Deck 7: Thinking Language,and Intelegance

Question 1

When we form a concept by learning the rules or features that define a particular concept, it is called a(n) _____ concept.

A)informal
B)formal
C)unnatural
D)natural

Answer 1

formal

Question 2

Dr. Roberto investigates how the mental activities involved inacquiring, retaining, and using knowledge develop over the human lifespan. Dr. Roberto's area of research is:

A)comparative cognition.
B)concerned with the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
C)cognition
D)problem solving and decision making.

Answer 2

cognition

Question 3

Who is this person and for what is he famous?

A)Charles Spearman, who advanced the theory that a general intelligence factor, called the g factor, is responsible for overall intellectual functioning
B)David Wechsler, who developed the WAIS, the most widely used intelligence test.
C)French psychologist Alfred Binet, who developed the first intelligence test.
D)Lewis Terman, who translated and adapted the Binet-Simon intelligence test for use in the United States.

Answer 3

French psychologist Alfred Binet, who developed the first intelligence test.

Question 4

Formal concept is to _____ as natural concept is to _____.

A)mental image; physical object
B)defining rules and features; everyday experience
C)prototype; heuristic
D)physical object; mental image

Question 5

Who is this person and what was his major contribution to psychology?

A)British psychologist Charles Spearman, who proposed that a single factor, the g factor, underlies many different kinds of mental abilities
B)French psychologist Alfred Binet, who developed the first intelligence test
C)Lewis Terman, who translated and adapted the Binet-Simon intelligence test for use in the United States
D)Howard Gardner, whose theory of intelligence states that there is not one intelligence but multiple independent intelligences

Question 6

The people in this picture are using American Sign Language(ASL). Which of the following is TRUE about the use of sign language?

A)Different brain areas are activated in hearing people when they speak than are activated in deaf people when they use sign language.
B)ASL is a system of communicating using signs but does not meet the formal requirements for language.
C)the lin Reseguaristic rch with helativiearty hyping-imotphairesised ( pWheoporle usifian ng ASL supports hypothesis).
D)ASL meets all the formal requirements of language, including syntax, displacement, and generativity.

Question 7

Your text described a classic study that involved participants memorizing a simple map, and then measuring how long ittook them to mentally scan from one location to another across a mental image of the map. What was the main conclusion of the research study?

A)The vast majority of people are unable to mentally scan a remembered visual image.
B)People take much longer to scan a mental image than to scan an actual image.
C)People tend to scan a mental image in much the same way that they scan an actual visual image.
D)People take much longer to scan an actual image than to scan a mental image.

Question 8

While Mary was reading a story about the Australian outback adventures of Billy and his dog, she had no problem visualizing the arid countryside, the unusual animals that lived there, and the various people that Billy and his dog met in their journeys. Mary is using:

A)mental imagery.
B)a mental set.
C)an algorithm.
D)a heuristic.

Question 9

The table pictured here provides a list of eight abilities that all reflect intelligence. Which of the following theorists is most likely to endorse this view of multiple intelligences?

A)Lewis Terman
B)Louis Thurstone
C)Howard Gardner
D)Robert Sternberg

Question 10

Mental images:

A)can involve any of the senses, including sounds, smells, and textures.
B)are typically only visual, although some exceptional people can form auditory mental images.
C)are involved in processing visual stimuli only, and are not involved when stimuli are sounds, smells, textures, or tastes.
D)cannot be studied scientifically.

Question 11

Thinking often involves the manipulation of two forms of mental representations:

A)concepts and mental images.
B)perception and intelligence.
C)learning and cognition.
D)prototypes and stereotypes.

Question 12

Who is this person and for what is he famous?

A)David Wechsler, who developed the WAIS, the most widely used intelligence test
B)Alfred Binet, French psychologist who developed the first intelligence test
C)Lewis Terman, who translated and adapted the Binet-Simon intelligence test for use in the United States
D)Howard Gardner, whose theory of intelligence states that there is not one intelligence but multiple independent intelligences

Question 13

The psychologist in this picture is administering a nonverbal subtest of an intelligence test to a 6-year-old girl. This test is called _____ and was developed by _____.

