Deck 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

Question 1

Laura was driving home from school and she stopped at an intersection. She looked to her left and right for on coming cars and then made a left turn, pulling out right in front of a motorcycle. Even though she looked in that direction, she failed to see the motorcycle, likely because she was looking only for cars. Her inability to see the motorcycle is a phenomenon known as:

A)inattentional blindness.
B)change blindness.
C)the cocktail party effect.
D)mindfulness.

Answer 1

inattentional blindness.

Question 2

This image depicts the sleep cycles over the course of a typica lnight. In which stage are night terrors most likely to occur?

A)stage 1 NREM
B)stage 2 NREM
C)REM sleep
D)stage 4 NREM

Answer 2

stage 4 NREM

Question 3

This image depicts key components involved in regulating your internal biological clock. Which letter indicates the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A)pineal gland
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus
C)optic nerve
D)None of the answers is correct.

Answer 3

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 4

This image depicts three of the key components involved inregulating your internal biological clock. Pick the alternative that correctly labels the structures in the drawing.

A)1 = pituitary gland, 2 = pineal gland, 3 = melatonin pathway
B)1 = hypothalamus, 2 = optic chiasm, 3 = beta neural pathway
C)1 = thalamus, 2 = circadian center, 3 = bipolar optic pathway
D)1 = pineal gland, 2 = suprachiasmatic nucleus, 3 = optic nerve

Question 5

Who is this person and for what is he known in the study of consciousness?

A)German psychiatrist Hans Berger, the inventor of the electroencephalograph
B)American psychologist William James, who coined the term ―stream of consciousness‖ to describe our experience of consciousness as unified and unbroken
C)Psychologist Ernest Hilgard, who developed the neodissociation theory of hypnosis
D)Neuroscientist J.Allan Hobson, who developed the activation-synthesis model of dreaming

Question 6

This image depicts key components involved in regulating your internal biological clock. Which structure manufactures melatonin?

A)pineal gland
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus
C)optic nerve
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 7

This image depicts the sleep cycles over the course of a typical night. In which stage are hypnagogic hallucinations most likely to occur?

A)stage 1 NREM
B)stage 2 NREM
C)REM sleep
D)stage 4 NREM

Question 8

_____ is the capacity to selectively focus senses and awarenes son particular stimuli or aspects of the environment.

A)Consciousness
B)Attention
C)Awareness
D)Rehearsal

Question 9

Because attention is limited in capacity, we tend to:

A)focus on information that is most relevant to our immediate or long-term goals.
B)always hear our name mentioned at a party.
C)be easily hypnotized.
D)get overwhelmed by all the sights, sounds, and other sensations in the external environment.

Question 10

This image depicts the sleep cycles over the course of a typical night. In which stage does the brain become much more active,and heart rate, blood pressure, and respirations shift up and down, sometimes extremely?

A)stage 1 NREM
B)stage 2 NREM
C)REM sleep
D)stage 4 NREM

Question 11

Yair failed to notice when his girl friend Lena got her hair cut because he wasn't paying attention to her hair. Not noticing that Lena cut her hair is an example of:

A)attention deficit.
B)change blindness.
C)the cocktail party effect.
D)mindfulness.

Question 12

This image depicts the sleep cycles over the course of a typical night. In which stage is sleep walking most likely to occur?

A)stage 1 NREM
B)stage 2 NREM
C)REM sleep
D)stage 4 NREM

Question 13

Dr. Castro is at a faculty party and is attentively listening toDr. Chavez talk about her latest research on selective attention when Dr. Castro suddenly becomes aware of someone else mentioning his name on the other side of the room. This phenomenon is known as:

A)inattentional blindness.
B)change blindness.
C)the cocktail party effect.
D)mindfulness.

Question 14

This image depicts the sleep cycles over the course of a typica lnight. In which stage do delta brain waves exceed 50 percentof total brain activity?

A)stage 1 NREM
B)stage 2 NREM
C)REM sleep
D)stage 4 NREM

Question 15

Which of the following statements best explains why consciousness has been viewed as a "stream" or "river?"

