Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

Participants in Sperling's experiment stared at a screen on which three rows of letters were flashed for just one-twentieth of a second. If Sperling sounded a high-pitched, medium-pitched, or low-pitched tone within _____, the person could recall the letters in the upper, middle, or lower row.

A)one minute
B)thirty seconds
C)three seconds
D)one-third of a second

Answer 1

one-third of a second

Question 2

Which of the following statements about sensory memory isFALSE?

A)Memory researchers believe there is a separate sensory memory for each sense.
B)One function of sensory memory is to briefly store our sensory impressions .
C)Visual sensory memory holds information longer than auditory sensory memory.
D)Visual sensory memory only lasts for about half a second.

Answer 2

Visual sensory memory holds information longer than auditory sensory memory.

Question 3

This psychologist is _____ and he is famous for _____.

A)George Miller; describing the limits of short-term memory in a classic paper entitled "The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two"
B)Allan Baddeley; developing a model of working memory with three main components, the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive
C)Eric Kandel; winning the Nobel Prize for his discoveries on the neural basis of memory
D)George Sperling; his research on the duration of visual sensory memory

Answer 3

George Sperling; his research on the duration of visual sensory memory

Question 4

We transform information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system. This process is known as:

A)encoding.
B)retrieval.
C)storage.
D)prospective remembering.

Question 5

Short-term memory is often referred to as _____ memory.

A)working
B)sensory
C)episodic
D)source

Question 6

The drawing depicts a left-side view of the brain. The leaderlines point to some of the key brain structures involved in memory. Identify the letter of the brain structure that isinvolved in encoding the emotional qualities of memories.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)cerebellum

Question 7

The leader lines point to some of the key brain structures involved in memory. Identify the letter that corresponds to the brain area involved in motor skill memories and simple classically conditioned reflexes, such as the eye-blink reflex.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)cerebellum

Question 8

Who is this man and for what is he famous?

A)George Sperling, who identified the duration of visual sensory memory
B)Hermann Ebbinghaus, who used himself as the sole subject in his pioneering studies of forgetting, and plotted the first forgetting curve
C)Henry Molaison, the man known by his initials, H.M., who had his hippocampus surgically removed more than fifty years ago, producing severe memory deficits
D)Karl Lashley, who attempted to find the specific brain location of particular memories

Question 9

Sperling's classic experiment in which he briefly flashed three rows of letters on a screen immediately followed by a tone demonstrated that:

A)subliminal perception can influence unconscious thought processes.
B)auditory sensory memory lasts for three or four seconds.
C)visual sensory memory holds a great deal of information for about half a second.
D)short-term memory can last for up to thirty seconds.

Question 10

This psychologist is _____, who is best known _____.

A)Suzanne Corkin; for her evaluation of different aspects of the amnesiac patient H.M.'s memory abilities
B)Elizabeth Loftus; as one of the most widely recognized authorities on eyewitness testimony and how memories can
C)be cBormene dda Mistoriltneedr an; ford c hheanr rgeesedar
D)Anne Cleary; for her research on memory explanations for the déjà vu experience

Question 11

According to the stage model of memory:

A)the capacity to remember changes with each age and stage of the lifespan.
B)memory consists of the stages of maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, and clustering.
C)memories evolve in stages from simple memories to complex memories.
D)memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 12

As James watched Haley wave the 4th of July sparkler backand forth, he noticed that the sparkler seemed to produce atrailing after image that faded within a split second. Whichtype of sensory memory can account for the quickly fading after image of the sparkler?

A)echoic memory
B)the déjà vu experience
C)prospective memory
D)iconic memory

Question 13

Visual sensory memory is to auditory sensory memory as_____ is to _____.

A)short-term memory; long-term memory
B)echoic memory; iconic memory
C)iconic memory; echoic memory
D)long-term memory; short-term memory

Question 14

Memory is formally defined as:

A)the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information.
B)a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of past experience.
C)a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it.
D)the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.

Question 15

As you are reading this question right now, you are consciously processing the meaning of the words in which stage of memory?

