Deck 15: Social and Emotional Development During Adolescence

Question 1

The ever­widening gender gap in crying seems to be due to:

A)boys crying much more frequently throughout adolescence.
B)girls crying much more frequently throughout adolescence.
C)boys crying much less frequently throughout adolescence.
D)girls crying much less frequently throughout adolescence.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

John is so upset with his brother because he broke his guitar that he wants to punch him. He decides to retreat to his room to cool down instead. What aspect of emotion regulation is John displaying?

A)the ability to "down regulate"
B)the ability to "up regulate"
C)persistence
D)depression

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to a longitudinal study conducted by Larsen and colleagues on the emotional states of adolescents, adolescents reported positive emotions:

A)10 percent of the time.
B)30 percent of the time.
C)50 percent of the time.
D)70 percent of the time.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Over the course of adolescence, emotions become:

A)more intense, but emotional ups and downs become less frequent.
B)more intense, and emotional ups and downs become more frequent.
C)less intense, but emotional ups and downs become more frequent.
D)less intense, and emotional ups and downs become less frequent.

Question 5

An observational study was conducted on the gender­ role socialization of adolescents by their mothers following adolescents' performance on a task which is designed for failure. The study found that mothers of boys:

A)were more likely than the mothers of girls to encourage their children's expression of negative emotion.
B)were less likely than the mothers of girls to encourage their children's expression of negative emotion.
C)and girls encouraged expression of negative emotion equally to each other.
D)who adhered more traditional gender roles, were most likely to encourage their children's expression of negative emotion.

Question 6

The give­and­take of close relationships is called:

A)reciprocity.
B)commitment.
C)equality.
D)intimacy.

Question 7

During adolescence, teens' time spent with:

A)peers is twice as much as time spent with parents or other adults.
B)peers outside of school is at least 40 hours a week.
C)parents remains constant.
D)peers from their local neighborhood increases.

Question 8

Scholars have speculated that in early adolescence there is a gap between intense emotions triggered by pubertal hormones and the brains' ability to regulate them. The adolescent is especially vulnerable to risk­ taking, recklessness, and emotional problems until:

A)the maturation of synapses in the brain is complete.
B)the maturation of the frontal lobes is complete.
C)the maturation of the hypothalamus is complete.
D)the set­point is hit on the hormonal feedback loop.

Question 9

What has been found regarding gender and crying?

A)Gender differences in crying first emerge in infancy and become larger over the course of childhood and throughout adolescence.
B)Gender differences in crying first emerge in early childhood and become larger over the course of childhood and throughout adolescence.
C)Gender differences in crying first emerge in middle childhood and become larger throughout adolescence.
D)Gender differences in crying first emerge in early adolescence and continue throughout adolescence and into adulthood.

Question 10

Dr. Stickley wants to conduct a study examining the emotional ups and downs of adolescents. She decides to have research participants carry electronic pagers that beep at random intervals, signaling it is time for them to fill out a brief report on their current feelings. This type of methodology is called:

A)experimental design.
B)experience sampling method.
C)longitudinal design.
D)qualitative method.

Question 11

In a study examining the connection between emotion and social expectations conducted with adolescents in India and England, researchers found that:

A)in England, girls were more likely than boys to share their emotional experiences with others, but no gender difference was found in India.
B)in both cultures, girls were more likely than boys to share their emotional experiences with others.
C)in India, the intensity of the emotions was greater for girls than for boys, but no gender difference was found in England.
D)in England, the intensity of the emotions was greater for girls than for boys, but no gender difference was found in India.

Question 12

In terms of the emotional states of adolescents, researchers have found that:

A)average happiness decreases during adolescence.
B)average happiness increases during adolescence.
C)average happiness remains constant during adolescence.
D)average happiness is not related to an increase in negative emotions.

Question 13

Families play a critical role in how adolescents learn to manage their feelings. Studies of adolescents find that:

A)warm, supportive parenting is associated with the ability to regulate one's feelings.
B)warm, supportive parenting is associated with negative emotions and aggressive behaviors.
C)a family history of emotional negativity is associated with the ability to regulate one's feelings.
D)a family history of emotional negativity is NOT associated with emotional regulation.