A)Even though the contents of consciousness are constantly changing, we subjectively experience consciousness as being continuous and unbroken.
B)Although we are aware of some of the contents of consciousness, consciousness can only be understood if you look below the ―water line,‖ at thought processes of which we are unaware.
C)Consciousness can only be understood by looking at the environmental forces that shape our conscious thoughts.
D)Consciousness can only be understood by using introspection.

Question 16

Magicians exploit a phenomenon known as _____, which occurs when we fail to notice something in our clear field of view because our limited attentional resources are devoted to another task or object in the environment.

A)inattentional blindness
B)change blindness
C)the cocktail party effect
D)mindfulness

Question 17

In a now classic study by Simons and Chabris (1999),participants watched two teams pass a basketball to their teammates. One team was wearing white shirts and the other team was wearing black shirts. Participants are told to counthow many times the team wearing the white shirts passed the basketball, thereby directing their attention to the white shirts and ignoring the black shirts. Interestingly, more than half ofthe participants failed to notice when a man wearing a black gorilla suit walked right past the two teams. This phenomenon is known as:

A)inattentional blindness.
B)change blindness.
C)the cocktail party effect.
D)mindfulness.

Question 18

This image depicts the sleep cycles over the course of a typical night. In which stage are K-complexes and sleep spindles most likely to occur?

A)stage 1 NREM
B)stage 2 NREM
C)REM sleep
D)stage 4 NREM

Question 19

As you are taking this test right now, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and different aspects of thesurrounding environment. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as:

A)dissociation.
B)consciousness.
C)hypnagogic perception.
D)delta brain wave activity.

Question 20

Of the famous statements listed below, which one did this person make?

A)"The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind."
B)"Consciousness is nothing jointed; it flows.A 'river' or a 'stream' are the metaphors by which it is most naturally described."
C)"Psychology should focus on the study of overt behavior that can be directly observed, measured and verified, and should reject the study of consciousness."
D)"Consciousness is split into two simultaneous streams of mental activity during hypnosis and hypnotic changes involve a special state of consciousness."

Question 21

The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph is called a(n):

A)electroencephalogram or EEG.
B)electromyogram (EMG).
C)circadian rhythm.
D)electrooculogram (EOG).

Question 22

How is melatonin involved in jet lag?

A)The human body produces inadequate amounts of melatonin because the air is recycled in commercial airliners at high altitudes.
B)Because sunlight is much more intense at the high altitudes flown by commercial aircraft, the body manufactures excessive melatonin.
C)Because sunlight is much more intense at the high altitudes flown by commercial aircraft, melatonin levels are reduced.
D)Switching time zones causes a person's melatonin circadian rhythm to be out of synch with environmental time cues.

Question 23

In a now classic experiment, Simons and Levin (1998) had aresearch assistant ask a pedestrian for directions. During their conversation, two people carrying a door rudely walked between the assistant and the pedestrian. However, this was part of the experiment. While the door passed in front of the research assistant, another person took his place and continued the interaction after the door passed. Half of the pedestrians didn't even notice that it was not the same person asking for directions after the door had passed by. This phenomenon is known as:

A)attention deficit.
B)change blindness.
C)the cocktail party effect.
D)mindfulness.

Question 24

If you are like most people, you experience daily fluctuations in many bodily processes, such as blood pressure, the secretion of hormones, and so on. These daily variations in biological and psychological processes are called:

A)circadian rhythms.
B)delta brain wave activity.
C)REM rebound effects.
D)free running conditions.

Question 25

REM is an acronym that stands for:

A)rapid ear movements.
B)rapid eye movements.
C)restless eye movements.
D)random eye motion.

Question 26

Paradoxical sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____ .