A)sensory memory
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)episodic memory

Question 16

The leader lines point to some of the key brain structures involved in memory. Identify the letter that corresponds to the brain structure that was surgically removed in H.M.'s brain.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)cerebellum

Question 17

Information is stored in short-term memory for about:

A)two or three seconds.
B)thirty minutes.
C)twenty seconds.
D)a day.

Question 18

What principle is depicted in the graph?

A)the Sperling decay of sensory memory curve
B)Baddeley's working memory curve
C)Kandel's long-term potentiation curve
D)the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

Question 19

In a research study on false memories, psychologist Stephen Lindsay showed half the participants their actual first-gradeclass photo, like the one shown here, and asked them to read adescription of a prank that supposedly happened in firstgrade. What was the effect of looking at the photo?

A)The rate of false memories was same regardless of whether participants looked at their first-grade photo or not.
B)Looking at the photo greatly reduced the likelihood of producing a false memory.
C)Looking at the photo greatly increased the likelihood of producing a false memory.
D)Participants who did not look at the photo were much more likely to produce false memories than those who looked at the photo.

Question 20

Participants waited briefly in a psychology professor's office(pictured below) and were then taken to another room and asked to recall details of the office. The results showed thatmany participants erroneously remembered objects that were not actually present in the office. These memory errors were most likely the result of:

A)nervousness and apprehension that the participants experienced due to being left alone in the professor's office.
B)the use of schemas, which included items that would be consistent with a typical professor's office
C)imagination inflation as the participants vividly imagined being back in the professor's office during the recall test in the second room.
D)the misinformation effect because the room where the memory test took place had many false retrieval cues present.

Question 21

According to George Miller, the capacity of short-termmemory is:

A)about three items at one time.
B)about seven items at one time.
C)about eleven items at one time.
D)unlimited.

Question 22

British psychologist and memory researcher Alan Baddeley developed:

A)an influential model of working memory
B)an influential model of long-term memory called the semantic network model.
C)the "lost-in-the-mall" technique to investigate false memories of childhood events that never happened.
D)research techniques for investigating the duration of visual sensory memory.

Question 23

The "phonological loop," "visuospatial sketchpad," and"central executive" are:

A)the three main components of the semantic network model.
B)three mnemonic devices that can be used to help you remember a list of unrelated items, such as nonsense syllables.
C)p sycholthree dogist Eifferenlizt inteabeth rvLiewoftus to in strategies dvestigatevelope eeyedw bitness y testimony and the development of false memories.
D)the three main components in the model of working memory developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley.

Question 24

Jamie found the ISBN of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print Catalog. To remember the eleven-digit number,19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jamie was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the ISBN number.

A)source monitoring
B)distributed practice
C)clustering
D)chunking

Question 25

Which stage of memory enables us to perceive the world around us as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds?

A)working memory
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)sensory memory

Question 26

Consider this sentence: "Sean was able to get the dog to come out from under the abandoned house by shaking a bag of dogfood." In order for you to consciously make sense out of the sentence, the information was processed in your:

A)auditory sensory memory.
B)short-term, working memory.
C)visual sensory memory.
D)long-term memory.

Question 27

Because she didn't have a piece of paper handy, Mary mentally repeated the long-distance phone number over andover. Mary was trying to keep the information in:

A)iconic memory.
B)sensory memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 28

Not every researcher accepts that short-term memory is limited to exactly seven items, plus or minus two. Recent research suggests that the true "magical number" is more likely to be:

A)four, plus or minus one.
B)ten, plus or minus two.
C)no more than two items.
D)twelve, plus or minus three.

Question 29

From another room, Jenny called out to Leonard to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Leonard thought he hadn'theard what Jenny had asked, but a few seconds later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the coffee table." Which type of sensory memory can explain thisphenomenon?

A)echoic memory
B)iconic memory
C)contextual memory
D)semantic memory

Question 30

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the _____ is to verbal material asthe _____ is to visual or spatial material.

A)central executive; phonological loop
B)phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad
C)visuospatial sketchpad; phonological loop
D)phonological loop; central executive

Question 31

In order for chunking to work:

A)information must be processed by prospective memory before being sent to short-term memory.
B)sensory memory information must be encoded differently than other types of information.
C)retrieval of meaningful long-term memory information is often necessary.
D)the information must be processed a bit differently, with retrieval preceding storage.