Question 14

In a longitudinal study of the relationship between family interactions and emotions in children from ages 9 to 13, Eisenberg and her colleagues found that:

A)parents' emotional warmth to children at age 9 predicted lower emotional regulation two years later.
B)emotional regulation in early adolescence was related to more externalizing behaviors two years later.
C)parents' emotional warmth to children at age 9 was not related to emotional regulation in adolescence.
D)emotional regulation in early adolescence was related to fewer externalizing behaviors two years later.

Question 15

What has been found regarding gender and crying?

A)Boy babies cry more than girl babies.
B)Girl babies cry more than boy babies.
C)Girl babies and boy babies cry with equal frequency.
D)Girl babies cry louder than boy babies.

Question 16

The desire to participate in highly arousing activities is called:

A)engagement­seeking.
B)sexual maturity.
C)thrill­seeking.
D)sensation­seeking.

Question 17

In a recent study by Gardner & Steinberg examining risky decision­making, adults and adolescents played a computerized driving game in two conditions: alone or with two friends. Researchers found that:

A)adolescents and adults played similarly in both conditions.
B)adolescents played similarly in both conditions, but adults took more risks when a friend was present than when they played alone.
C)adults played similarly in both conditions, but adolescents took more risks when a friend was present than when they played alone.
D)adults played similarly in both conditions, but adolescents took more risks when they played alone than when they played with friends present.

Question 18

Which of the following is of adolescent emotional states and gender?

A)Boys tend to have more positive average emotions than do girls.
B)Girls tend to have more positive average emotions than do boys.
C)Girls tend to have more negative average emotions than do boys.
D)There is no difference in the positive emotions of boys and girls.

Question 19

Jane is invited by her best friend Tina to go drinking at her house when her parents are out of town. Although Jane's first impulse is that this would be fun, she decides against the drinking night because she is worried about the consequences, including not doing well on an important test the next day. Jane is exhibiting:

A)boredom.
B)good study habits.
C)impulse control.
D)persistence.

Question 20

The characteristics that adolescents see as fundamental to their friendships include:

A)attractiveness.
B)being on the same sports team.
C)interest in the same video game.
D)commitment.

Question 21

Margie and Jeff just started to hang out with a group of friends who engage in high level of disruptive behaviors. What is likely to happen to their behavior as time goes on?

A)Margie will begin to engage in more disruptive behavior, but Jeff will not.
B)Jeff will begin to engage in more disruptive behavior, but Margie will not.
C)Margie and Jeff will begin to engage in more disruptive behavior, but Margie will be more susceptible to her friends' influence.
D)Margie and Jeff will begin to engage in more disruptive behavior, but Jeff will be more susceptible to his friends' influence.

Question 22

In adolescent social development, crowds:

A)are unrelated to cliques or reputation.
B)consist of 6 or 7 same­sex friends.
C)are groups of both sexes who share common interests.
D)consist of individuals with widely varying interests and skills.

Question 23

Some have proposed that boys' friendships are less intimate than those of girls' because:

A)girls are less trusting of their friends.
B)boys are less competitive with their friends.
C)of homophobia.
D)of autonomy.

Question 24

Cliques are:

A)groups that teens have little control over.
B)groups of little positive value to teens.
C)associated with a particular setting.
D)reputation­based collectives.

Question 25

Researchers of adolescent antisocial behavior have made the argument that it is:

A)universal.
B)reduced when more time is spent with adults.
C)reduced when more time is spent in peer groups.
D)reduced when more time is spent caring for younger children.

Question 26

Research indicates that high school friends tend to be:

A)more diverse than elementary school friends in ethnic background, views of school, and choice of leisure activities.
B)more similar than elementary school friends in ethnic background, views of school, and choice of leisure activities.
C)more diverse than elementary school friends in ethnic background, but more similar in views of school and choice of leisure activities.
D)more diverse than elementary school friends in ethnic background and views of school, but more similar in feelings about drug use and delinquency.

Question 27

Homophily refers to:

A)the degree to which friends are similar to one another.
B)the reputations adolescents use when deciding which people they want to spend time with.
C)the process of seeking out others who are similar in personality traits and behaviors.
D)an exaggerated fear of homosexuality.