A)REM sleep; NREM sleep
B)parasomnia; dyssomnia
C)NREM sleep; REM sleep
D)dyssomnia; parasomnia

Question 27

John is blind and is therefore unable to detect the light that normally sets the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). If he is like most blind people:

A)his sleep-wake, body temperature, and melatonin circadian rhythms can become desynchronized.
B)he will suffer from attacks of cataplexy, especially when he is emotionally aroused.
C)stage he w 4 NRill useEM sign sle laepn wguhageen slee andp ttalkiend tno ―slg typieecpall signy ‖ during happens.
D)his REM sleep will consist of very vivid visual dreams most of which will be lucid dreams.

Question 28

Circadian rhythms that are drastically out of synchronization with day light and darkness cues can produce:

A)jet lag.
B)narcolepsy.
C)hypermnesia.
D)REM sleep behavior disorder.

Question 29

The term circadian rhythm refers to the:

A)influence of the 28-day lunar cycle on human and animal behavior.
B)consistent, daily fluctuations in many biological and psychological processes.
C)fluctuations in biological and psychological processes that occur over the different seasons of the year.
D)type of beat that is characteristic of most Latin music.

Question 30

REM sleep is also called:

A)active sleep.
B)NREM sleep.
C)quiet sleep.
D)hypnagogic sleep.

Question 31

When she participated in a sleep experiment, Yvette lived inan isolation unit for one month without any external time cues.It is very probable that her internal body clock drifted to the natural or intrinsic rhythm of approximately:

A)28 days.
B)25.2 hours.
C)22.4 hours.
D)24.2 hours.

Question 32

Under conditions in which volunteers are deprived of all environmental time cues:

A)they will experience strong symptoms of jet lag.
B)they will gravitate to roughly a 24.2-hour day.
C)their emotional, intellectual, and physical biorhythms become closely synchronized with one another.
D)their circadian rhythms will become precisely entrained to a 24-hour day.

Question 33

REM sleep is also called:

A)paradoxical sleep.
B)NREM sleep.
C)quiet sleep.
D)hypnagogic sleep.

Question 34

According to the information presented in the text, which ofthe following statements is TRUE?

A)Although nonhuman animals have numerous daily and season circadian rhythms, humans only have circadian rhythms for the sleep/wake cycle and mental alertness.
B)Under normal conditions, each of our circadian rhythms operates on a set schedule that does not vary over the course of each day.
C)There are over 100 bodily processes that systematically vary over the course of each day.
D)Exposure to environmental time cues is not necessary for people to stay entrained to a precise 24-hour schedule of circadian rhythms.

Question 35

Fred volunteered for a study in which he was deprived of all environmental time cues for a two-week period. It is very probable that:

A)he will experience episodes of cataplexy.
B)his circadian rhythms will be so disrupted that he will develop chronic jet lag symptoms.
C)he will experience microsleeps during the daytime and disruptions in his mood, mental abilities, reaction time,perceptual skills, and complex motor behaviors
D)his circadian rhythms and internal clock will drift to its natural, or intrinsic, rhythm of about 24.2 hours.

Question 36

In response to bright morning light:

A)there is an increase in the number of K complexes generated by the brain.
B)the suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to decrease production of melatonin.
C)the pineal gland increases production of melatonin.
D)brief but harmless instances of hypermnesia can occur.

Question 37

Dr. Repetti is a sleep researcher who wishes to record the rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain. He is most likely touse which of the following methods?

A)recording brain waves on an electroencephalograph
B)tracking changes in breathing, blood pressure, and body temperature
C)doing MRI scans
D)monitoring blood levels of melatonin

Question 38

The rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain are called:

A)sleep spindles.
B)brain waves.
C)circadian rhythms.
D)myoclonic rhythms.

Question 39

During the 1920s, German psychiatrist Hans Berger advanced the scientific study of sleep when he:

A)invented the first MRI scanning device.
B)discovered a procedure to monitor blood levels of
C)m eilatonnven inted.t Inhec eorreclectrtoe ncephalograph.
D)discovered REM sleep in humans.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about the suprachiasmatic nucleus is FALSE?

A)The suprachiasmatic nucleus is your internal "biological clock."
B)The suprachiasmatic nucleus governs the timing of circadian rhythms, including the sleep/wake cycle and the mental alertness cycle.
C)The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a cluster of neurons located in the brain structure called the hypothalamus.
D)The suprachiasmatic nucleus secretes a naturally occurring compound called adenosine that increases mental alertness.