Question 32

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "visuospatial sketchpad":

A)controls attention, integrates information, and initiates retrieval.
B)is involved in organizing information in a complex network.
C)is specialized for spatial and visual material
D)is specialized for verbal material.

Question 33

Which stage of memory can be thought of as the "workshop"of consciousness?

A)short-term memory or working memory
B)auditory sensory memory
C)visual sensory memory
D)long-term memory

Question 34

Mentally add 37 + 65, then subtract 11. To perform this task,the information must be held and processed in your:

A)long-term memory.
B)auditory sensory memory.
C)visual sensory memory.
D)short-term or working memory.

Question 35

How can you increase the length of time that you can hold information in your short-term memory?

A)use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information
B)use a process called clustering
C)move the information into sensory memory
D)use iconic memory to hold the memory longer

Question 36

At an auto parts store, Adam looked up the oil filter number in the parts catalog. Adam mentally repeated the number,PF3807A, as he searched the shelves for the correct oil filter for his car. Adam was using _____ to keep the information in his short-term memory.

A)maintenance rehearsal
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)distributed practice
D)source monitoring

Question 37

Working memory:

A)provides permanent storage for information.
B)refers to the active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information.
C)has a limited capacity of about 12 to 14 items.
D)has a relatively short duration seldom exceeding 3 or 4 seconds.

Question 38

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "central executive":

A)controls attention, integrates information, and initiates retrieval.
B)is involved in organizing information in a complex network .
C)is specialized for spatial and visual material.
D)is specialized for verbal material.

Question 39

One strategy to increase the amount of information that canbe held in short-term memory is to group related items together into a single unit. This strategy is called:

A)the self-referencing technique.
B)chunking.
C)clustering.
D)long-term potentiation.

Question 40

Maintenance rehearsal:

A)keeps information in long-term memory organized.
B)helps encode information for storage in long-term memory.
C)is a common strategy for holding information in sensory memory.
D)is a common strategy for holding information in short-term memory.

Question 41

The amount of information that can be held in long-termmemory:

A)depends on the amount of maintenance rehearsal performed on the information.
B)seems to be limitless.
C)is seven items or bits of information, plus or minus two.
D)is four items or bits of information, plus or minus one.

Question 42

Your general knowledge of words, facts, names, definitions,and other assorted trivia reflects which type of long-termmemory?

A)procedural memory
B)spatial memory
C)semantic memory
D)episodic memory

Question 43

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "phonological loop":

A)controls attention, integrates information, and initiates retrieval.
B)is involved in organizing information in a complex network.
C)is specialized for spatial and visual material.
D)is specialized for verbal material.

Question 44

To help remember the key terms used to describe Pavlov's conditioning a dog to salivate to a bell, Joshua vividly imagined that he was an experimental subject in Pavlov's laboratory and that Dr. Pavlov was conditioning him to salivate. Joshua was using _____ to help encode theinformation into long-term memory.

A)the encoding specificity principle
B)state-dependent retrieval
C)visual imagery
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 45

Implicit memory is:

A)memory that cannot be consciously recollected.
B)a category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events.
C)memory that can be consciously recollected.
D)a category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts.

Question 46

Another name for explicit memory is _____ memory.

A)nondeclarative
B)iconic
C)declarative
D)procedural

Question 47

As she was reading the suggestions in the textbook on how to improve memory, Tanika thought of different ways she could apply the suggestions to herself. By applying the information to herself, Tanika was using _____ to help her encode and remember the information.

A)the self-reference effect
B)contextual cues
C)the serial position effect
D)clustering

Question 48

Researchers hypothesized that cultural differences in the characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories might berelated to cultural differences in:

A)gene expression.
B)neurotransmitters.
C)the sense of self.
D)moral development.

Question 49

Implicit memory is to _____ as explicit memory is to _____.