A)Raven's Progressive Matrices Test; John Raven
B)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC); David Wechsler
C)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale; Lewis Terman
D)Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI); David Wechsler

Question 14

A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present is called a(n):

A)algorithm.
B)mental image.
C)stereotype.
D)heuristic.

Question 15

Shown here are the fMRIs of the brain activity in two participants whilethey looked at photographs of familiar faces and places (top row-perception) or imagined the same pictures (bottom row-imagery).According to the Focus on Neuroscience box, "Seeing Faces and Places inthe Mind's Eye," what do these fMRIs demonstrate?

A)The fusiform facial area is activated when either looking at familiar faces or imagining them, and the parahippocampal place area is activated when either looking at familiar places or imagining them.
B)Totally different brain areas are active when participants look at objects (familiar faces or places) compared to when they imagine the same objects.
C)There is virtually no brain activity in the fusiform facial area or the parahippocampal place area when participants are looking at familiar faces or places (perception) but very high levels when the participants are imagining familiar faces or places (imagery).
D)There is a very high level of brain activity in the fusiform facial area and the parahippocampal place area when participants are looking at familiar faces or places (perception) but very low levels when the participants are imagining familiar faces or places (imagery).

Question 16

The psychological process that involves manipulating mental representations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions is called:

A)perception.
B)sensation.
C)thinking.
D)learning.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT true about concepts?

A)Concepts economize the cognitive effort required for thinking.
B)Concepts make it easier to communicate with people.
C)Formal concepts are much easier to acquire than natural concepts because they are formed automatically through everyday experiences.
D)Thinking can be more efficient because concepts can be organized into orderly hierarchies.

Question 18

How we use our cognitive abilities and accumulated knowledge to think, solve problems, and use language are all key dimensions of:

A)perception.
B)sensation.
C)intelligence.
D)memory.

Question 19

Joseph is trying to select a new couch for his living room. As he looks at each couch at the furniture store, he tries to visualize how it would look in his living room at home. Josephis using _____ to help him determine which couch to buy.

A)a prototype
B)a natural concept
C)a formal concept
D)mental imagery

Question 20

The mental categories we have formed to group objects,events, or situations that share similar features or characteristics are called:

A)concepts.
B)mental images.
C)algorithms.
D)heuristics.

Question 21

Which of the following BEST defines a prototype?

A)the most typical instance of a particular concept
B)the beliefs and expectations we have about the characteristics of a particular group
C)a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it
D)individual instances of a concept or category held in memory

Question 22

Two of your friends are having a heated argument about whether a particular basketball player is one of the "super-greats" or just one of the "greats" of basketball. Because you have read this chapter, you point out to them that their argument may never be resolved because:

A)"super-great basketball players" is a natural concept with fuzzy boundaries.
B)"super-great basketball players" is a heuristic without hard and fast rules.
C)"super-great basketball players" is a formal concept, but your friends are unaware of the rules that define it.
D)"super-great basketball players" is an algorithm, and requires a clear prototype for accurate classification.

Question 23

When Hillary was asked what comes to mind in response tothe word "animal," she immediately said "horse." For Hillary,"horse" is a(n) _____ of the category "animal."

A)prototype
B)formal concept
C)stereotype
D)additive feature

Question 24

The Focus on Neuroscience box, "Seeing Faces and Places inthe Mind's Eye,"reported on an fMRI study of mental imagery. From simply looking at the brain scan images, the researchers were able to determine whether the research participants were:

A)imagining a sound or a visual scene.
B)experiencing happiness, sadness, fear, or anger.
C)imagining a face or a place.
D)solving an arithmetic problem or scanning a visual image of a map.