Question 41

As you are being monitored by sleep researchers, almost all ofyour brain activity comprises delta brain waves. This is a clearsign that you are in:

A)stage 4 NREM.
B)REM sleep.
C)stage 2 NREM.
D)stage 1 NREM.

Question 42

Shortly after going to bed and as you are falling asleep, you experience the vividly realistic sensation that you are falling ortripping forward, which jolts you awake. This vivid sensationis a common example of:

A)REM rebound.
B)delta brain wave activity.
C)a hypnagogic hallucination.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 43

During stage 4 NREM:

A)the sleeper can easily awaken and become alert almost immediately.
B)the sleeper's heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate drop to their lowest levels.
C)the sleeper is essentially paralyzed and incapable of movement.
D)sleep spindles occur.

Question 44

Which of the following best describes a myoclonic jerk?

A)the person who usually sits in the front row of the class and asks all the questions
B)the small twitches and movements typical during REM sleep when the person is dreaming
C)a spontaneous muscle contraction that causes a hypnotized person to suddenly and unexpectedly come out of hypnosis
D)as a person is going to sleep, an involuntary muscle spasm that jolts the person awake

Question 45

In combination, stage 3 NREM and stage 4 NREM:

A)occur mostly during the second half of the night.
B)are called paradoxical sleep.
C)are comprised mostly of beta brain wave activity.
D)are referred to as slow-wave sleep.

Question 46

Carlotta is a research assistant in the college sleep lab. As shemonitored the EEG recording of a sleeping subject in the lab,she noted the presence of theta brain waves, sleep spindles,and K complexes. Carlotta concludes that the subject is experiencing:

A)REM sleep.
B)stage 4 NREM.
C)a hypnagogic hallucination.
D)stage 2 NREM.

Question 47

Hypnagogic hallucinations are:

A)also called K complexes.
B)the primary symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder.
C)occasionally experienced by most people
D)an unusual sleep experience that occurs predominantly in infants and young children.

Question 48

You've been lying awake next to your bed partner for about five minutes. As you hear the other person's breathing become rhythmical, you notice occasional slight twitches in your partner's hand and leg. Most likely, your bed partner is in:

A)paradoxical sleep.
B)stage 2 NREM.
C)stage 4 NREM.
D)REM sleep.

Question 49

Sleep paralysis:

A)is the most common cause of insomnia.
B)usually precedes an episode of sleepwalking.
C)usually lasts for a few minutes.
D)is experienced only when people are falling asleep.

Question 50

The In Focus box titled"What You Really Want to Know About Sleep" discusses the topic of sleep walking, making the point that:

A)in general, it is not dangerous to wake a sleepwalker.
B)because sleepwalkers are always in REM sleep when they walk it is very easy to wake them.
C)the majority of sleepwalkers do not respond to verbal suggestions, and attempts to guide them back to bed are usually futile.
D)in general, it is very dangerous to try and wake a sleepwalker.

Question 51

According to the information discussed in the In Focus boxtitled "What You Really Want to Know About Sleep,"which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)A naturally occurring compound called adenosine seems to be involved in producing sleepiness.
B)Sleep paralysis is a rare, progressive condition that can eventually lead to a permanent coma if left
C)un trSleeeatpe rde.se Inarccohrrecers ht ave demonstrated that it is possible to have extended, meaningful conversations with people who are chronic sleeptalkers.
D)Yawning is caused by having too little oxygen or too much carbon dioxide in the blood.

Question 52

Active sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____ .

A)REM sleep; NREM sleep
B)parasomnia; dyssomnia
C)NREM sleep; REM sleep
D)dyssomnia; parasomnia

Question 53

Which of the following statements about yawning is TRUE?

A)Yawning is usually followed by a decrease in activity level.
B)One bit of evidence confirming that yawning is contagious is that about half of adults will yawn when shown videos of other people yawning.
C)Contagious yawning is rare or nonexistent in highly social primates such as macaques and chimpanzees.
D)Blind people never experience contagious yawning.