Question 28

According to Dunphy, the size of an adolescent clique is about the same size as:

A)a football team.
B)a couple.
C)a family.
D)a classroom of students.

Question 29

Deviancy training refers to:

A)training teens to withstand peer pressure.
B)methods of helping break the cycle of juvenile delinquency.
C)positive reactions to discussions of breaking rules.
D)media examples of socially deviant behavior.

Question 30

Teen peer groups shift from:

A)same­sex cliques to heterosexual crowds.
B)same­sex crowds to loosely associated groups of couples.
C)heterosexual crowds to same­sex cliques.
D)heterosexual crowds to isolated same­sex cliques.

Question 31

Boys' friendships in adolescence are often characterized by:

A)jealousy.
B)copying of one another's behavior.
C)friendly competition.
D)a larger number of friendships than among adolescent girls.

Question 32

An adolescent clique consists of:

A)a loosely associated group of couples.
B)2 girls or 2 boys who are "best friends."
C)a group of 5 to 7 friends.
D)a group of 15 to 20 friends of the same sex.

Question 33

Gender differences have been found in terms of friendships in adolescence, including that:

A)girls tend to focus on agentic goals, while boys tend to focus on communal goals.
B)boys tend to focus on agentic goals, while girls tend to focus on communal goals.
C)girls' friendships tend to be more competitive.
D)boys' friendships tend to be more intimate.

Question 34

Experts suggest that the intimacy of adolescent friendships should be balanced out with a healthy amount of:

A)interdependence.
B)commitment.
C)engagement.
D)autonomy.

Question 35

Getting good grades and being labeled a "brain":

A)places one in the elite crowd.
B)can lead one to be ostracized in some communities.
C)places one in the unpopular crowd.
D)leads one to be disparaged by other teens.

Question 36

Close friendships between two individuals are known as:

A)committed friendships.
B)homophily.
C)cliques.
D)dyadic friendships.

Question 37

Selection refers to the process of:

A)seeking out other teenagers who are similar in personality traits and behavior.
B)modeling and reinforcing socially significant behaviors.
C)forming crowds.
D)developing a certain status among peer groups.

Question 38

Lisbet and Adrianne are best friends. Their dyadic friendship serves two significant developmental functions, according to developmentalists. They are:

A)intimacy and commitment.
B)commitment and autonomy.
C)intimacy and autonomy.
D)cliques and crowds.

Question 39

Adolescents who perceive their friends as supportive report:

A)fewer school­related problems.
B)more psychological problems.
C)less risk­taking.
D)more loneliness.

Question 40

In terms of adolescent friendships:

A)boys' friendships are more intense, but girls' friendships are more intimate.
B)girls' friendships are more intense, but boys' friendships are more intimate.
C)boys' friendships are more intense and intimate.
D)girls' friendships are more intense and intimate.

Question 41

Which of the following is regarding the proportion of males and females reporting on ever having vaginal intercourse between the ages of 14 and 24?

A)The proportion of males increases from 10% to 70%
B)The proportion of females increases from 10% to 70%
C)The proportion of males increases from 20% to 85%
D)The proportion of females increases from 20% to 85%

Question 42

Research indicates that children do better in school when:

A)parents indicate they will accept their children regardless of intellectual performance.
B)parents indicate that they have high expectations for academic performance.
C)teenagers find their identity in being different from their parents.
D)parents do not interfere in their schoolwork.

Question 43

When families discourage communication by being detached and not curious, the behaviors are referred to as:

A)constraining interactions.
B)enabling interactions.
C)deviancy training.
D)parental strictness.

Question 44

Research has shown that adolescents and their parents generally agree on which of the following issues?

A)hours of sleep
B)styles of dress
C)religious issues
D)issues related to sex

Question 45

In a U.S. study with more than 10,000 young adults between the ages of 18 and 24, youth were asked how much they wanted to have sex at the time they had their first sexual experience. What was one of their findings?

A)Most young men did not want to have sex.
B)Most young men had mix feelings about having sex.
C)Most young women wanted to have sex.
D)Most young women had mixed feeling about having sex.