Question 25

The Focus on Neuroscience box, "Seeing Faces and Places inthe Mind's Eye,"reported on an fMRI study of mental imagery. In comparing perception and imagery, the rsearchers found that:

A)compared to imagining a face or place, perceiving a face or place evoked a stronger brain response
B)looking at faces activated the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and imagining faces activated the fusiform facial area (FFA).
C)compared to imagining a face or place, perceiving a face or place evoked a much weaker brain response.
D)looking at places activated the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and imagining places activated the fusiform facial area (FFA).

Question 26

Thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available is called:

A)wishful thinking.
B)displacement.
C)generative thinking.
D)problem solving.

Question 27

When Valerie decided to return to college, she had to figure out how she was going to support herself financially and stillmaintain a high grade-point average. Valerie is engaged in:

A)problem solving.
B)concept formation.
C)prototypical thinking.
D)stereotypical thinking.

Question 28

Which of the following BEST defines a formal concept?

A)the most typical instance of a particular concept
B)a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience
C)a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it
D)a mental representation of an object or event that is not physically present

Question 29

Mary had trouble recognizing that snails can be a food because snails did not fit with her _____ of food.

A)prototype
B)heuristic
C)intuition
D)generative idea

Question 30

A concept that is formed as a result of everyday experience,rather than by learning strict rules or features, is called a(n)_____ concept.

A)informal
B)formal
C)unnatural
D)natural

Question 31

Rachel took longer to agree with the statement "an ostrich is abird" than the statement "a crow is a bird," because forRachel an ostrich is dissimilar to her _____ of the category"bird."

A)formal concept
B)heuristic
C)prototype
D)stereotype

Question 32

In general, you can quickly identify an item as being an example of a natural concept if the item:

A)closely matches the prototype of the concept
B)is very different from the prototype of the concept.
C)is identified using the additive model.
D)has functional fixedness.

Question 33

Nikki wandered into a produce store in Chinatown and saw abin marked LITCHIS that was filled with small round objects with bumpy red shells. As she was trying to decide whether"litchis" were fruits or vegetables, she was mentally comparing them to her memories of other instances of fruitsand vegetables, such as cherry tomatoes, raspberries,strawberries, and grapes. In her attempt to classify the litchis,Nikki was using:

A)exemplars.
B)formal concept rules and features.
C)stereotypes.
D)prototypes.

Question 34

The Focus on Neuroscience box, "Seeing Faces and Places inthe Mind's Eye," reported on an fMRI study of mental imagery. One of the findings of the study was that:

A)looking at places activated the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and imagining places activated the fusiform facial area (FFA).
B)imagining a scene activated different brain areas than were activated during perception of the scene.
C)(P looPA)k aning at d imfacagines acting fivaatcees actd theivat pareahd tiphep focusifampalorm p faclaceial ar areea a (FFA)
D)imagining a scene activated the same brain areas that were activated during perception of the scene

Question 35

Exemplars and prototypes are similar in that:

A)both are effective problem-solving strategies.
B)they both involve strict rules and procedures for categorizing novel objects or situations.
C)they are used to determine whether an object or situation is an instance of a particular natural concept
D)both can be obstacles to successful problem solving.

Question 36

With virtually no hesitation you can say that pigs, sheep, and cows are all examples of the concept of mammal, but you may hesitate a few seconds before deciding whether bats and porpoises are also mammals. This suggests that pigs, sheep,and cows are _____ of the concept mammal.

A)stereotypes
B)prototypes
C)algorithms
D)heuristics

Question 37

The Focus on Neuroscience box, "Seeing Faces and Places inthe Mind's Eye," reported on an fMRI study of mental imagery. What was the central question being investigated inthe fMRI study?

A)whether all emotions activate the same areas of the brain or different areas of the brain
B)whether forming a mental image activates a different part of the brain than that used in solving an arithmetic problem
C)whether a mental image activates the same brain areas that are involved in the perception of the actual scene or object
D)whether auditory mental images of sounds activate the same brain area as do visual mental images

Question 38

The Focus on Neuroscience box, "Seeing Faces and Places inthe Mind's Eye," reported on an fMRI study of mental imagery. In the study, the researchers compared brain scans of volunteers who were:

A)listening to music versus looking at paintings.
B)looking at an actual scene versus imagining the same scene.
C)imagining a sound versus imagining a smell.
D)watching a scary video versus imagining something scary happening to them.