Question 54

Dan drinks a cup or two of strong coffee in the morning to help him wake up and get rid of his sleepiness. According tothe In Focus box titled "What You Really Want to Know About Sleep," the common stimulant drug in coffee, caffeine,blocks receptors for a naturally occurring compound in the body called _____, thus promoting wakefulness.

A)hypocretin
B)adenosine
C)oxycodone
D)dopamine

Question 55

As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert.This means that your brain is generating _____ brain waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)theta
D)delta

Question 56

According to the information discussed in the In Focus boxtitled "What You Really Want to Know About Sleep," whichof the following statements is FALSE?

A)Research has contradicted the notion that yawning is caused by too much carbon dioxide or too little oxygen in a person's blood.
B)Deaf people who use sign language sometimes "sleep sign"during sleep.
C)Contagious yawning may have evolved as an adaptive social cue, helping groups to signal and coordinate times of activity or rest.
D)Sleep paralysis is a rare phenomenon and is usually associated with sleep disorders such as narcolepsy.

Question 57

As you are lying in bed, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy. During this short, transitional stage of sleep you disengage from the routine sounds in your environment. This sleep stage is called:

A)REM sleep.
B)stage 1 NREM.
C)stage 2 NREM.
D)paradoxical sleep.

Question 58

After turning out the light for the night, your head hits the pillow. Gradually, your muscles relax and drowsiness occurs.This drowsy yet wakeful state is associated with _____ brain waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)theta
D)delta

Question 59

According to the In Focus box titled "What You Really Wantto Know About Sleep," yawning is:

A)caused by too much carbon dioxide in a person's blood.
B)typically followed by an increase in a person's activity level.
C)caused by too little oxygen in a person's blood.
D)not contagious.

Question 60

The presence of sleep spindles and K complexes are the defining characteristics of:

A)narcolepsy.
B)stage 2 NREM sleep.
C)stage 3 and 4 NREM sleep.
D)REM sleep behavior disorder.

Question 61

For several nights in a row, a sleep researcher wakes you up whenever you show signs of entering REM sleep. On the first night that you are allowed to sleep uninterrupted, you will most likely experience:

A)microsleeps.
B)a dramatic increase in stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.
C)REM rebound.
D)very little REM sleep.

Question 62

After returning from her vacation in Hawaii, your cousinapologizes for forgetting the time difference and calling while you were in a very deep sleep. You're very puzzled by her comment because you have no recollection of the phone conversation. The phone conversation most likely occurred while you were experiencing:

A)REM sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)beta brain waves.
D)stage 4 NREM.

Question 63

Vague, bland, thought like ruminations about real-life events that usually occur during NREM slow-wave sleep are characteristic of:

A)sleep thinking.
B)narcolepsy.
C)nightmares.
D)hypnagogic hallucinations.

Question 64

An unfolding sequence of perceptions, thoughts, and emotions during sleep (usually REM), that is experienced as a series ofreal-life events is a description of:

A)sleep mentation.
B)a dream.
C)a hypnagogic hallucination.
D)hypnosis.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Although they can seem like they last a long time, dreams actually happen in just a few seconds.
B)Dreams can occasionally occur during NREM sleep.
C)Sex or sexual behaviors are the most common elements of dream stories for both males and females.
D)Many people have only one or two dreams per month.

Question 66

Sleep walking typically occurs during:

A)REM sleep.
B)hypnagogic hallucinations.
C)stage 4 NREM.
D)stage 1 NREM.

Question 67

Because of the effects of depriving research subjects of either REM sleep or stages 3 and 4 NREM deep sleep, it seems clear that:

A)we need to experience the full range of NREM sleep stages and REM sleep.
B)neither REM sleep nor NREM sleep are necessary components of sleep.
C)REM sleep is a necessary component of sleep but deep sleep is not.
D)deep sleep is a necessary component of sleep but REM sleep is not.

Question 68

During a normal night's sleep, a person typically experiences about _____ of NREM and REM sleep.