A)procedural information; episodic and semantic information
B)declarative memory; nondeclarative memory
C)memory with awareness; memory without awareness
D)episodic and semantic information; procedural memory

Question 50

Researchers found that for Chinese and Taiwanese respondents, early autobiographical memories tended to focuson:

A)identifying objects with the correct words.
B)individual accomplishments and challenges.
C)discrete events and emotional reactions to them.
D)routine activities done in the company of others.

Question 51

Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _____.

A)nondeclarative memory; declarative memory
B)procedural information; episodic information
C)prospective remembering; retrospective remembering
D)declarative memory; nondeclarative memory

Question 52

Rather than simply repeating key terms and concepts, Jeremy focused on the meaning of the information in the chapter andtried to generate examples of concepts from his own experiences. Jeremy was using _____ to help encode information into his long-term memory.

A)contextual cues
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)the serial position effect
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 53

Merely repeating information over and over is called _____while focusing on the meaning of the information is called_____.

A)clustering; chunking
B)chunking; clustering
C)elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal
D)maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal

Question 54

Brandon vividly remembers when he had to go to the emergency room for stitches on his left thigh. This is an example of which type of long-term memory?

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)spatial memory
D)episodic memory

Question 55

When asked for the definition of a dependent variable,Mohammed replied, "It's the factor in an experiment that is observed and measured for change." Mohammed's answer reflects which category of long-term memory?

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)prospective memory
D)episodic memory

Question 56

As you are taking this exam, you are actively retrieving information that you have learned and stored in your long-term memory. The information that you are able to consciously recall is an example of which subsystem of long-term memory?

A)explicit memory
B)implicit memory
C)procedural memory
D)nondeclarative memory

Question 57

For most adults, earliest autobiographical memories are of events occurring between the ages of _____ and _____ years old.

A)one; three
B)two; four
C)three; five
D)five; seven

Question 58

Knowledge of how to perform different skills and actions is called _____ memory while knowledge of facts, concepts, andideas is called _____ memory.

A)semantic; episodic
B)episodic; procedural
C)procedural; semantic
D)procedural; episodic

Question 59

Explicit memory:

A)is also known as nondeclarative memory.
B)is a category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions.
C)can be defined as memory with awareness
D)can be defined as memory without awareness.

Question 60

Although she had not made one in years, Evelyn carefully folded the paper to make a paper airplane for her grandson.Evelyn's ability to perform this task is an example of which type of long-term memory?

A)semantic memory
B)procedural memory
C)episodic memory
D)prospective memory

Question 61

Much of your sense of self is derived from memories of your unique life experiences. These particular kinds of memoriesare referred to as _____ memories.

A)implicit
B)autobiographical
C)sensory
D)semantic

Question 62

Which of the following statements about the organization of information in long-term memory is FALSE?

A)People have a strong tendency to actively organize information in long-term memory.
B)Different bits of information are logically linked or associated in long-term memory.
C)When presented with completely random words that have no obvious similarities or relationships, people recall the words in a purely random order rather than try to organize them in some way.
D)Clustering is the tendency to organize items into related groups during recall.

Question 63

The average age for the earliest autobiographical memories reported by European American college students tended to be_____, compared to those reported by Chinese and Taiwanese college students.

A)younger
B)older
C)about the same
D)of doubtful validity

Question 64

During the short-answer essay part of the examination, Ethan was absolutely certain that he knew the definition of "long-term potentiation" but he could not think of it. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Ethan's inability to retrieve the information from his long-term memory?

A)the misinformation effect
B)prospective memory failure
C)source confusion
D)retrieval cue failure

Question 65

Characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories for Chinese and Taiwanese college students tended to reflect arelatively _____ relationship of the self to society.

A)patriotic
B)individualistic
C)collectivistic
D)personalistic

Question 66

The semantic network model suggests that:

A)semantic information is organized in a network, but episodic information is organized chronologically.
B)when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely.
C)distortions in memory can occur when the true source of the memory is forgotten.
D)information in long-term memory is organized in a complex system of associations.

Question 67

The Culture and Human Behavior box featured a study by developmental psychologist Qi Wang, who compared the earliest memories of European American college students and Taiwanese and Chinese college students. Wang found that the earliest memories of the Taiwanese and Chinese college students:

A)occurred much later than the memories of European American college students.
B)occurred at about the same age as the memories of European American college students.
C)occurred much earlier than the memories of European American college students.
D)were almost identical in content to European American college students' memories.