Question 39

Our memories of individual instances of a particular conceptare called:

A)categories
B)attributes.
C)stereotypes.
D)exemplars.

Question 40

A natural concept is:

A)the most typical instance of a particular concept.
B)a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience.
C)a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it.
D)a mental representation of an object or event that is not physically present.

Question 41

Which of the following is the BEST definition of heuristic?

A)the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved
B)a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method, which inevitably produces the correct solution
C)a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions
D)a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work

Question 42

Kip is a professional auto mechanic whose hobby is restoringold cars. He picked up a classic Thunderbird convertible at anauction, but after spending several weekends tinkering with the engine, he still couldn't figure out what was wrong with it.As he was waking up one morning, he suddenly realized what the problem was. Kip's sudden realization of the problem'ssolution is an example of:

A)mental set.
B)a heuristic.
C)insight.
D)functional fixedness.

Question 43

Which statement best characterizes the process of insight?

A)Insight rarely occurs through the conscious manipulation of concepts or information.
B)Insight involves a systematic search of thoughts and ideas that will lead to a solution.
C)Insight often involves using the working backward approach for problem solving.
D)Insight typically involves the subgoal analysis approach to problem solving.

Question 44

Tom, whose story was told in the Prologue, has Asperger'ssyndrome. Like many people, he can become frustrated whenhe is "stuck" on a problem. However, unlike other people whorecognize when it's time to switch to a new strategy or acceptdefeat and give up, Tom perseveres in trying to find the"right" solution, demonstrating _____, which are characteristics of Asperger's syndrome.

A)cognitive rigidity and inflexible thinking
B)intuitive thinking and insight
C)creativity, displacement, and generativity
D)mental retardation and a low IQ

Question 45

In the _____ stage of the two-stage theory of intuition,conscious, analytic thought processes take over and you try to prove or disprove your hypothesis.

A)guiding
B)integrative
C)generativity
D)heuristic

Question 46

A mental set is defined as the:

A)tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.
B)process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved.
C)tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past.
D)sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is TRUE about intuition?

A)Intuition's first stage is largely unconscious
B)Intuition involves the deliberate use of algorithms and heuristics.
C)Intuition cannot be operationally defined or measured.
D)Intuition is the first step in solving any problem.

Question 48

David and Alice plan to vacation in Florida. They figure out the total cost of the trip and then decide how much they will have to put aside each week in order to be able to pay for their holiday. David and Alice are using:

A)insight.
B)the working backward heuristic.
C)trial-and-error planning.
D)an algorithm.

Question 49

Dr. Foster has been a clinical psychologist for 15 years and has worked with hundreds of patients. One day, a patient came toDr. Foster's office and began to describe his concerns and problems. Dr. Foster listened to what the patient said and observed the patient's posture, movements, and facial expressions. Based upon this information, Dr. Foster began toget a sense of what the pattern of symptoms probably meant.In which stage of Bowers's model of intuition was Dr. Foster operating?

A)the integrative stage
B)the generativity stage
C)the displacement stage
D)the guiding stage

Question 50

Functional fixedness is defined as:

A)the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.
B)the process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved.
C)the tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past.
D)the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.

Question 51

The process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involvedis called:

A)functional fixedness.
B)a mental set.
C)intuition.
D)prototypical thinking.

Question 52

Dr. Majid met with a new patient who had a long list of puzzling symptoms. After talking with him for about tenminutes, Dr. Majid told the patient that she needed to runsome tests. Dr. Majid ordered a series of blood and urine tests but privately believed that the patient probably had diabetes.When the test results came back, Dr. Majid sat down to analyze them. Analyzing the test results to confirm or disproveher hunch is an example of the _____ stage of intuition.