Question 46

Parents' influences go past the family. Research has found that adolescents whose parents:

A)demonstrate warmth do worse academically than those whose parents show them no warmth.
B)have high expectations for academic performance do worse in school than those whose parents have low expectations.
C)demonstrate warmth do no better in school than those whose parents show them no warmth.
D)have high expectations for academic performance do no better in school than those whose parents have low expectations.

Question 47

Developmental outcomes for teens are most positive if parents:

A)permit real discussion and provide a warm family environment.
B)firmly enforce rules.
C)monitor their teens' activities.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 48

Fuligni and Eccles (1993) found that teens were less oriented toward their peers:

A)the stricter their parents were.
B)the more their parents exerted control through making decisions for them.
C)when parents were lenient with their teens.
D)when parents included them in family decisions but also monitored their activities.

Question 49

Jennifer is casually dating Greg. Gina is Jennifer's best friend. Which statement best reflects the way Jennifer and Gina's friendship has most likely been affected by Jennifer's relationship with Greg?

A)Gina and Jennifer are less intimate than they used to be.
B)Gina and Jennifer are closer as they spend more time talking about this new relationship.
C)Gina and Jennifer spend less time together now.
D)The dating relationship has had no impact on their friendship.

Question 50

When parents and adolescents argue over how a child dresses, they are discussing:

A)boundaries of moral and social conventional domains.
B)moral domains.
C)boundaries of the social conventional and the personal domains.
D)moral and personal domains.

Question 51

Parent/child conflict in adolescence tends to relate to:

A)parental desires to keep their children dependent.
B)the children's desire to remain dependent.
C)issues such as religion and political affiliation.
D)trivial issues such as dress and curfews.

Question 52

Laursen and his colleagues (1998) found that patterns of conflict between families and their children change in what way over the course of adolescence?

A)The intensity of conflict is high at the start of adolescence but then steadily declines.
B)The frequency of conflict changes but not the intensity.
C)The frequency of conflict is high at the start of adolescence and then decreases.
D)The intensity of conflict does not decline.

Question 53

The conflicts between teens and their parents:

A)most often revolve around major life issues such as religion and politics.
B)rarely lead to a serious breakdown in relations.
C)most often occur with mothers.
D)occur because parents are urging their children to be more independent.

Question 54

According to a recent study of more than 30 European countries, those with low levels of adolescent pregnancy, childbearing, and STIs were characterized by:

A)societal prohibition of adolescent sexual activity.
B)abstinence­only sex education.
C)societal acceptance of sexual activity.
D)keeping condoms away from adolescents.

Question 55

Research about adolescent social relationships during the 1950s and today indicates that:

A)crowds are similar in both eras.
B)crowds in the 1950s often disintegrated into groups of couples planning to get married.
C)in both age groups, by mid­adolescence, about 3/4 of adolescents report involvement in intense romantic relationships.
D)the time between menarche and marriage has remained stable.

Question 56

Adolescent­parent conflict in families with siblings who are close in age:

A)is virtually non­existent.
B)peaks earlier for the older child.
C)peaks earlier for the younger child.
D)is similar to other families.

Question 57

Research indicates that:

A)peer group interventions tend to help reduce teens' problem behaviors.
B)peer group interventions tend to increase teens' problem behaviors.
C)deviancy training is a way to reduce teens' problem behaviors.
D)teens respond well to the same types of therapies that adults do when the goal is to reduce problem behaviors.

Question 58

What is of relationships with peers and parents during adolescence?

A)The time spent with parents decreases.
B)The time spent with peers decreases.
C)Adolescents are more likely to talk to parents than peers about their dating lives.
D)Adolescent­parent conflict decreases.

Question 59

The decreasing intensity and frequency of conflict between parents and teens over the course of adolescence coincides with:

A)the onset of puberty.
B)the period when teens are spending less time at home.
C)a greater level of disclosure between the teen and his/her parent.
D)a refocusing of conflict on major life issues such as religion and politics.

Question 60

By mid­adolescence, what percentage of adolescents report involvement in relatively intense romantic relationships?

A)10 percent
B)30 percent
C)50 percent
D)75 percent

Question 61

The part of the self­system that reflects on, guides, and directs the self is called the:

A)object­self.
B)I­self.
C)saturated self.
D)me­self.

