

Question 61

Psychologist John Garcia conditioned rats to have a taste aversion to sweet-tasting water by injecting them with a drugthat made them ill. Using classical conditioning terminology,what was the conditioned response (CR) in this experimental situation?

A)the sweet-tasting water
B)the drug
C)getting ill in response to the drug
D)getting ill in response to the sweet-flavored water

Question 62

In learning theory, the cognitive perspective emphasizes:

A)the study of an animal's natural behavior pattern and environment as influences in learning.
B)the study of the relationship between outwardly observable behaviors and environmental events, rather than mental processes.
C)the role played by mental processes in learning.
D)the study of human behavior rather than animal behavior.

Question 63

A psychological and/or physiological response to what isactually a fake treatment or drug is called:

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)an unconditioned response (UCR).
C)an operant response.
D)a placebo response or placebo effect

Question 64

Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate:

A)the power of punishment to suppress behavior.
B)that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others.
C)that any neutral stimulus is capable of becoming a conditioned stimulus.
D)that the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus must be only a few seconds, or classical conditioning will not occur.

Question 65

Your friend Madison became very ill a few hours after eating the fried chicken special in the college cafeteria. Now, Madisonfeels queasy whenever she smells fried chicken. Having read the learning chapter in your psychology class, you explain that:

A)since Madison only experienced one pairing of the fried chicken and illness, her queasy feelings cannot be a classically conditioned response.
B)Madison has experienced a learned taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of food and illness.
C)Madison has been negatively reinforced for eating fried chicken, because consuming it led to an aversive consequence.
D)latent learning has occurred and Madison can overcome the queasy feeling by forcing herself to eat the fried chicken.

Question 66

Ever since she foolishly drank too much beer at a rock concertand vomited all over her boyfriend, Sharon becomes nauseousat the smell or taste of beer. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

A)her boyfriend; nausea
B)nausea; loud music
C)nausea; the smell or taste of beer
D)the smell or taste of beer; nausea

Question 67

Psychologist John Garcia conditioned rats to have a taste aversion to sweet-tasting water by injecting them with a drugthat made them ill. Using classical conditioning terminology,what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in this experimental situation?

A)the sweet-tasting water
B)the drug
C)getting ill in response to the drug
D)getting ill in response to the sweet-flavored water

Question 68

Josh, a graduate student in psychology, wishes to use classical conditioning to condition a learned taste aversion in pigeons.Given what you read about biological preparedness in the text,which of the following would be the easiest stimulus to use as his conditioned stimulus?

A)a painful stimulus, such as electrical shock
B)a taste stimulus, such as flavored water
C)a visual stimulus, such as colored water
D)an auditory stimulus, such as a loud noise

Question 69

Rats can most easily be classically conditioned to learn an association between which two stimuli?

A)between a flashing light and a taste
B)between a taste and physical discomfort, such as nausea or illness
C)between a loud noise and a taste
D)between a taste and a painful event, such as electric shock

Question 70

From the cognitive perspective, classical conditioning:

A)depends on the information the conditioned stimulus (CS) provides about the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
B)involves learning to associate any two responses that occur closely in time.
C)depends on developing an understanding of the similarities between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli.
D)involves learning to associate a behavior with its consequence.

Question 71

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?

A)learned helplessness
B)punishment by removal
C)higher order conditioning
D)taste aversion learning

Question 72

Angela's friend Drew told her that he was thinking about dropping out of college because no matter how hard he studied, he couldn't seem to get his grades above a C average.Angela realized that Drew was experiencing feelings of learned helplessness. What should she advise Drew to do? He should:

A)try harder.
B)break tasks down into smaller, manageable goals and seek information about exactly what was needed to succeed in each class.
C)go to a career counselor and seek advice about jobs that did not require a college degree.
D)blame the faculty for his poor performance and continue to complain about the impossibility of success, so as to avoid developing low self-esteem.

Question 73

Athletes who believe they have no control over factors that lead to poor performance are less likely to believe they cansucceed in the future and are less likely to persist in the face of failure. This illustrates the phenomenon of:

A)the Premack principle.
B)the partial reinforcement effect.
C)learned helplessness.
D)biological preparedness.

Question 74

In psychologist Robert Rescorla's classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just beforeeach of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?

A)It was an example of the partial reinforcement effect.
B)Spontaneous recovery had occurred in the second group of rats.
C)The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats.
D)The interval between the tone and the shock was too great for the second group of rats to acquire a strong conditioned response (CR).

Question 75

In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to respond to the ringing of a bell with salivation.According to Robert Rescorla, what had the dogs learned?

A)that the bell was a signal that reliably predicted that food would follow
B)a reflexive association between a ringing bell and food
C)that salivating at the sound of a bell would be reinforced by food
D)learned helplessness because of being restrained by the harness

Question 76

The evolutionary approach to classical conditioning emphasizes that:

A)an animal's unique characteristics and natural behavior patterns can influence what it is capable of learning.
B)stimuli that are related to reproduction are most likely to produce classically conditioned responses.
C)the general rules of classical conditioning are the same regardless of the response being conditioned.
D)primates and humans are less susceptible to classical conditioning procedures than lower animals like reptiles and fish.

Question 77

As studies with rats have shown, taste a versions can be produced when the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is:

A)no less than half a second and no longer than one second.
B)at least five seconds but no longer than 10 seconds.
C)as long as one hour but no longer.
D)as long as 24 hours.

Question 78

Your textbook described a classic experiment by Robert Rescorla that involved two groups of rats. One group of ratsheard a tone just before each of 20 shocks. The second group of rats experienced the same 20 tone-shock pairings, but also experienced an additional 20 shocks that were not paired with a tone. How did the two groups differ?

A)Because they experienced more shocks, the rats in the second group displayed a much stronger fear response to the tone than did the rats in the first group.
B)As predicted by the basic principles of classical conditioning, there were no differences between the two groups of rats.
C)The rats in the first group developed learned helplessness, while the rats in the second group did not.
D)The rats in the first group displayed a much stronger conditioned fear response to the tone than did the rats in the second group.

Question 79

How does the cognitive view of classical conditioning differ from the traditional behavioral perspective?

A)The cognitive view maintains that mental processes as well as external events are an important component in the learning process.
B)The cognitive view holds that learning, including classical conditioning, cannot take place in the absence of reinforcement.
C)The cognitive view asserts that internal processes such as thinking, anticipating, or deciding are not observable and therefore should not be a part of the study of classical conditioning.
D)The cognitive view maintains that all mental processes, including memory and language, are the result of prior conditioning.

Question 80

Katie loves strong coffee and cheerfully admits that she depends on caffeine to help her wake up every day. One morning, her husband served her two cups of decaffeinated coffee without telling her. Nevertheless, she still felt more alert after drinking the decaffeinated coffee. Katie's alertness after drinking decaffeinated coffee is a(n):

A)example of higher order conditioning.
B)example of latent learning.
C)operantly conditioned response to the taste and smell of coffee, and other discriminative stimuli.
D)classically conditioned response to the taste and smell of coffee, and other stimuli associated with it