A)integrative
B)guiding
C)displacement
D)generativity

Question 53

In which stage of the two-stage model of intuition does a person perceive a pattern in the information that is being contemplated, but not consciously?

A)the representative stage
B)the guiding stage
C)the integrative stage
D)the generativity stage

Question 54

When there is a limited range of possible solutions, _____ canbe a useful problem-solving strategy.

A)stereotypical thinking
B)applying a formal concept
C)trial and error
D)insight and intuition

Question 55

Problem solving is defined as:

A)thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available.
B)the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge.
C)the mental activities that involve learning rules and features.
D)the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.

Question 56

Gregory decides to drive to Toronto to visit a college friend.After crossing the Canadian border, he discovers that the speed limits are posted in kilometers rather than miles perhour. Luckily, Gregory remembers that 1 kilometer equals 1.6miles and that to convert kilometers to miles, he can multiply the number of kilometers by 0.6214. This method would be an example of a problem-solving strategy called:

A)a heuristic.
B)an algorithm.
C)insight.
D)trial and error.

Question 57

When Jean-Claude came back from skiing he wanted to brewa cup of coffee. Because he was out of coffee filters, he settled for tea. Jean-Claude's failure to realize he could use a paper towel as a coffee filter best illustrates:

A)a mental set.
B)intuition.
C)functional fixedness.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 58

When LaToya got her new computer, she carefully followed the steps described in the manual, and by the end of the evening her new computer was up and running. LaToya used:

A)an algorithm.
B)a heuristic.
C)insight.
D)trial and error.

Question 59

Dr. Milovitch systematically mixed thousands of different combinations of chemical compounds in order to find one that would be a pollution-free refrigerator coolant. Dr. Milovitch's approach best illustrates:

A)trial-and-error problem solving.
B)the use of algorithms for solving the problem.
C)prototypical thinking.
D)the use of heuristics for solving the problem.

Question 60

Derek learns that his apartment building has been sold and that he needs to move by the end of the month. He develops the following plan of action: (1) look for a new apartment; (2)arrange for utilities; (3) contact a moving company andschedule the move; (4) start collecting empty boxes; (5) packnonessential items first; and so forth. What kind of problem-solving strategy is Derek using to solve the problem of movingbefore the end of the month?

A)the heuristic of identifying subgoals
B)trial-and-error planning
C)an algorithm
D)functional fixedness

Question 61

Whenever Rachel is faced with choosing from a wide range ofbrand-name products, she always buys the cheapest brand.Rachel is using the _____ of decision making.

A)single-feature model
B)additive model
C)elimination by aspects model
D)availability model

Question 62

Research suggests that the _____ is most likely to be used when people rely on information held in long-term memory to determine the likelihood of events occurring.

A)elimination by aspects model
B)representative heuristic
C)additive model
D)availability heuristic

Question 63

Sonia has been offered a job by two different companies. Since she is uncertain about which job offer to accept, Sonia makes alist of the features of each company. She then rates these features using a 10-point scale, with 10 being the best. Finally,Sonia adds up the ratings for each company. She accepts the job offer from the company that had the highest score. Sonia used the _____ model to help her make her decision about which job to accept.

A)single-feature
B)elimination by aspects
C)additive
D)rule-of-thumb

Question 64

Jonathan is untidy, outgoing, and a chain smoker. He frequently stays up late and has a very flexible work schedule.Given this description, most people would guess that Jonathanis a bartender (which he is not) rather than a tax accountant(which he is). This example illustrates the influence of:

A)the availability heuristic.
B)functional fixedness.
C)the representativeness heuristic.
D)linguistic relativity.

Question 65

_____ is sometimes most likely to block insight in areas in which you are already knowledgeable or well trained.

A)The availability heuristic
B)The representativeness heuristic
C)Mental set
D)An unnecessary constraint

Question 66

The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:

A)we generalize our views to other, nonrepresentative heuristics.
B)the representativeness algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristic.
C)we take too much time considering all possible variations from the prototype.
D)we fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist.