Question 62

Marcia (1996) examined which two factors essential to achieving a mature identity?

A)sensitization and identity assumption
B)crisis/exploration and commitment
C)independence and interdependence
D)commitment and identity integration

Question 63

According to a recent report by Pew, internet content created by teenagers continues to grow with ____________ of internet­using teens creating and posting material on social networking websites.

A)25%
B)51%
C)73%
D)89%

Question 64

Research on the influence of parental behavior on adolescents indicates that:

A)parents can have a more positive effect on socially accepted groups such as "jocks" or "brains" but not on more marginalized groups such as "druggies."
B)authoritative parents are linked with improved school performance, not only of their own children, but also of their children's friends' performance.
C)children of authoritarian parents tend to be less likely to get in trouble.
D)parents who make firm decisions without needing to explain them tend to have children with more positive outcomes.

Question 65

According to James Marcia, adolescents in the middle of an identity crisis are coping by using:

A)foreclosure.
B)moratorium.
C)identity diffusion.
D)identity achievement.

Question 66

An appreciations of one's internal states, needs, thoughts, and emotions is called:

A)self­awareness.
B)self­agency.
C)self­continuity.
D)self­coherence.

Question 67

According to Erikson, the fundamental task of adolescence is:

A)taking initiative.
B)developing trust.
C)identity formation.
D)becoming autonomous.

Question 68

The sense of authorship over one's thoughts and actions is called:

A)self­awareness.
B)self­agency.
C)self­continuity.
D)self­coherence.

Question 69

Jasmine is attempting to achieve a sense of who she is, what moral and political beliefs to embrace, her career preferences, and her relationship to her culture and community. Jasmine is going through the process of:

A)cognitive development.
B)emotional regulation.
C)identity development.
D)puberty.

Question 70

The sense that one is a single, integrated, and bounded entity is called:

A)self­awareness.
B)self­agency.
C)self­continuity.
D)self­coherence.

Question 71

The sense that one remains the same person over time is called:

A)self­awareness.
B)self­agency.
C)self­continuity.
D)self­coherence.

Question 72

The part of the self­system that includes all of the things that people know about themselves is called the:

A)subject­self.
B)I­self.
C)saturated self.
D)me­self.

Question 73

The data on the role of parents and peers in shaping adolescent behavior points to:

A)no evidence of a "generation gap."
B)strong evidence of a "generation gap."
C)little evidence of adolescents breaking away and establishing relationships outside the family.
D)a process of individuation whereby adolescents and their parents negotiate a new form of independence.

Question 74

James Marcia and his colleagues suggest that adolescents who have adopted their parents' patterns of identity rather than forming their own are engaging in:

A)foreclosure.
B)identity diffusion.
C)identity achievement.
D)moratorium.

Question 75

In identity formation, a teenager who is actively pursuing his own goals is engaged in:

A)foreclosure.
B)identity diffuser.
C)identity achievement
D)moratorium

Question 76

According to Kenneth Gergen, the consequence of needing to conform to a vast array of sometimes conflicting roles and relationships results in a(n):

A)object­self.
B)I­self.
C)saturated self.
D)me­self.

Question 77

In Barbara Crowther's study of diaries written by 10­ to 14­year­old girls during the late 1950s and early 1970s, she observed that these diaries were rarely kept secret and that their authors wanted others to know about them. She concluded:

A)diary writing is not taken seriously by girls of this age.
B)a diary is a vehicle for establishing a sense of personal autonomy.
C)diaries written in private have a different function than diaries written for others to see.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 78

According to James Marcia, adolescents who have tried a variety of identities without being able to make a commitment to any would be classified as being in the pattern of:

A)foreclosure.
B)moratorium.
C)identity diffusion.
D)identity achievement.

Question 79

Enabling interactions occur when:

A)families discourage communication.
B)families are permissive and allow teens to exhibit a range of antisocial behaviors without punishing them.
C)parents place strict limits on teens, such as setting curfews.
D)families enhance communication by empathizing and encouraging mutual problem solving.

Question 80

As a teen reconciles his view of who he wants to be and who he is, he is developing his sense of:

A)self­control.
B)identity.
C)accommodation.
D)heteronomous morality.