Question 68

The "tip-of-the-fingers" phenomenon might occur when a person using American Sign Language has difficulty remembering a particular word needed in conversation, and can remember only the:

A)initial phoneme.
B)initial hand shape.
C)final phoneme.
D)final hand shape.

Question 69

Which of the following statements about the effectiveness ofretrieval cues is TRUE?

A)Retrieval cues work better with procedural memories than with semantic long-term memories.
B)Short-term memory is usually nondeclarative unless prompted by retrieval cues.
C)Short-term memory is no different than long-term memory except in the types of retrieval cues.
D)With the right retrieval cue, people can often access stored information that seemed to be inaccessible

Question 70

Compared to Asian mothers, when engaging in sharedr eminiscing with their children, Western mothers tend to emphasize the child's:

A)sense of community with others.
B)ability to use language correctly.
C)individual activities and emotional reactions
D)relationships with other children the same age.

Question 71

"My first memory? I can remember when I was almost three years old and going to my mom's hospital room just after mylittle brother was born. My aunt handed me my little brother all wrapped in a blanket and I remember just looking at himfor the longest time, and thinking how he was so little."According to the research discussed in the Culture and Human Behavior box, memories like this one that focus on a specific event and the person's feelings about the event were most likely to be:

A)a false memory.
B)reported by European American college students.
C)the result of imagination inflation.
D)reported by Chinese and Taiwanese college students.

Question 72

Compared to Chinese and Taiwanese college students, earliest autobiographical memories for European American students tended to concern _____ events.

A)routine
B)continuous
C)current
D)discrete

Question 73

You are conducting a study on the organization of informationin long-term memory. In the study, participants are told to say the first word that comes to their mind in response to the stimulus words "day," "woods," and "time." Many participants responded "night," "trees," and "clock." In your write-up of the study, you note that the participants' responses seem to support:

A)interference theory.
B)the notion of the serial position effect.
C)mood congruence.
D)the semantic network model.

Question 74

Which model or theory describes the way that information is organized in long-term memory?

A)the interference model
B)the serial position model
C)decay theory
D)the semantic network model

Question 75

The tip-of-the-tongue experience is a common example of:

A)the misinformation effect.
B)the serial position effect.
C)encoding failure.
D)retrieval failure.

Question 76

In comparing the earliest memories of European American college students and Chinese and Taiwanese college students,psychologist Qi Wang found that the earliest memories of which of the following tended to focus on general, routine activities involving family or community members, such asplaying in the park or eating with family members?

A)Neither the European American nor Chinese and Taiwanese college students had such memories.
B)Both the Chinese and Taiwanese college students had such memories.
C)Both the European American and the Chinese and Taiwanese college students had these types of memories.
D)The European American college students had such memories.

Question 77

Characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories for European American college students tended to reflect arelatively _____ relationship of the self to society.

A)patriotic
B)collectivistic
C)individualistic
D)personalistic

Question 78

After being presented with a list of thirty random words,Jennifer was asked to recall as many words as she could. Inrecalling the words, Jennifer remembered groups of related words, such as harp, flute, and piano. Jennifer's pattern of answers during recall demonstrates:

A)the self-reference effect.
B)clustering.
C)the serial position effect.
D)autobiographical memory.

Question 79

Chloe could not remember the name of the husband of a very important client. So, Chloe began reciting the alphabet until aletter triggered her memory, and she could remember the name. The letter of the alphabet:

A)served as a retrieval cue.
B)served as a prospective memory cue.
C)triggered a déjà vu experience.
D)triggered long-term potentiation.

Question 80

Brenda's Aunt Shelby got to the point where she just couldn'trecall any more details. "Honestly, that's all I can remember about being in the same first-grade class as Bruce Springsteen.It was just too long ago," Shelby explained to her disappointed niece. That Shelby was unable to recall her other long-termmemories about attending elementary school with Bruce Springsteen is most likely an example of:

A)absentmindedness.
B)retrieval cue failure.
C)source confusion.
D)anterograde amnesia