A)1 cycle
B)2 cycles
C)5 cycles
D)8 cycles

Question 69

Dreams that are most likely to be remembered are:

A)early morning dreams, which can last 40 minutes or longer.
B)those that appear in black and white rather than color.
C)those that occur during the first REM period of the night, which lasts for about 10 minutes or so.
D)late night dreams that happen during slow-wave deep sleep.

Question 70

According to Focus on Neuro science: The Sleep-Deprived Emotional Brain, which of the following is TRUE?

A)People often react with greater emotionality when they're not getting adequate sleep.
B)When people are consistently operating on too little sleep their emotional reactions are considerably reduced.
C)A brain area called the amygdala has significantly reduced activity in sleep-deprived people compared to adequately rested people.
D)Research has clearly shown that watching unpleasant, disturbing images causes people to feel much more sleep- deprived and tired than when they watch neutral images.

Question 71

On average, a new born infant sleeps about 16 hours per day.How much of this sleep time is spent in REM sleep?

A)none
B)less than 20 percent of the sleep time
C)about 50 percent of the sleep time
D)all of a newborn's sleep time

Question 72

A couple of times during the night, you a waken slightly. Each time you awaken, you're aware of vague mental images that reflect a conversation you and your boss had about resolving a problem at work. These bland, thought like ruminations about real events are best described as:

A)sleep thinking.
B)hypnagogic hallucinations.
C)dreams.
D)somnambulism.

Question 73

Fred volunteered for a sleep deprivation study. After he is deprived of sleep for two nights:

A)he is very likely to experience episodes of cataplexy.
B)he will feel refreshed and alert once he gets his ―second wind.‖
C)it is very probable that he will experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reaction time, perceptual skills, and complex motor skills.
D)it is very probable that he will develop one of the most common dyssomnias, transient insomnia.

Question 74

A couple of times during the night, you a waken slightly. Eachtime you a waken, you're aware of vague mental images that reflect a conversation you and your boss had about resolving aproblem at work. These bland, thought like ruminations about real events are best described as:

A)sleep mentation.
B)hypnagogic hallucinations.
C)dreams.
D)somnambulism.

Question 75

The cycles of NREM sleep and REM sleep begin:

A)during fetal development.
B)almost immediately after birth.
C)about six months after birth.
D)when the infant is about one year old.

Question 76

Ted went without sleep for two days in order to study for a final exam. Ted can expect to experience:

A)virtually no effect on his mental abilities and reaction time.
B)very brief episodes of sleep called microsleeps that occur during wakefulness.
C)REM sleep behavior disorder.
D)intense hypnagogic hallucinations.

Question 77

During REM sleep, a dreamer tends to uncritically accept these emingly illogical and occasionally bizarre details of his orher dreams. In terms of brain functioning, what seems to account for this?

A)The frontal lobes are essentially shut down during REM sleep.
B)Only the regions at the base of the brain are operational during REM sleep.
C)The hippocampus and amygdala quit functioning during REM sleep.
D)Dreaming activates the brain's right hemisphere but not the left hemisphere, which is almost completely inactive.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding dreams?

A)People usually have four or five dreaming episodes each night.
B)The first REM episode of the night is the shortest, lasting only about 10 minutes.
C)Early morning dreams, which can last for 40 minutes or longer, are the dreams most likely to be remembered.
D)All of these statements are true regarding dreams.

Question 79

Dreaming usually takes place during _____ sleep and is typically accompanied by _____.

A)NREM; voluntary muscle movements, including thrashing and sleepwalking
B)deep; minimal brain activity
C)REM; voluntary muscle movements, talking, and sleepwalking
D)REM; physiological arousal and rapid movement of the eyes

Question 80

Observing a subject who is in REM sleep, a sleep researchercan conclude that all of the following are true of the subject EXCEPT:

A)the subject is dreaming.
B)the subject's brain becomes very active.
C)voluntary muscle activity is suppressed in the subject.
D)the subject's heart rate and blood pressure reach their lowest levels.