Question 67

Faced with a wide variety of computers to choose from, Mary first eliminated all models that would not fit comfortably onher desk. Next, she eliminated all models costing more than$1000. Finally, she eliminated all models without a full year's warranty. It appears that Mary is using the _____ of decision making.

A)single-feature model
B)additive model
C)elimination by aspects model
D)integrative model

Question 68

A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it is to the typical prototype of the event is a definition of:

A)the availability heuristic.
B)the confirmation bias.
C)the representativeness heuristic.
D)mental set.

Question 69

Marilyn wanted to buy a new sport utility vehicle. First, she identified those SUVs that were in her price range. Next, sheonly considered SUVs that were four-wheel drive, and then identified the model with the best safety record. Finally, there was only one SUV that met all of her criteria. Marilyn wasusing the _____ model of decision-making.

A)elimination by aspects
B)multiple features
C)single-feature
D)rule-of-thumb

Question 70

State lottery commissions capitalize on the _____ by running many TV commercials showing that lucky person who won the$100 million Powerball. A vivid memory is created, whichleads viewers to an inaccurate estimate of the likelihood that the event will happen to them.

A)availability heuristic
B)availability algorithm
C)representativeness heuristic
D)representativeness algorithm

Question 71

A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily we can remember other instances of the event is called the:

A)availability heuristic.
B)availability algorithm.
C)representativeness heuristic.
D)representativeness algorithm.

Question 72

After media coverage of two spectacular train crashes, people overestimated the probability of being killed or injured in atrain crash and exaggerated the dangers of train travel. This example illustrates:

A)the availability heuristic.
B)functional fixedness.
C)the representativeness heuristic.
D)mental set.

Question 73

Jorge is faced with the decision of which of two equally attractive condominiums to buy. He makes a list of the factors that are most important to him and numerically rates the two condominiums on each factor. Jorge is using the _____ modelof decision making.

A)single-feature model
B)additive model
C)elimination by aspects model
D)availability model

Question 74

Mental set is sometimes most likely to block insight in areas in which you are:

A)already knowledgeable or well trained
B)a novice.
C)untrained.
D)neither knowledgeable nor trained.

Question 75

Kyle is trying to decide which brand of diapers he should buy for his newborn daughter. Each of the brands has its own unique features that make it seem better than the others. Some have extra padding so that it retains more fluid. Another hasspecial elastic bands around the legs to prevent leakage. Still others have fancy Velcro fasteners. Finally, confused over allof the features, Kyle buys the brand that he recognizes from commercials. What decision-making strategy did Kyle use?

A)the additive model
B)the elimination by aspects model
C)representativeness heuristic model
D)the single-feature model

Question 76

A decision-making strategy that involves systematically evaluating the important features of each alternative andrating each one using an arbitrary scale is called the:

A)single-feature model.
B)additive model.
C)elimination by aspects model.
D)availability model.

Question 77

A decision-making strategy that involves evaluating all the options one characteristic at a time, starting with the most important, and discarding an option if it doesn't meet that criterion, is called the:

A)single-feature model.
B)additive model.
C)elimination by aspects model.
D)integrative model.

Question 78

Janice forgot to pack a pillow for her camping trip, but used her down-filled jacket as a substitute pillow. This is an example of:

A)overcoming functional fixedness.
B)developing a mental set.
C)using exemplars as an aid to intuitive problem solving.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 79

When Adrian's computer would not respond to commands from the wireless keyboard, he tried restarting the computer,as that strategy had worked in the past. After several tries, the keyboard still did not work so he gave up and called a computer repair service. A technician easily solved the problem: the batteries in the wireless keyboard needed to be replaced. Adrian's inability to solve the problem on his own had been hampered by his:

A)functional fixedness.
B)use of an algorithm.
C)mental set.
D)decision-making strategy.

Question 80

The _____ is a decision-making strategy that simplifies the choice among many alternatives, and although useful forminor decisions, can increase the riskiness of complex decisions.

A)single-feature model
B)additive model
C)elimination by aspects model
D)availability model